Week 5-6

Chapter 4: Mathematics as a Tool

Lesson 1.1. Basic Statistical Terms

Lesson Objectives: At the end of the chapter the students are expected to:

a. Identify the types of Measurement Scale; and

b. Distinguish between discrete and continuous

Readings:

Statistics-Statistics itself came from the Latin word “status” which means state. From the ancient times,
statistics was used by state leaders to know how much tax to levy their subjects and how many soldiers are
needed in an expected war
-is a collection of methods for collecting, displaying, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from
data.

Data - in statistics is always a result of experiment, observation, investigation and other means and often
appears as a numerical figure and then evaluated to make it into useful knowledge.

Basic Concepts

1. Descriptive Statistics- deals with the collection and presentation of data and collection of summarizing
values to describe its group characteristics. The most common summarizing values are the measure of
central tendency and variation.
2. Inferential Statistics- deals with the predictions and inferences based on the analysis and interpretation
of the results of the information gathered by the statistician. Some of the common statistical tools of
inferential statistics are the t-test, z-test, analysis of variance, chi-square, and Pearson r.
3. Variable- a numerical characteristics or attribute associated with the population being studied. They are
further classified as categorical or qualitative and numerical or quantitative
4. Discrete Variable- values obtained by counting.
5. Continuous Variables- values obtained by measuring, all of which cannot be put into a list because they
have any value in some interval of real numbers.
6. Scales of Measurement- subdivided into four categories and upon drawing inferences on a random
sample, the type of measurement scale must be carefully chosen.
a. Nominal- classifies elements into two or more categories or classes, the numbers indicating that the
elements are different but not according to order or magnitude.
b. Ordinal- a scale that ranks individual in terms of the degree to which they possess a characteristic
of interest
c. Interval- in addition to ordering scores from high to low, it also establishes a uniform unit in the
scale so that aby equal distance between two scores is of equal magnitude. There is no absolute
zero in this scale.
7. Population- defined as groups of people, animals, places, things, or ideas to which any conclusions
based on characteristics of a sample will be applied.
8. Sample- a subgroup of the population
9. Parameter- a numerical measure that describes a characteristic of the population.
10. Statistic- numerical measure that is used to describe a characteristic of sample

Reference

 Nocon, R.& Nocon, E., -Essential Mathematics for the Modern World
 Aufman, R. (2018 ) Mathematics in the Modern World, Rex Book Store, Inc.,
 Dalisay, Clarenz, LPT., et al. (2018) Mathematic in the Modern World, OUR LADY OF FATIMA
UNIVERSITY

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 Exercises for Basic Statistical Terms

Name: Subject: Mathematics in the Modern World

Course and Year: ________________________ Date: _______________

A. Determine the following underlined quantitative variables as discrete or continuous. Write D if discrete
and C if continuous. Write your answer on the space provided

______________1. Number of foreigners migrating to Philippines every year.

______________2. Length of hair of female students.
______________3. The boiling point of water is 100℃.
______________4. Number of students per class.
______________5. John’s height is 168 cm.
______________6. The number of children in Barangay A with missing/decayed teeth is 2000.
______________7. The data are the densities of sample substances taken from Tabing-ilog River.
______________8. The average speed of motorboats cruising in Manila Bay every day is 50 m/s.
______________9. Number of Grade one pupils in MHS.
______________10. Number of Job Applicants at YYY Company.

B. Identify the type of Measurement Scale (Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio, and Interval)
______________1. Weight in pounds of new born babies.
______________2. Speed of a car
______________3. Degree of agreement or disagreement of respondents about appropriates of a
television program for children below 10 years old.
______________4. Length of milkfish in a fish pond
______________5. Eye color
______________6. Skin tone
______________7. IQ level of grade I pupils as low, average of high
______________8. Sound intensity
______________9. Educational attainment
______________10. Number of children in a family

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 Week 5-6
Lesson 1.2. Measures of Central Tendency

Lesson Objectives: At the end of the chapter the students are expected to:

1. Define the mean, median, and mode;

2. Calculate the mean, median, and mode of a ungrouped data; and
3. Compute the mean, median, and mode of a grouped data

Readings:

Why is Central Tendency Important?

