BUILDING UTILITIES 2

COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS

AR. RICKY R. MOJICA, uap

Architecture Instructor
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

A communications system is a collection of

individual communications networks,
transmission systems, relay stations, tributary
stations and data terminal equipment (DTE)
usually capable of interconnection and inter-
operation to form an integrated whole.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

1. TELEPHONE
- A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications
device that permits two or more users to conduct a
conversation when they are too far apart to be heard
directly.
- transmits and receives sound.

- most common household communication device.

- operates principally by converting sound waves to

electrical signals, and electrical signals to sound waves.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Elements of a Telephone
• Microphone - transmitter to speak
• Earphone - receiver which reproduces the voice in a
distant location
• Ringer - which produces a sound to announce an
incoming telephone call
• Dial or Keypad - used to enter a telephone number
when initiating a call to another telephone.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

History of the Telephone

• Before the development of the electric
telephone, the term "telephone“. A
communication device for sailing
vessels. The telephone was the
invention of a captain John Taylor in
1844.
Alexander Graham Bell
• Alexander Graham Bell was the first
to be awarded a patent for the electric
telephone by the United States Patent
and Trademark Office (USPTO) in
March 1876.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

TELEPHONE

• resistance = less than 300 Ohms

• DC= 48 volts, nominal
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

2. FAX
- Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called
telecopying or telefax (the latter short for
telefacsimile), is the telephonic transmission of
scanned printed material (both text and images),
normally to a telephone number connected to a printer
or other output device.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

History of Fax
Wire transmission
• Scottish inventor Alexander Bain
worked on chemical mechanical fax
type devices and in 1846 was able to
reproduce graphic signs in laboratory
experiments. Alexander Bain

• In 1881, English inventor Shelford

Bidwell constructed the scanning
phototelegraph that was the first
telefax machine to scan any two
dimensional original, not requiring
manual plotting or drawing.
Shelford Bidwell
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

History of Fax
Wire transmission
• As a designer for the Radio
Corporation of America (RCA), in
1924, Richard H. Ranger invented
the wireless photoradiogram, or
transoceanic radio facsimile, the
forerunner of today’s "fax" machines.
• A photograph of President Calvin
Coolidge sent from New York to
London on November 29, 1924
became the first photo picture
reproduced by transoceanic radio Richard H. Ranger
facsimile.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

3. Private Branch Exchange (PBX)

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

3. Private Branch Exchange (PBX)

- a multiline telephone system typically used in
business environments, encompassing systems ranging
from small key telephone systems to large scale private
branch exchanges.
PABX- private automatic branch exchange
EPABX- electronic private automatic branch exchange
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Components of PBX
• Exchange – The exchange itself is basically a large
switching station that connects and routes calls,
whether internally or externally.
• Gateway – The gateway is the component of a PBX
system that connects the internal network to the outside
world
• Handsets – The actual telephone handsets used with
PBX systems are generally specialized units that are
designed with the increased set of functions that come
with most PBX systems in mind.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

4. INTERNET SYSTEM
- a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and
methods of commerce by allowing various computer networks
around the world to interconnect.
- The Internet is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that
use the Internet Protocol suite (TCP/IP)
to link devices worldwide. It is
a network of networks that consists of
private, public, academic, business, and
government networks of local to global
scope, linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Origin of Internet
• The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by
the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust,
fault tolerant communication via computer networks.

• The primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as

a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military
networks in the 1980s.

• The funding of the National Science Foundation Network as a

new backbone in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other
commercial extensions, led to worldwide participation in the
development of new networking technologies, and the merger of
many networks.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Internet
• Hardware. That includes everything from the cables that carry
terabits of information every second to the computer sitting in front
of you.

• Other types of hardware

routers, servers, cell phone towers, satellites, radios,
smartphones and other devices.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Elements of Internet
• Clients - the computer, smartphone or other device
you're using to read this may count as one. We call
those end points clients
• Server - Machines that store the information we seek
on the Internet
• Nodes - serve as a connecting point along a route of
traffic.
• Transmission Lines - which can be physical, as in the
case of cables and fiber optics, or they can be wireless
signals from satellites, cell phone or 4G towers, or
radios.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

5. CABLE TELEVISION (CATV)

- system of delivering television programming to paying
subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted
through coaxial cables or, in the 2010s, light pulses
through fiber optic cables.

