MECH03:

Statics of
Deformable
Bodies
1st Semester, AY 2020-2021
Engr. Mel Kenneth Mabute, MP
Lecture 1:
Introduction
1st Semester, AY 2020-2021
Engr. Mel Kenneth Mabute, MP
LEARNING
OUTCOMES

1. Introduction
2. Analysis of Internal Forces
 LO 1.1. Introduction
Statics of Deformable Bodies
▪ Also called as Strength of Materials, Mechanics of
Materials, Solid Mechanics, or Mechanics of
Deformable Bodies
▪ Branch of engineering mechanics that deals with
the effects of the applied forces on a deformable
body such as stresses and deformations.

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 1.1. Introduction
Engineering
Mechanics

Deformable
Rigid Body
Body
Idealization
Idealization

Mechanics of
Statics of Rigid
Deformable
Bodies
Bodies

Dynamics of
Rigid Bodies

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 1.1. Introduction

Statics and Dynamics of Mechanics of Deformable

Rigid Bodies Bodies
Body Rigid Real/Deformable

Force External effects Internal effects

Analysis Force Body Diagram (FBD), FBD, Equilibrium Equations,

Equilibrium Equations, Deformation Diagrams
Summation of
Forces/Moments
Focus Identification of loads that Determining the strength and
act on a body rigidity of a body

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 1.2. Analysis of Internal Forces

Figure 1.1. An exploratory section a-a through an arbitrarily loaded body

exposing the internal forces.
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 1.2. Analysis of Internal Forces
Summary of Components from Figure 1.1
Component Type Direction wrt Area Internal Effect
Axial/ Tension/
𝑃𝑥
Normal (𝑃) Compression
Sliding/
𝑃𝑦 , 𝑃𝑧 Shear (𝑉)
Shearing action

𝑀𝑥 Torque (𝑇) Twisting

𝑀𝑦 , 𝑀𝑧 Bending moment (𝑀) Bending

Lecture 2:
Stresses
1st Semester, AY 2020-2021
Engr. Mel Kenneth Mabute, MP
LEARNING
OUTCOMES
1. Simple Stress
2. Normal Stress
3. Shear Stress
4. Bearing Stress
5. Allowable Design/Load
6. Factor of Safety
7. Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
 LO 2.1. Simple Stress
▪ The amount of force that is experienced by a body
per unit cross-sectional area of the body
▪ Units: MPa (SI), psi or ksi (English)
▪ Due to Pressure
General Equation: Stress = Force/Area
▪ Types: Normal, Shear, Bearing
▪ Unit Conversion
1 MPa = 1 N/mm2 = 106 N/m2
1 psi = 1 lb/in2
1 ksi = 1000 psi = 6.893 MPa
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.1. Simple Stress
MAX
AREA
LOAD
BAR 1 50 N 5𝑚𝑚2

BAR 2 500 N 500𝑚𝑚2

Which is stronger?
σBAR 1 = Force/Area = 50N/5mm2 = 10N/mm2 = 10MPa
σBAR 2 = Force/Area = 500N/500mm2 = 1N/mm2 = 1MPa
Therefore, Bar 1 is stronger than Bar 2
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.2. Normal Stress
▪ Stress produced by the action of
tensile/compressive force
▪ Causes the material to elongate/shorten
▪ Stress that acts perpendicular to the cross sectional
area
▪ Results to a volume change

𝑷
𝝈𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝑨
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.2. Normal Stress
▪ Assumptions
1. Prismatic cross-section (Constant area)
2. Uniform deformation occurs at the centroidal
axis
3. Material is homogenous and isotropic

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.2. Normal Stress
▪ Problem Types
1. Analysis
• The stresses and deformations are calculated
based on the given forces, moments or torques
on a structure
2. Design
• The maximum allowable force, moment or
torque is computed based on the geometry
(dimensions) and strength (allowable stress) of
the material
• The dimensions of the material are computed
based on the service loads (applied forces) and
the strength of material
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.1
The bar ABCD in the figure consists of three
cylindrical steel segments with different
lengths and cross-sectional areas. Axial loads
are applied as shown. Calculate the normal
stress in each segment.

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.1

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.2
If segment AB in Example 1.1 is replaced by a)
steel cylinder whose allowable stress is 248
MPa, and b) aluminum square section whose
allowable stress is 100 MPa, find the minimum
diameter/edge of the bar.