 It condenses the data set down to one representative value, which is useful when you are working with
large amounts of data.
 It let us know what is normal or ‘average’ for a set of data
 Central Tendency also allows the comparison of one data set to another, as well as one piece of data to
the entire data set. For example, you could easily draw comparisons between the girls’ and boys’ heights
by calculating the average height for each sample group.

Three main measures of Central Tendency

1. Mean
2. Median
3. Mode

Mean
 sum of all the values in the observation or a dataset divided by the total number of observations. This is
also known as the arithmetic average.
 This measurement is applicable to use for ration and interval data.

Key formula for Mean

Ungrouped Data Grouped data

Mean (x́ ¿=
∑ of observations
total number of observations Σf x
( x́) =
Σx N
( x́) = Where: x́= mean
N
Where: x́= mean x = data
x = data N = total number of data
N = total number of data f = frequency

Examples:
1. Find the mean of the following numbers: 47, 53, 67
Solution:
From the given problem, we can see that there are only 3 given values. This is considered as groups.
Therefore,
Σ 47+53+ 67
Mean = x = = 55. 67
N 3

2. Find the mean of the following math test scores: 33,44,55,65, 55,33,67,78,54,55,55,44
Solution:
There are 12 observations or values in this given problem. Usually, data are grouped if they are above 30
observations. We can work this case either by using the grouped or ungrouped formula:

a. Using ungrouped data

Mean =
∑ of observations =
33+44 +55+65+55+33+ 67+78+54+ 55+ 55+44
total number of observations 12

Mathematics in the Modern World First Semester, S.Y.2020-2021 General Education

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 638
=
12

x́ = 53.17

Using Grouped Data

Test Scores frequency

33 2
44 2
55 4
65 1
67 1
78 1
54 1
N = 12

Solution:

Test Scores(x) Frequency(f) Frequency x test scores (f∙ x)

33 2 33 x 2 = 66
44 2 44 x 2 = 88
55 4 55 x 4 = 220
65 1 65 x 1= 65
67 1 67 x 1= 67
78 1 78 x 1= 78
54 1 54 x 1= 54
N = 12

Σf x 66+88+220+ 65+67+78+54 638

( x́) = = = = 53. 17
N 12 12

Median

 The median is considered as the physical middle point in a distribution as the physical middle
point in a distribution because it is located at the center position when the values are arranged in
ascending or descending order, which in turn divides the distribution in half (there are 50% or
observations on either side of the median value.)
 If a distribution has an odd number of observations, the median value is the middle value.
Note: if it is an even number, the median value is the mean or average of the two middle
values.
 The median cannot be identified for categorical nominal data, as it cannot be logically ordered
 This is widely used for ordinal type of information.

Key formula for Median

Ungrouped Data Grouped data

 Arranged the given either from ascending to
descending order, then find the one in the Median=Lm+¿ ¿
center. Where: Lm=¿lower limit class boundary
¿ cf = less than cumulative frequency before the
median class
fm = frequency of the median class
i = class interval
n = total number of data
Example:
Mathematics in the Modern World First Semester, S.Y.2020-2021 General Education
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 1. (a) Ungrouped data: 3,1,5,2,2,7,5,6,8
Solution:
 Arrange to ascending order: 1,2,2,3,5,5,6,7,8
 There are 9 values in the distribution, therefore, the median is the one on the fifth position based on the
arranged values: median is 5

(b) Ungrouped data: 3,1,5,2,2,7,5,6,8,4

Solution:
 Arrange to ascending order: 1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,7,8
 Since there are 10 values in the given, we will take the average of the fifth and sixth numbers in the
arrangement, which is 4 and 5 respectively, therefore, Median is 4+5= 9÷ 2 = 4.5

Using Grouped Data

2. Find the median of the following math test scores.

Test Scores frequency

25-30 4
31-36 7
37-42 3
43-48 5
49-54 8
55-60 12
61-66 6
n = 45
n 45
Solution: = =¿ 22. 5
2 2

Test Scores frequency ¿ cf

25-30 4 4
31-36 7 7+4 = 11
37-42 3 3+11= 14
43-48 5 5+ 14 = 19
49-54 8 8+19 = 27
55-60 12 12+27 = 39
61-66 6 6+39 = 45
n = 45
Median=Lm+¿ ¿

= 48.5+ ( 452 −19) ( 6)