- CATV is often used for cable television. It originally

stood for Community Access Television or
Community Antenna Television, from cable television's
origins in 1948.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

5. CABLE TELEVISION (CATV)

• Coaxial Cables – is used as a transmission line for
radio frequency signals.
• Fiber Optics – means of carrying CATV signals over
long distance. It does not suffer the same signal
losses as coaxial cable.
• Head–end – is where the cable system receives
programming from various sources assigns the
programming to channels and retransmits it into
cables.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

5. CABLE TELEVISION (CATV)

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

5. CABLE TELEVISION (CATV)

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

5. CABLE TELEVISION (CATV)

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Hybrid fibercoaxial
• Modern cable systems are large, with a single
network and headend often serving an entire
metropolitan area. Most systems use hybrid
fibercoaxial (HFC) distribution

• this means the trunklines that carry the signal from

the headend to local neighborhoods are optical fiber
to provide greater bandwidth and also extra capacity
for future expansion.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

6. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (PA)

- An electronic sound amplification and distribution
system with a microphone, amplifier and
loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address a
large public, for example for announcements of
movements at large and noisy air and rail terminals or
at a sports stadium.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

6. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (PA)

3 Main Components of PA
• Microphone - is the first component of most any public
address, or PA, system. Technically speaking it is a "transducer",
which is just a fancy name for something that takes one type of
energy and converts it to another.

• Amplifier - is the next part of the chain. Amplifiers, or amps,

electronically increase the level of the initial sound source.

• Loudspeakers - are the final piece of the public address system

and reproduce the amplified sound. Think of the loudspeaker as
the opposite of a microphone.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

6. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (PA)

Simple PA Systems - school auditoriums, churches and small bars;
It consists of the following: microphone, a modesty-powered mixer-
amplifier and one or more loudspeakers.

Large PA Systems - have large numbers of speakers; cover

institutional and commercial buildings, an entire campus of a college
or industrial site or an entire outdoor complex (i.e. an athletic
stadium)

Telephone Paging Systems - In key telephone systems, it uses a

paging system that acts as liaison between the telephone and a PA
amplifier. In larger telephone systems, used for enterprise
applications, paging equipment is not built into the telephone system
and uses system provider instead.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (PA)

Simple PA Systems
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

6. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (PA)

Simple PA Systems - school auditoriums, churches and small bars;
It consists of the following: microphone, a modesty-powered mixer-
amplifier and one or more loudspeakers.

Large PA Systems - have large numbers of speakers; cover

institutional and commercial buildings, an entire campus of a college
or industrial site or an entire outdoor complex (i.e. an athletic
stadium)

Telephone Paging Systems - In key telephone systems, it uses a

paging system that acts as liaison between the telephone and a PA
amplifier. In larger telephone systems, used for enterprise
applications, paging equipment is not built into the telephone system
and uses system provider instead.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (PA)

A Paging System
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

6. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (PA)

Long Line Public Address (LLPA)- Describes any Public Address
system in which the architecture is distributed, normally across a
wide geographic area. Systems of this type are commonly found in
the rail, light rail and metro industries.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

6. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (PA)

LARGE VENUE SYSTEMS - For popular music concerts, a more
powerful and more complicated PA system is used to provide live
sound reproduction.

In a concert setting, there are typically two complete PA systems:

the “Main” system and the “Monitor” system. Each system
consists of microphones, a mixing board, sound processing
equipment, amplifiers, and speakers.
1. The “Main” System – “Front of House” (FOH) uses a number of
powerful amplifiers driving a range of large, heavy-duty loudspeakers
including low-frequency speakers cabinets called subwoofers, full-range
speaker cabinets, and high-range horns. A large club may use amplifiers to
provide 3000 to 5000 watts of power to the “main” speakers; an outdoor
concert may use 10,000 or more watts.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

6. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (PA)

2. The “Monitor” System – “foldback” in British English reproduces the
sounds of the performance and directs them towards the onstage performers
to help them to hear the instruments and vocals. The monitor system in a
large club may provide 500 to 1000 watts of power to several foldback
speakers; at an outdoor concert, there may be several thousand watts of
power going to the monitor system.

