SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Grade 12

General Physics 2

Module 6: Magnetic Induction, Inductance, AC and LC Circuits

Week 6
April 13-17, 2020
 MAGNETIC INDUCTION, INDUCTANCE, AC AND LC CIRCUITS
“Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction”
At the end the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Define magnetic induction.
2. Calculate the induced electromotive force.
3. Differentiate AC (alternating current) from DC (direct current).

Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage)

across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field.
Recall the electromotive force refers to the potential difference or influence that moves the
charges in a conducting loop. Without the battery connected to the loop, Faraday found that he can
still have an emf as long as the magnetic flux through the loop is changing continuously. Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction states that the induced emf is equal to the negative time rate of
change of magnetic flux inside the loop.
d B
 
dt
This is Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction in equation form. The unit of  is volts.

The phrase “time rate of change” simply means dividing something by the time interval. The
negative sign has a significance.
Somehow by changing the magnetic flux through the loop, energy from the magnetic field is
converted into electrical energy to make the charges move. We use the word “induce” to refer to the
process of generating current. It is not correct to say that current is “produced” because of the
unintended but incorrect connotation that energy is being produced. We must be careful not to imply
that energy is being produced because that would violate the law of conservation of energy.
Since magnetic flux is a dot product B and A, changing the magnetic flux can involve either
changing the magnetic flux density B, changing the area A, or changing the angle between A and B. All
these can result in induced emf.
There are a number of configurations of coils and magnets that result in electromagnetic
induction. Two of these are shown in Figure 7.7. On the left, we see a very easy way to do it:

Figure 7.7 Moving a magnet in and out of a coil or rotating the magnet near a conducting wire will
induce emf.

simple move a permanent magnet in and out of a coil of wire. This will get you some induced current
as long as your are moving the magnet back and forth. On the right, the magnet is mounted to a
rotating shaft and somehow, rotation is initiated. This created a changing magnetic flux in a nearby
coil and results in the induction of electromotive force.
If you experiment with these electromagnetic induction combinations, you will invariably need a
source of magnetic field (the previous chapter was all about those) and a coil of wire. You will observe
that you get a greater induced emf when you coil the wire a few hundred times. This is because two
turns of wire will give you twice the area for the flux to penetrate, or simply, N turns will give you N
times the area. Therefore, whenever a coil is present in a problem, you can simply insert the N in
Faraday’s law:
NdB
 
dt
Example:
A uniform magnetic field is directed at an angle of 30 with the plane of a circular coil of radius
2cm and 2000 turns. If the magnetic field changes at a rate of 4 T per second, calculate the induced
emf.
SOLUTION
We are given the angle 30 , but note that this is the angle of B with respect to the plane of the
coil. Thus, the angle with respect to the area vector is 60 .


We also know the radius of the coil. Thus, we can calculate its area:
A  r 2 (0.02m) 2  1.26 x10 3 m 2
The emf is induced because the flux is changing. In this case, the reason for the change in flux is
the increasing magnetic field (we know this because the rate of change given is positive) at
dB / dt  4T / s . We can write this into law of induction.
NdB
 
dt
N
  d ( BA cos 60 )
dt
The factor A cos 60 is not part of the change so we can take it out of the parentheses.


At this point, we are ready to substitute the given.

  (2000)(1.26 x10 3 m 2 ) cos 60 (4T / s)
 5.03V
The negative sign is our clue if we want to know which direction the current is going.

Alternating current (AC) is the type of electric current generated by the vast majority of power plants
and used by most power distribution systems. Alternating current is cheaper to generate and has
fewer energy losses than direct current when transmitting electricity over long distances. Although for
very long distances (more than 1000 km), direct current can often be better. As opposed to direct
current, the direction and amperage of alternating current changes many times a second.

If a machine is constructed to rotate a magnetic field around a set of stationary wire coils with
the turning of a shaft, AC voltage will be produced across the wire coils as that shaft is rotated, in
accordance with Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction.

In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the tendency of an electrical conductor to

oppose a change in the electric current flowing through it. The flow of electric current through a
conductor creates a magnetic field around the conductor, whose strength depends on the magnitude
of the current.

WRITTEN WORKS No.___

Name________________________________________________________________
Grade & Section_______________________________________________________
Date_________________________________________________________________

Identify the following. Write your answer on the line before each number.

_______________________________1. is the production of an electromotive force (i.e., voltage)

across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic
field.
_______________________________2. refers to the potential difference or influence that moves
the charges in a conducting loop.
_______________________________3. simply means dividing something by the time interval.

_______________________________4. We use the word “_______” to refer to the process of

generating current. It is not correct to say that current is
“produced”.

_______________________________5. is the type of electric current generated by the vast

majority of power plants and used by most
power distribution systems.

_______________________________6. is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change

in the electric current flowing through it.

