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Introduction To Scientific Research

The document provides an overview of scientific research and the scientific method. It discusses how research is systematic and organized to find answers to questions. It also outlines four main sources of knowledge: intuitive knowledge based on feelings, authoritative knowledge from experts, logical knowledge through reasoning, and empirical knowledge from objective facts and experimentation. Finally, it describes the scientific method which involves making observations and measurements, developing a hypothesis, conducting controlled experiments, analyzing the results, and drawing a conclusion.

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Yannah Hidalgo
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240 views24 pages

Introduction To Scientific Research

The document provides an overview of scientific research and the scientific method. It discusses how research is systematic and organized to find answers to questions. It also outlines four main sources of knowledge: intuitive knowledge based on feelings, authoritative knowledge from experts, logical knowledge through reasoning, and empirical knowledge from objective facts and experimentation. Finally, it describes the scientific method which involves making observations and measurements, developing a hypothesis, conducting controlled experiments, analyzing the results, and drawing a conclusion.

Uploaded by

Yannah Hidalgo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

Scientific Research
• Research is
an ORGANIZED and SYSTEMAT
IC way of FINDING
ANSWERS to QUESTIONS.
Research
• SYSTEMATIC because there is a definite set of
procedures and steps which you will follow.
There are certain things in the research
process which are always done in order to get
the most accurate results.
Research
• ORGANIZED in that there is a structure or
method in going about doing research. It is a
planned procedure, not a spontaneous one. It
is focused and limited to a specific scope.
Research
• FINDING ANSWERS is the end of all research.
Whether it is the answer to a hypothesis or
even a simple question, research is successful
when we find answers. Sometimes the answer
is no, but it is still an answer.
Research
• QUESTIONS are central to research. If there is
no question, then the answer is of no use.
Research is focused on relevant, useful, and
important questions. Without a question,
research has no focus, drive, or purpose.
Sources of knowledge
EPISTEMOLOGY
• The branch of philosophy that deals with this
subject is called EPISTEMOLOGY.
Epistemologists generally recognize at least
four different sources of knowledge:
– INTUITIVE KNOWLEDGE
– AUTHORITATIVE KNOWLEDGE
– LOGICAL KNOWLEDGE
– EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
INTUITIVE KNOWLEDGE
• takes forms such as belief, faith, intuition, etc.
It is based on feelings rather than hard, cold
"facts.“
• when coming up with an initial idea for
research
AUTHORITATIVE KNOWLEDGE
• is based on information received from people,
books, a supreme being, etc. Its strength
depends on the strength of these sources.
• when reviewing the professional literature
LOGICAL KNOWLEDGE
• is arrived at by reasoning from "point A"
(which is generally accepted) to "point B" (the
new knowledge).
• when reasoning from findings to conclusions
EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
• is based on demonstrable, objective facts
(which are determined through observation
and/or experimentation).
• when engaging in procedures that lead to
these findings
Research as
Scientific Inquiry
• Nobel Prize-winning chemist Sir Cyril Norman
Hinshelwood described science as “an
imaginative adventure of the mind seeking
truth in a world of mystery.” The different
ways that scientists explore or seek truth in
the world can be collectively described as
scientific inquiry. The most traditional model
for conducting scientific inquiry is known as
the scientific method
Scientific Methods
Observation
• CONCEPT:
– It is the most elementary form of scientific
knowledge. It requires becoming aware of the
object, recognizing the object and describing the
object. There are no guarantees of precision; The
most that can be done is to increase the controls
Observation
• FUNCTIONS:
– Supply primary information
– Make see the problems
– Hypothesis contrast
Measurement
• CONCEPT:
– Measure is to attribute values to the variables

• FUNCTIONS:
– Qualitative concepts
– Quantitative concepts
Hypothesis
• CONCEPTS:
– With a question in mind, scientists decide on what
they want to test. (The question may have
changed as a result of research.) Scientists will
clearly state what they expect to find out during
the experiment. They’ll make an educated guess
that could answer the question or explain the
observation. This statement is called a hypothesis.
A hypothesis guides the experiment and must be
testable.
Experiments
• CONCEPTS:
– Design and conduct an experiment that tests the
hypothesis. Remember, a hypothesis is only an
educated guess (a possible explanation), so it
cannot be considered valid until an experiment
verifies that it is valid
– It is a type of activity carried out to obtain
knowledge and discover objective laws, through
special mechanisms and instruments
Experiments
• FUNCTIONS:
– Isolation of the phenomenon
– Reproduce the process in controlled conditions
– Planning and vary the conditions in order to
obtain the desired result
Analysis
• Once the experiment is complete, the data is
then analyzed to determine the results. In
addition, performing an experiment multiple
times can be helpful in determining the
credibility of your data.
Conclusion
• If the hypothesis was testable and the
experiment provided clear data, scientists can
make a statement telling whether or not the
hypothesis was correct. This statement is
known as a conclusion. Conclusions must
always be backed up by data. Therefore,
scientists rely heavily on data so they can
make an accurate conclusion.
Thank you!

-Floy

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