Loudspeakers used in concert Portable PA Systems with wireless microphone

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

- An intercom (intercommunication
device); talkback or doorphone.
- A stand-alone electronic
communications system intended
for limited or private dialogue.
- Intercoms can be portable but are
generally mounted permanently in
buildings or vehicles.

- Can incorporate connections to walkie talkies, telephones, cell

phones and to other intercom systems over phone or data lines and
switch electronic or electro mechanical devices such as signal lights
and door latches.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

Permanent systems – Traditional intercom systems are composed
entirely of analogue electronics components but many new features
and interfacing options can be accomplished with new intercom
systems based on digital connections.

- Digital intercom stations can be connected using Cat 5 cable and

can even use existing computer networks as a means of interfacing
distant parties.

- Intercom systems can be found

on many types of vehicles: trains,
watercraft. Aircraft and armored
fighting vehicles.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

Portable System intercoms - are commonly used by: special event
production crew, professional sports team, performing arts venues,
theaters, concert halls. It often have a combination of permanently
mounted and portable intercom elements.

- Motorsports race tracks often

have both portable and
permanent intercom stations
mounted at critical points
around the racecourse for use
by race officials and emergency
medical technicians.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

Basic Intercom System Terms
1. Master Station or Base Station – units that can control the system,
i.e., initiate a call with any of the stations and make announcements over
the whole system.
2. Sub-station – units that are capable of only initiating a call with a
Master Station but not capable of initiating calls with any other station
(sometimes called slave units).
3. Door Stations – like sub-stations, these units are only capable of
initiating a call to a Master station.
4. Intercom Station – full-featured remote unit capable of initiating and
receiving party-line conversation, individual conversation and signaling;
rack-mounted, wall-mounted or portable.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

Basic Intercom System Terms
5. Mount Station – fixed-position intercom station with built-in
loudspeaker; flush-mounted microphone, hand-held push to talk
microphone or telephone style handset.
6. Belt Pack – portable intercom station worn on the belt. Requires a
headset or handset.
7. Handset – permanent or portable telephone-style connection to an
intercom station; holds an earpiece and a push to talk microphone.

8. Headset – portable intercom connection from a belt pack to one or

both ears via headphones with integrated microphone on a boom arm;
connects a belt pack.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

Basic Intercom System Terms
9. Power Supply – used to feed power to all units; often incorporated
into the design of the base station.
Two-Wire Broadcast Intercoms – widely used in TV stations and
outside broadcast vehicles.

Two different types of intercoms used in the television world:

1. Two-wire party line
2. Four-wire matrix system: The term four-wire comes from the fact that the system
uses a transit pair and a receive pair for the audio to and from the intercom. In a modern four-wire
system there are actually six to eight wires: two (or four) for data and the remaining for audio.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

Four-wire matrix system
ADVANTAGE: ability to perform point to point communication at will.
(Point to point communication allows a user to speak directly to another
user similar to how someone would call another person directly using a
phone.

This ability is extremely useful in todays complex production

environments). The difference between a phone system and a four-wire
intercom in the ability to not only perform point to point but also point to
multi-point, party-lines, interrupt fold back (IFB) and many other
configurations; four-wire systems are essentially audio routers.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

Four-wire matrix system
ADVANTAGE: ability to perform point to point communication at will.
(Point to point communication allows a user to speak directly to another
user similar to how someone would call another person directly using a
phone.

This ability is extremely useful in todays complex production

environments). The difference between a phone system and a four-
wire intercom in the ability to not only perform point to point but also
point to multi-point, party-lines, interrupt fold back (IFB) and many other
configurations; four-wire systems are essentially audio routers.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

Four-Wire Broadcast Intercoms – very expensive to implement;
require a large foot print in the physical television studio, thus only used
at very large stations or TV networks.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

Wireless Intercoms
ADVANTAGES:
1. Installation is much easier since no wires have to be run between
intercom units.
2. Can easily move the units at any time.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Nearby wireless devices (cordless telephones, wireless data
networks, and remote audio speakers can interfere).

