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4-Statistical Evaluation of Measured Data (Compatibility Mode)

This document discusses statistical analysis of measurement data and errors. It defines key statistical concepts like mean, standard deviation, variance, and probable error. It explains how measurement data can be represented using histograms and frequency distribution curves. Statistical descriptors are calculated from sample data to analyze errors and precision. The standard deviation, probable error, and specifying measurement data with confidence limits of ±σ, ±2σ, and ±3σ are also summarized.

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sahale shera
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29 views

4-Statistical Evaluation of Measured Data (Compatibility Mode)

This document discusses statistical analysis of measurement data and errors. It defines key statistical concepts like mean, standard deviation, variance, and probable error. It explains how measurement data can be represented using histograms and frequency distribution curves. Statistical descriptors are calculated from sample data to analyze errors and precision. The standard deviation, probable error, and specifying measurement data with confidence limits of ±σ, ±2σ, and ±3σ are also summarized.

Uploaded by

sahale shera
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measurements and

instrumentation
UNIT - I

Introduction
CONTENTS:

Functional elements of an instrument – Static and dynamic characteristics of


zero, first and second order instruments--- Sources of errors in
measurement.---Techniques for reducing error.—loading effect of
instruments.– Statistical evaluation of measurement data: significant figures,
mean, median, standard deviation, probability of error– Standards and
calibration: data fitting (least square approximation etc.).
Statistical analysis of Measured data
and errors
The systematic errors and the gross errors are removed where as
there remain random errors in the final result.
There is no information available on any of the disturbing factors. The
outcome of certain measurement (With random errors) may be
predicted by statistical analysis.
For this, a large number of measurements are usually used. The
collection of measured data is called the sample data. This
experimental data is obtained in two form of tests:
(i) Multi-sample test : - In this test, repeated measurement of a given
quantity are done using different conditions such as different
instruments, different ways of measurement and by employing different
observers.
(ii) Single-sample test :- A single measurement (or successive
measurement ) done under identical conditions excepting for time.
Histogram
 Sample data may be represented by a
graph known as Histogram or Frequency
distribution curve with more and more
data taken at smaller and smaller
increments the histogram would finally
change into a smooth curve, as indicated
by the dashed line.
 The number of repetition of a datum is
called its frequency.
 The smooth curve is symmetrical with
respect to the central value.
 For statistical analysis we calculate
some numbers known as statistical
descriptors.
Statistical analysis
Arithmetic Mean
If x1,x2,x3…xn are ‘n’ readings, n being large, the
arithmetic mean is given by

for this frequency table of reading, the arithmetic


mean is given as follows
or
Statistical analysis - Contd
Deviation
The deviation of a reading from the mean value is a measure of error in
the reading (i.e)
Deviation is defined as the departure of the observed reading from the
arithmetic mean of the group of the reading.
Let the deviation of reading be d1 and that of reading be d2 then
and so on

Algebric sum of deviation = d1 +d2 +…..dn


= ( )+( )+…..( )
= (x1 +x2 +…..xn)-n
= 0
Statistical analysis - Contd
Average Deviation
The average deviation is an indication of the
accuracy and precision of the instrument. A precise
instrument will yield a low average deviation. It is
defined as the average of the absolute values of the
deviations of the readings.
Statistical analysis - Contd
• Standard deviation
• The root mean square (r.m.s) deviation, in the statistical
analysis is known as standard deviation where n is very large
and definitely greater than 20
•
Statistical analysis - Contd
Variance

The variance(V) is defined as the mean square


deviation and is the square of standard deviation
Statistical analysis - Contd
• Probable error of one reading
• Consider two points – r and +r so located that the area bounded by
the curve, the x – axis and the ordinates erected at x = – r and x = +r
is equal to half of the total area under the curve. That is half of
deviations lie between x = ±r
• A convenient measure of precision is the quantity r. It is called
Probable error. In terms of σ it is represented as
• r = 0.6745σ
•
• Probable error of mean
•
• rm = 0.6745σ
• √n – 1
Specifying measurement data
After carrying out statistical analysis of multi – sample data, the results of
measurements must be specified. The results are expressed as deviations about
a mean value. The deviations are expressed as
(i) Standard deviation
The result is expressed as . The error limit in this case is the standard
deviation. This means that 0.6828(about 68%) of the readings are within
limits σ = ± 1 approximately.
(ii) Probable error
The results is expressed as i.e . This means that 50% of the readings
lie within limits.
(iii) ± 2σ limit.
The result is expressed as . In this case the probability range is
increased i.e about 95% of readings fall within limit.
(iv) ± 3σ limit.
The result is expressed as . In this case the probability range is
increased more i.e about 99% of readings fall within limit.

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