8
= 51.125
3. Mode
 The mode can be found for both numerical and categorical (non-numerical) data.
 It is the most commonly occurring value in a distribution. There can be more than one mode for
the same distribution of data, (bi-modal, or multi-modal), thus limiting the ability of the mode in
describing the center of the distribution

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 Key formula for Mode

Ungrouped Data Grouped data

Simply find the most recurring value. Δ1

Mode=Lmo +( )(i)
Δ1+ Δ2

Where: Lmo=¿lower limit class boundary of the

modal class with highest frequency
Δ 1 = highest frequency minus the frequency before
the modal class
Δ 1 = highest frequency minus the frequency after the
modal class
i = class interval

Examples:

1. Determine the mode of the following math test scores for ungrouped data:

A. 33,44,55,65,55,33,67,78,54,55,55,44 mode is 55
B. 33,44,65,55,33,67,78,54,55,55,44 mode is 33,44
C. 1,2,3,4,4,6,7,8,9 mode is 1,2,3,4,4,6,7,8,9 or no mode

Using Grouped Data:

2. Determine the mode of the following math test scores.

Test Scores Frequency

25-30 4
31-36 7
37-42 3
43-48 5
49-54 8
55-60 12
61-66 6
n = 45
Modal Class is: 55-60

Δ1
Mode = Lmo +( )(i)
Δ 1+ Δ 2
12−8
¿ 55.5+( )(6)
(12−8)+(12−6)
4
= 55.5 +( ¿ (6)
4+ 6
4
= 55.5 + (6)
10
= 55.5 + 2.4

Mode = 57.9

References:

 Nocon, R.& Nocon, E., -Essential Mathematics for the Modern World
 Aufman, R. (2018 ) Mathematics in the Modern World, Rex Book Store, Inc.,
 Dalisay, Clarenz, LPT., et al. (2018) Mathematic in the Modern World, OUR LADY OF FATIMA
UNIVERSITY

Mathematics in the Modern World First Semester, S.Y.2020-2021 General Education

Prepared by: and ( 09752410538)

6
 Exercises for Measures of Central Tendency

Name: Subject: Mathematics in the Modern World

Course and Year: ________________________ Date: _______________

TEST A(For Ungrouped Data).

A. Compute the mean, median and mode of the following:

The number of incorrect answers on a true-false competency test for a random sample of 15 students were
recorded as follows: 2, 1, 3, 0, 1, 3, 6, 0, 3, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4, and 2. Find

a.)mean;_____________________________________________________________________________

b.) the median;and;_____________________________________________________________________

c.) the mode. ;_________________________________________________________________________

2. The number of building permits issued last month to 12 construction firm in a small Midwestern city were 4,
7, 0, 7, 11, 4, 1, 15, 3, 5, 8, and 7. Treating the data as a population, find

a.)mean;_____________________________________________________________________________

b.) the median;and;_____________________________________________________________________

c.) the mode. ;_________________________________________________________________________

3. The reaction times for a random sample of 9 subjects to a stimulant were recorded as 2.5, 3.6, 3.1, 4.3, 2.9,
2.3, 2.6, 4.1, and 3.4 seconds. Calculate

a.)mean;_____________________________________________________________________________

b.) the median;and;_____________________________________________________________________

c.) the mode. ;_________________________________________________________________________

4. The employees of a local manufacturing plant pledged the following donations, in dollars to the United Fund:
10, 40, 25, 5, 20, 10, 50, 30, 10, 5, 15, 25, 50, 10, 30, 5, 25, 45, and 15. Treating the data as a population,
calculate

a.)mean;_____________________________________________________________________________

b.) the median;and;_____________________________________________________________________

c.) the mode. ;_________________________________________________________________________

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 TEST B (For Grouped Data)  
B. Calculate the mean, median and mode of the following:

A. Compute the mean, median and mode of the

The weights in milligrams of the dry contents of a certain type of ampul :

Weights Number

80-84 2

85-89 7

90-94 18

95-99 32

100-104 14

105-109 10

110-114 3

115-119 1

120-124 1

B. A mathematics achievement test contained 40 questions for which the answers were marked
either right or wrong. The distribution below summarizes the results. Find the mean, median
and mode

Class Interval frequency

0-2 0
3-5 1
6-8 3
9-11 10
12-14 11
15-17 17
18-20 24
n =66

Mathematics in the Modern World First Semester, S.Y.2020-2021 General Education

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