2. Electrical devices (motors, lighting fixtures and transformers) can

cause NOISE.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

7. INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (INTERCOM)

Wireless Intercoms
DISADVANTAGES:

3. Concerns about privacy since conversations may be picked up on a

scanner, baby monitor, cordless phone, or a similar device on the same
frequency.

4. Encrypted wireless intercoms can reduce or eliminate privacy risks

while placement, installation, construction, grounding and shielding
methods can reduce or eliminate the detrimental effects of external
interference.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8. AUDIO/VIDEO FACILITIES
- Audio and Video systems are sets of electronic devices that are used
together to transmit or record sound and convert electrical signals into
images.
AUDIO SYSTEM – a combination of transducing devices and
associated equipment for picking up sound at one location and time
and reproducing it at the same or some other location and at the same
or some later time. Electronic equipment:

• Amplifier – increases strength of signals passing through it.

• Detector – detects the presence of radio signals of
radioactivity.
• Equalizer – reduces frequency distortion.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8. AUDIO/VIDEO FACILITIES
• Mixer – mixes two or more input signals or radioactivity.
• Playback – comprising the part of a tape recorder that reproduces
the recorded material.
• Scrambler – makes speech unintelligible during transmission
and restores it at reception.
• Set – receives or transmits radio or TV signal.

• Television equipment, video equipment – broadcasts or

receives electromagnetic waves representing images and
sound.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8. AUDIO/VIDEO FACILITIES
Sound recording and Reproduction – an electrical or mechanical
inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice,
singing, instrumental music, or sound effects.

Two main classes of sound recording technology:

1. Analog recording
2. Digital recording

Reproducer – an audio system that can reproduce and amplify

signals to produce sound.

Tapedeck – electronic equipment for making or playing magnetic

tapes (but without amplifiers or speakers).
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8. AUDIO/VIDEO FACILITIES

Audio/Video Production Facilities

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8. AUDIO/VIDEO FACILITIES
VIDEO SYSTEMS – a system for electronically capturing,
recording, or reconstructing a sequence of still images
representing scenes in motion.

Major Components of Video Systems:

1. Camera, lens and mount – a device that records images (still
photographs or as moving images as videos or movies).

2. Lighting System – produces controlled lighting as part of the

effects a lighting designer brings a show.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8. AUDIO/VIDEO FACILITIES
Four basic components of a lighting instrument:

• Box/Housing – a metal or plastic container to house the whole

instrument and prevent light from spilling in unwanted
directions.
• Light source (lamp)
• Lens or opening – the gap in the housing where the light is
intended to come out.
• Reflector – behind or around the light source in such a way as
to direct more light towards the lens or opening.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8. AUDIO/VIDEO FACILITIES
Major Components of Video Systems:
3. Transmission system – a system that transmit a signal from
one place to another. The signal can be an electrical, optical or
radio signal.
- One of the most widely used transmission system
technologies in the internet and the PSTN (public switched
telephone network) is SONET (Synchronous Optical Network).

4. Synchronization system – is important in fields such as digital

telephony, video and digital audio where streams of sampled data
are manipulated.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8. AUDIO/VIDEO FACILITIES
Major Components of Video Systems:
5. Video Switching Equipment – a device used to select
between several video sources and in some cases composite
(mix) video resources together and add special effects. This is
similar to what a mixing console does for audio.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8. AUDIO/VIDEO FACILITIES
VIDEO RECORDERS
Digital Video Recorder (DVR/Personal Video Recorder [PVR])
– a device that records video in a digital format to a disk drive,
USB keydrive, sd memory card or other memory medium within a
device.
Video Tape Recorder (VTR) – a type of video tape recorder that
uses removable videotape cassettes containing magic tape to
record audio and video from a television broadcast so it can be
played back later.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

8. AUDIO/VIDEO FACILITIES
VIDEO MONITOR – a device similar to a television, used to
monitor the output of a video generating device, such as a media
playout server, IRD, video camera, VCR, or DVD player. It may or
may not have audio monitoring capability

VIDEO DISPLAY CONTROLLER OR VDC – an integrated circuit

which is the main component in a video signal generator, a device
responsible for the production of a TV video signal in a computing
or game system. Some VDC’s also generate a sound signal, but
in that case its not their main function.
- - - THE END - - -

THANK YOU!