_______________________________7. states that the induced emf is equal to the negative time rate
of change of magnetic flux inside the loop.

_______________________________8. will be produced across the wire coils as that shaft is rotated,
in accordance with Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction

_______________________________9.

d B
 
_______________________________10. dt
 WRITTEN WORKS No.___
Name________________________________________________________________
Grade & Section_______________________________________________________
Date_________________________________________________________________

Solve the following problems, complete with given, required, formula, solution and
boxed/underlined final answer.

1. A uniform magnetic field is directed at an angle of 30 with the plane of a circular coil of radius
4cm and 1000 turns. The magnetic field changes at a rate of 5 T per second
Calculate the following:

A. Area vector
A=π r 2 3.14 ¿

B. Induced emf
Nd B
 
dt
N
 d ( BA cos 60 )
dt

ε =−(1000)(5.02 x 1 0−3 m2) cos ⁡60 ° (5 T /s)

¿−12.55V

2. A uniform magnetic field is directed at an angle of 30 with the plane of a circular coil of radius
0.03m and 1500 turns. The magnetic field changes at a rate of 7 T per second
Calculate the following:

C. Area vector

2 2 2
A=π r 3.14 ( 0.03 〖 m ) 〗 =2.83 x 10 m
−3

D. Induced emf

Nd B
 
dt
N
 d ( BA cos 60 )
dt

ε =−(1500)(2.83 x 10−3 m2 )cos ⁡60° (7T / s)

¿−14.86 V
 MAGNETIC INDUCTION, INDUCTANCE, AC AND LC CIRCUITS
“LC Circuits”
At the end of the lesson the students are able to:
1. Define LC Circuit.
2. Calculate the angular frequency  of an LC Circuit.
3. Illustrate the table of the mechanical analogue of an LC Circuit.

V
We start with a capacitor that has been charged to a potential difference C . Now we connect it
to an inductor (Figure 7.32). Charges migrate from the positive plate of the capacitor to the negative
plate in an attempt to neutralize the charge. A current starts to flow across the inductor. As the
current increases, the inductor generates an opposing current, therefore slowing it down.
Eventually, the capacitor is drained and the current levels off to its steady state or maximum
value. All the voltage is across the inductor. The capacitor has transferred its energy to the inductor.
Now that the charge in the capacitor is zero, one would expect that the current will instantaneously
die off; however, it does not. It continues to flow but it diminishes. It continues to deposit positive
charges on what had been a negatively charged plate a while ago, reversing its polarity.
And now that the current is deceasing, the induced emf on the inductor reverses direction. Now
it is helping the current, slowing down its rate of decrease. For the meantime, still more charges get
deposited and the capacitor gets fully charged again. Eventually, the capacitor becomes charged ad
stores energy again. All the potential difference is across the capacitor. It is back to where it started,
except that its polarity is opposite with what it was before. It starts to drain again and the process
starts over again. This exchange of energy resembles that of a mass attached to a stretched spring
after being released. The charges go back and forth, and so does the current. Energy does not
dissipate because of our assumption that the inductor has a zero resistance.
So like a vibrating mass with elastic potential energy, an LC circuit oscillates back and forth and
has its own characteristic frequency of oscillation. The angular frequency  of an LC circuit is:
 1

LC
Where L is the inductance and C is the capacitance in the circuit

Figure 7.33 An oscillating mass moves past its equilibrium position and keeps oscillating.

An LC circuit is analogous to an oscillating mechanical system in a number of ways. In Figure 7.33, a

mass m is attached to the end of a spring. The force constant of the spring is k; it is the measure of the
inertia of the system. When the mass is pulled in either direction, elastic potential energy is stored in
the spring. When it is released, the system oscillates back and forth, making displacements measured
as x. The maximum displacement of the system is A, the amplitude.

Table 7.1 Mechanical Analogue of an LC Circuit

Mechanical Oscillation Electrical Oscillation
1 Mass m Inductance L
2 Force constant k 1
Inverse of capacitance C
3 Displacement x Charge q
4 Amplitude A Q0
Maximum charge
5 x  A cos t q  Q0 cos t
6 Velocity v Current i
7 v  vmax sin t i   I max sin t
8 k 1
Angular frequency m Angular frequency LC
9 1 1 2
k  mv2 UB  Li
Kinetic energy 2 Magnetic energy 2
10 1 2 q2
U elastic  kx UE 
Potential energy 2 Electric field energy 2C
11 1 2 1 2 1 2 Q2 1 2 q2
kA  kx  mv  Li 
2 2 2 2C 2 2C

