“Gh.

Asachi” Tehnical University of Iaşi Faculty of Civil and Building Equipment Engineering
67, D. Mangeron Blvd., Iaşi, 700050, România 43, D. Mangeron Blvd, Iaşi, 700050, România
tel: +40+232-278680 tel: +40-232-278680/1479, fax: +40-232-233368
www.tuiasi.ro www.ce.tuiasi.ro
Department of Structural Mechanics
tel: +40-232-278680/1447, tel/fax: +40-232-239213
www.ce.tuiasi.ro/english/departments/mechanics.html

Earthquake Engineering

a lecture delivered to the 4th year students

by
Fideliu Păuleţ-Crăiniceanu, Associate Professor
tel: +40-232-278680/1488
Lecture 2 [email protected], www.ce.tuiasi.ro/~fideliu
Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes
 Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes

mid-oceanic ridge

plate (lithosphere) plate (lithosphere)

trench athenosphere
island arc
volcanic
zone continent
marginal mesosphere
sea

Plate tectonics
Tectonic earthquakes ≡ strong vibrations due to release of a large amount of energy
within a short period of time through a sudden disturbance in crust or upper mantle.
=> 90% of total number of earthquakes
Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes

Global map of seismicity 1975-1995

Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes

plate subduction zone

plate
0 70 km
shallow earthquakes
middle depth earthquakes
hypocenters
300 600 km
deep earthquakes

Model of subduction zone

Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes

FOCUS (HYPOCENTER) definition

The point of origin of an earthquake.
EPICENTER definition
Earth's surface above the focus of an earthquake: the exact location
on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes

Island subduction and volcanic zone

Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes
Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes

Marianas/Japan/Kuriles subduction zone. Map and FEM model

Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes
Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes

Subduction zone explanation

 Seismology for Civil Engineers
causes of earthquakes

Subduction
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquakes mechanism

Types of fault displacement:

a) normal fault b) reverse fault

c) right lateral fault d) left lateral fault

 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquakes mechanism

c) compression
and tensile forces

Fault line

d) double couple
a) before slip

b) after slip

Earthquake mechanism due to fault slip

 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquakes mechanism

Types of faulting
 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquakes mechanism

volcanic islands of the Galapagos hotspot

Sinai peninsula
the Arabian plate is impacting the Iranian plate
 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquakes mechanism
San Andreas Fault
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquakes mechanism
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquakes mechanism

Direction Fault line

of motion

Direction Road Road

of motion

a) before straining b) strained (before earthquake) c) after earthquake

Elastic-rebound theory mechanism

Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquakes mechanism

Elastic-rebound theory mechanism

Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquakes mechanism
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquakes mechanism
1906 San Francisco Quake
Seismology for Civil Engineers
seismic waves

compression P-wave
- volume modification
- normal stress
- body wave

E (1 )
VP
(1 )(1 2 )
5 7 km/s
dilatation
S-wave
- volume unchanged
- shear stress
- body wave

G E
VS
2 (1 )
3 4 km/s
wavelength

Ground motion for different types of seismic waves

Seismology for Civil Engineers
seismic waves

Ground motion for different types of seismic waves

Seismology for Civil Engineers
seismic waves
Löve wave

- volume modification
- normal stress
- decreases with depth
- surface wave

Rayleigh wave

- volume unchanged
- shear stress
- decreases with depth
- surface wave

Ground motion for different types of seismic waves

Seismology for Civil Engineers
seismic waves

Generation and propagation of seismic waves

Seismology for Civil Engineers
seismic waves

Generation and propagation of seismic waves

 Seismology for Civil Engineers
seismic waves

Surface and
P-wave and S-wave fronts body waves

Love wave Rayleigh wave

 Seismology for Civil Engineers
seismic waves

Refraction of seismic waves Reflection of seismic waves

Deflection of
seismic waves
Seismology for Civil Engineers
seismic waves

P-wave shadow zone P-wave, S-wave velocities and

density variation with depth
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

The spherical seismoscope of

the Italian Count MALVASIA.
The earliest earthquake instrument According to EHLERT (1897)
(China, 136 B.C.), according to
MILNE (1886)
 (?)

Modern replicas(?) of Zhang Heng's

seismometer, the Houfeng Didong
Yi, from Eastern Han Dynasty (25-
220 CE)
 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Seismoscope by CACCIATORE or
LEPSIUS, according to HOERNES
(1893) The inverted pendulum 1854;
according to MALLET 1858
 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

MALLET'S Column MALLET's device for

seismoscope 1858 determining the time of
arrival of the first shock
(1859) Seismochronograph
by A. v. LASAULX,
according to
GÜNTHER (1877)
 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Sismographo elletro-magnetico by
MALLET's self- recording
PALMIERI (1867)
seismometer (1846)

MALLET's ball-seismometer 1858 MALLET's projection seismometer, 1858

Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

mass
direction of
vibration
damper

paper
advancing

Principle of a seismograph = 1 DOFS

Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Principle of seismograph, real-time seismic recording system,

classical and digital seismograms
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Response of some Comparisons of some seismic

seismic instrumentations records using different seismometers
 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Kobe 1995 earthquake, NS acceleration record

600
KOBE NS 1995
400
acceleration (gal)

200

-200
-400
-600
-800 818 gal
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
1gal = 1cm/s2 time (s)
PGA = peak ground acceleration
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Records by a strong-motion seismometer located above the

fault during the 1985 Mw = 8.1, Michaocan, Mexico earthquake
 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Emil Wiechert’s 15,000 kg seismograph at Charles Richter with the seismograph he

the University of Göttingen, Germany, 1904. operated in his living room.
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Wood-Anderson seismograph
 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

SMA-1 accelerograph, 1970s

GPS (Global Positioning System) seismic

station located in Alaska
Accelerometer
 Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Displacement-measuring devices: A) LVDT (Linear

Variable Differential Transformer), B) Linear
Potentiometer, C) another model of a Linear
Potentiometer, D) Wire Potentiometer.
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Locating an earthquake
Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Locating and measurement of an earthquake

Seismology for Civil Engineers
earthquake measurement

Locating and measurement of an earthquake

 References
• Păuleţ-Crăiniceanu, F. Earthquake Engineering, Editura
Cermi, Iaşi, 1999
• “Heat” - Historical Earthquake Theory
http://www.univie.ac.at/Wissenschaftstheorie/heat/heat.htm

• Vibrationdat.com http://www.vibrationdata.com/
• FEMA http://www.fema.gov/
• U.S. Geological Survey http://www.usgs.gov/