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.2

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.3. Shear Stress
▪ Stress resulting to a shear force / force parallel to
the cross-sectional area
▪ Causes the material to split into two or more
smaller parts
▪ Results to a shape change

𝑽
𝝉𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
𝑨𝒔
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.3. Shear Stress

Figure 1.2 Examples of direct shear: (a) single shear in a rivet; (b)
double shear in a bolt; and (c) shear in a metal sheet produced by a
punch.
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.3. Shear Stress
CASE 1: Single shear
𝑽 𝑷
𝝉𝒂𝒗𝒆 = =
𝑨 𝑨
CASE 2: Double shear
𝑽 𝑷 𝟐 𝑷
𝝉𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = =
𝑨 𝑨 𝟐𝑨
CASE 3: Punching shear
𝑽 𝑷 𝑷
𝝉𝒂𝒗𝒆 = = =
𝑨 𝑨𝒑 𝒑𝒕
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.3
Determine the average shear stress in the 20-mm-
diameter pin at A and the 30-mm-diameter pin at B
that support the beam in the figure.

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.3

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.4. Bearing Stress
▪ Contact pressure between separate bodies
(external compressive stress)
▪ Differs from normal stress which is an internal
stress caused by a compressive force
▪ Examples: Soil pressure beneath a support, contact
pressure between axle and its bearing
▪ Types: Bearing of bolts and connecting plates,
Bearing of bolts and washers
𝑷 𝑷
𝝈𝒃 = =
𝑨𝒃 𝒕𝒅
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.4. Bearing Stress
CASE 1: Bearing between Bolt and Connecting Plates

Figure 1.3 (a) a rivet in a lap joint; (b) bearing stress is not constant; (c)
bearing stress caused by the bearing force 𝑃𝑏 is assumed to be uniform on
projected area 𝐴𝑏 = 𝑡𝑑.
𝑷 𝑷
𝝈𝒃 = =
𝑨𝒃 𝒕𝒅
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.4. Bearing Stress
CASE 2: Bearing between Bolt and Connecting Plates

Ab = Awasher – Ahead
Ab = (∏/4) (dw2 – dhead2)
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.4
A load P = 10 kips is applied to a rod supported as
shown by a plate with a 0.6 in. diameter hole.
Determine the shear stress in the rod and the plate
and the bearing stress between the surface of
contact.

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.4

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.5. Allowable Design/Load
▪ Given dimension → allowable load/stress: lower
load/stress value to be considered for a safe design
▪ Given load/stress → allowable dimension: larger
dimension (cross-section) value to be considered

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.5
A structure design uses wood and steel rods with the
same diameters. The allowable stress of wood and
steel are 70 MPa and 140 MPa, respectively.
Consider a load of 1000 N for these rods, what
should be the designed diameter?

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.5

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.6. Factor of Safety
▪ The ratio of the failure load to the allowable load or
the ratio of the ultimate strength of the material to
the allowable stress.
▪ A method of specifying the allowable load for a body
▪ It is a number (usually an integer or multiples of 0.5)
which is multiplied to service forces, moments or
torques, the product of which is used as a design
force
▪ FOS is always greater than 1 to avoid potential failure
𝑭𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝝈𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍/𝒖𝒍𝒕 𝝉𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍/𝒖𝒍𝒕
𝑭𝑶𝑺 = 𝑭𝑶𝑺 = 𝑭𝑶𝑺 =
𝑭𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝝈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝝉𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.7. Application of Stresses:
Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
▪ Often cylindrical or spherical (pressure tanks and
pipes)
▪ Pressure acting on the inner surface of the cylinder
is resisted by tensile stresses in the walls of the
vessel
▪ Thin-walled if the ratio of r/t ≥ 10

t
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.7. Application of Stresses:
Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Three types of stresses developed in pressure
cylinders:
1. Circumferential or hoop stress
2. Longitudinal stress in closed end cylinders
3. Radial stresses (for thick-walled only)

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.7. Application of Stresses:
Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Circumferential Stress (σc)
▪ Also known as hoop stress or tangential stress
▪ Acts tangent to surface of cylinder

𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑐 =
2𝑡
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.7. Application of Stresses:
Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Longitudinal Stress (σl)
▪ Acts parallel to longitudinal axis of cylinder

𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑙 =
4𝑡

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.7. Application of Stresses:
Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Relationship between σc and σl
▪ For failure to occur at the same time, longitudinal
joint should be twice as strong as the girth joint

𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝝈𝒍
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 LO 2.7. Application of Stresses:
Thin-walled Pressure Vessels
Spherical Stress (σ)
▪ Same analysis as longitudinal stress in cylinders
▪ Also, stress is the same regardless of direction

𝑝𝐷
𝜎𝑙 =
4𝑡
Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.6
The strength of longitudinal joint in the figure is 33
kips/ft, whereas for the girth is 16 kips/ft. Calculate
the maximum diameter of the cylinder tank if the
internal pressure is 150 psi.

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
 Example 2.6

Fundamentals of Statics of Deformable Bodies Engr. MKA Mabute 1st Semester, AY 2020-2021 CEAT-RTU
References
Hibbeler, R.C. (2011). Mechanics
of Materials. Pearson Prentice
Hall: United States of America.
8th edition.
UPLB-CEAT-DES. Lecture Notes in
ES13 Strength of Materials.
University of the Philippines
Los Banos.