Table 7.1 compares a mass-spring system with an LC Circuit. The mass gives the mechanical
oscillation its inertia; inductance gives the electrical oscillation its opposition to changes in current or
movement of charges. The force constant or springiness of the spring is analogous to the capacitance.
As the spring moves side to side, its movement is measured in terms of x . As the LC circuit

oscillates, charges
Q move back and forth between the plates of the capacitor. The maximum
Q
displacement is the amplitude A ; the maximum charge in the capacitor is 0 , the initial charge it
got from being connected to the battery. Since it is the maximum charge, we can also write
Qmax if
we want to.
The displacement of the mass is a function of time. It fluctuates between  A and  A , its
amplitude on either side of its equilibrium position where x  0 . Similarly, the charge of the LC
Q 0 and Q 0 when the plates alternate polarity at every cycle. The
circuit fluctuates between
“equilibrium” position for the LC circuit occurs at that instant when the capacitor is momentarily
uncharged.
The displacement x of the spring goes through cycles given as the cosine function of the angle
t . The charge in the LC circuit goes through a similar cycle.
The velocity of the mass is v ; it is the rate of change of displacement dx / dt . the analogue in
the LC circuit is the current because it is the rate of change of charge
dq / dt. In both systems, these
two variables are sine functions.
Energy equations are also similar. Note that for an LC circuit, the total energy is given by the
equation:
Q2 1 2 q2
 Li 
2C 2 2C
The energies on the right side of the equation corresponds to the magnetic energy of the inductor
(U B ) and the electric field energy of the capacitor (U E ) at any instant. Although each one changes
with time, their sum remains the same.
Figure 7.34 is a representation of how the energy of an LC circuit oscillates between electric field

energy and magnetic field energy. At every instant, their sum is constant ET . When one of them is

zero, the other one is maximum. For example, in

(B), the capacitor is not charged so there is no

electric field energy. Therefore, the inductor takes full energy of the system. In
(C )
, the capacitor is
fully charged so it takes the full energy of the system; at that moment, there is no magnetic field in
the inductor because there is no current. The energies of the system flip back and forth between
these two forms. And if the resistance is zero, then there are no energy losses, and the cycle goes on
forever.

Figure 7.34 The total energy of the LC circuit is represented as ET . At any instant, it is the sum of
U B and U E . So when one of these zero, the other one is maximum.

Example
A capacitor
C  36F is charged by a 35volt battery. When the capacitor is fully charged, it is
disconnected from the battery and connected in series to an ideal inductor L  9mH .
1. Find the frequency (in Hz) and angular frequency (in rad/s) of the circuit.
2. What is the maximum charge of the capacitor?
3. At
t  30s, what is the charge in capacitor? What is the current?
4. What is the total energy of the circuit?

Solution
We are given
C  36F , V  35V , and L  9mH
f
1. We need to get and  . Using Equation 21,
1 1
   1756.82rad / s
LC (9 x10 H )(36 x10 6 F )
3

The frequency is related to the angular frequency by the equation

2f   , so f is:
w 1756.82rad / s
f    279.61Hz
2 2
2. We get the maximum charge of the capacitor from the definition of capacitance:
Qmax  Q0  CV  (36 x10 6 F )(35V )  0.00126C
3. At
t  30s, the charge in the capacitor is given as:
q  Q0 cos t  0.00126C cos[(1756.82rad / s )(30s )]  1.027 x10 3 C

The negative sign tells us that whichever plate was positive at t  0 is now negative. (Make sure
your calculator is on radian mode.)

To find the instantaneous current, we need to know the maximum current

I max :
I max  Qmax  (1756.82rad / s )(0.00126C )  2.21A
The instantaneous current is:
i   I max sin t  2.21A
 1.2 x10 3 A
4. We can get the total energy of the circuit in a number of ways. One way is to use the maximum
charge and the capacitance:
Q 2 (0.00126C ) 2
ET    0.02205 J
2C 2(36 x10  6 F )

WRITTEN WORKS No.___

Name________________________________________________________________
Grade & Section_______________________________________________________
Date_________________________________________________________________
Complete the “Mechanical Analogue of an LC Circuit”
Mechanical Oscillation Electrical Oscillation
1 m Inductance L
Mass
2 Force constant k
3 Charge q
 4
Amplitude A

6 v Current i
Velocity

8 1
Angular frequency LC
9 1 2
k mv
Kinetic energy 2
10 q2
UE 
Electric field energy 2C
11 1 2 1 2 1 2
kA  kx  mv
2 2 2

WRITTEN WORKS No.___

Name________________________________________________________________
Grade & Section_______________________________________________________
Date_________________________________________________________________
Solve the following problems, complete with given, required, formula, solution and
boxed/underlined final answer.
A capacitor
C  25F is charged by a 40volt battery. When the capacitor is fully charged, it is
disconnected from the battery and connected in series to an ideal inductor L  7mH .
5. Find the frequency (in Hz) and angular frequency (in rad/s) of the circuit.
6. What is the maximum charge of the capacitor?
7. At
t  32s, what is the charge in capacitor? What is the current?
8. What is the total energy of the circuit?