SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

Energy Efficiency - I
DR AVLOKITA AGRAWAL
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

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 Energy Consumption in Buildings
Electricity Scenario in world

Source : ECBC

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Electricity Scenario in India

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 Energy Scenario in India
 17.74% of global population
 4.5% Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in primary energy demand
(1997−2007)
 Capital Investment needed on Supply Side − approx. $1 trillion
 Installed Capacity in India − approx. 329.23 GW
 Projected Capacity in 2030 − 800,000 MW
 600 MW capacity addition each week for the next 20 years
 Peak power deficit of 16.6%
 Energy Deficit of 1%.
 India is poised to experience growth in the AC load that no other country in the
history would have encountered
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Commercial Buildings in India

Gurgaon Mumbai

Kolkata Bangalore

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Buildings Lifecycle Cost

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 Energy efficiency & Energy conservation
The terms energy conservation and energy efficiency have two distinct
meanings. There are many ways people can use less energy (conservation)
and many ways people can use energy more wisely (efficiency).
• ENERGY CONSERVATION is any behavior that results in the use of less
energy. Turning the lights off when leaving the room and recycling
aluminum cans are both ways of conserving energy.
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY is the use of technology that requires less energy to
perform the same function. Using a LED light bulb that requires less
energy rather than using an incandescent bulb to produce the same
amount of light is an example of energy efficiency.
• Driving less is an example of energy conservation. Driving the same
amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an example of energy efficiency

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Energy Demand Reduction

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 ROOF SECTION

(b) Thermal resistive exterior walls and roof

Heat Transfer

Source :

Source : ECBC

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 Specific Heat
• Specific heat of a substance is the Materials Specific Heat (J/ (Kg K))
amount of heat energy necessary to Brick work 800
cause unit temperature increase of a Concrete block 1000
unit mass of the substance. Stone (granite) 900
• It is measured in J / (Kg-K). Sandstone 712
• The higher the specific heat of a Plaster 1000
substance, the more heat it will Glass wool 670
absorb for a given increase in
temperature. As a result, the
substance can be used as a ‘thermal
mass’.

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 Thermal Resistance – R-Value
• Thermal Resistivity – resistivity is the property
applicable to a unit thickness of a material of Materials Resistivity ((m K)/W)
uniform density to resist the transfer of heat, Brick work 0.83
i.e. the reciprocal of conductivity. Better
insulators have a high resistivity. Concrete 0.69

• Its unit is (m K)/W. Stone (granite) 0.34

• Thermal Resistance – the reciprocal of Glass wool 29.40

conductance, it is the property applicable to a Air 38.45
unit area of a material of uniform density to Water 1.72
resist the transfer of heat. It is quantified as a
product of resistivity(k-value) with the
thickness.
• Its unit is (m2 K)/W

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 Thermal Conductivity – K-Value
• It is the amount of heat passing Materials K-value (W/m K)
through a slab of uniform material Brick work 1.21
of unit thickness when unit Concrete 1.44
difference of temperature is Stone (granite) 2.92
established between its faces. Glass wool 0.034
• Its unit is W/(m K). Air 0.026

• The Thermal conductivity of a Water 0.58

material can be related to its

insulation properties. The lower
the conductivity, the better
insulator it is.

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 Conductance
• Conductance -
conductance is the rate of
heat flow through a unit
area of the body having a
temperature difference
between it’s two surfaces.

• It is measured in W/(m2 K)

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 Thermal Transmittance – U-value
• It is the amount of heat passing through
a unit area of the given material or all
the materials in a system at a given
temperature difference between the air
or other fluid on either side of the
material in steady state conditions.
• It’s unit is W/(m2/K)
• A material or a system of materials
having a low U-value means that the
amount of heat transferred is low,
which means the stress to regulate both
electrical and thermal loads is low.

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Source : ECBC

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 Albedo
• ‘Albedo’ is the surface property of a material which is indicative of the
absorptive or reflective qualities of the surface of a material.
• The ‘Albedo’ of a material is also an indicator of the amount of heat
transferred by the material in the sub-surface and the surface
material’s maximum surface temperature as an outcome of the
amount of solar radiation incident on it.
• It is expressed as a percentage of the amount of solar radiation
reflected from the surface of the material to the total amount of solar
radiation incident on it.
• It is also represented on a scale of 0 – 1. ‘0’ – low albedo indicating a
highly ‘absorptive’ surface (black body) & ‘1’ – high albedo indicating a
highly ‘reflective’ surface (white body).

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 High SRI External Finishes
• External finishes having a high SRI-Solar Reflectance Index are being used
as a design measure for enhancing thermal comfort inside a building.
• As more amount of heat energy from the sun is reflected, the load on the
internal cooling system is considerably reduced.
• Finishes as paints and tiles can be used either individually or concurrently.

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 Insulation
• Thickness – as per manufacturer (25-150mm as a minimum)
• Density – as per manufacturer
• Thermal Conductivity(K) – at 10*C, for density 12 Kg/m3 – 0.038 W/ m-K
,
at 100*C, for density 12 Kg/m3 – 0.065 W/ m-K
• Thermal Resistance (R) – at 10*C, for density 12 Kg/m3 – 0.66 m2-K/W ,
at 100*C, for density 12 Kg/m3 – 0.38 m2-K/W
• Made from glass wool and sand
• It has zero-ODP & minimum VOC.
• Light-weight as compared to clay bricks and are easily workable.

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 Solar Heat Gain Coeficient (SHGC)
• Ratio of solar heat gain that passes through
fenestration to the total incident solar
radiation that falls on the fenestration

• Indicates how well fenestration insulates

heat caused by direct solar rays

• Lower SHGC means lesser heat transfers into

the building through the window

• Depends on properties of glazing material &

Window Operation (Fixed or Operable)
SHGC of 0.4 allows 40% solar radiation
through and reflects 60% away

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 Visual Light Transmittance (VLT)
• Fraction of visible light transmitted through the glazing
• Affects daylight and visibility
• Varies between 0 & 1

• VLT is concerned with the visible portion of the solar

spectrum as opposed to SHGC, which takes into account
the entire solar radiation
• Typically, lower the SHGC, lower the VLT
• Higher insulating property glass will reduce daylight

• Higher the VLT, more light is transmitted

• Balance is needed between
daylight requirements & heat
gain through windows

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 Energy Performance Index
• Energy Performance Index (EPI) is a metric to understand the annual energy
consumption of a building per unit area.
• Units: kWh/ m2/ Annum

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Source: Energy technology Perspective 2016

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Thank you

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