MODULE Packet: Psych 9 (Physiological Psychology)

MODULE 2: PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR

Learning Objective/s: Upon completing Module 2, it expects that students:

1. Learn the structure, division, and functions of the nervous system.
2. Distinguish the types, parts, and functions of nerve cells.
3. Differentiate types of neurotransmitters.

Course Content:
1. Nervous system
- Structure and function of the nervous system.
- Nerve cells
- Neurons, its parts, and function
- Glia
- Divisions of the nervous system.
- Central nervous system.
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Divisions of the peripheral nervous system.
- Sympathetic peripheral nervous system
- Parasympathetic peripheral nervous system
2. Neurotransmitters
- Types of neurotransmitters
I. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
What is the Nervous System?
The nervous system is the physically connected network of cells,
tissues, and organs that allow us to communicate with and react to the
environment and perform life activities.

Cells of the Nervous System

A. The Neurons
Neurons (Khan, 2020), also called nerve cells, are specialized cells
that transmit and receive electrical signals in the body. Neurons are
composed of three main parts: dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. Signals
receive through the dendrites, travel to the cell body, and continue down
the axon until they reach the synapse (the communication point between
two neurons). 

see VIDEO: Anatomy of a neuron

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ob5U8zPbAX4&list=PLe00sJ33LD7hBsmYRrnyIv-
1gV3y__h2O&index=4&t=61s
 Basic Structure of a Neuron
The primary cells in the nervous system are neurons (Hayward,
1997). From the electrical activity of a neuron, messages pass along its axon
(nerve fiber) towards the next neuron. There are other cells in the nervous
system, which provide support for neurons.

Dendrites – receives chemical signals from neighboring cells.

Cell body – contains the nucleus and organelles.
Axon – long extension that carries electrical messages away from
the cell body to the terminal axon.
Terminal axon – passes the signal to the next cell.
Myelin sheath – serves as the protective covering of the axon.
 Types of Neurons
The sensory neuron is the type of neurons that detects the
changes in the external environment and sends information about
these changes to the central nervous system.
A Motor neuron is a neuron located within the central nervous
system that controls the contraction of a muscle or the secretion of a
gland by passing messages from the brain to parts of the body for
responses.
An Interneuron is a neuron located entirely within the nervous
system. It relays sensory signals to the brain, then returns the
message to the motor neuron.

The Synapse
The area where an axon connects with the dendrite of another
neuron is called the synapse. Axons do not join directly onto the dendrites
or the cell body of the next neuron; there is a gap called the synaptic cleft.
The electrical activity of the axon cannot proceed across the synaptic cleft,
so a different process bridges the gap.
Chemicals called transmitter substances contained in the terminal
buttons of the sending dendrites. When electrically stimulated by the axon,
are released across the synaptic cleft, onto specialized receptor sites in the
receiving dendrites of the next neuron in the chain.

B. Supporting cells
 Glia
The essential supporting cells of the nervous system are the
"neuroglia" or "nerve glue." Glia (also called glial cells) do indeed
glue the CNS together, but they do much more than that. Neurons
lead a very sheltered existence; they are buffered physically and
chemically from the rest of the body by the glial cells. The glial cells
surround neurons and hold them in place, controlling their supply of
nutrients and some chemical needed to exchange messages with
other neurons. They insulate neurons from one another so that
neural messages do not get scrambled. Moreover, act as
housekeepers, destroying, and removing the carcasses of neurons
killed by disease or injury.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system is a physically connected network of cells, tissues, and
organs that allow us to communicate with and react to the environment and
perform life activities.

LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RClEbcPD9q0&feature=youtu.be
Division of Nervous System
A. Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the center of neural activity,
integrating incoming information, organizing thought processes, making
decisions, and issuing instructions to the body. It comprises the brain and
spinal cord. Damage to the CNS is not regenerated (repaired), as occurs
with other areas of the body.

Consist of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain – serves as the
main control center, while the spinal cord – connects and relays nerve
impulses to the brain.

The Brain

The mental processes and behaviors studied by psychology

directly controlled by the brain, one of the most complex systems in
nature (https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
psychology/chapter/structure-and-function-of-the-brain/).

The human brain is one of the most complex systems on earth.

Every component of the brain must work together in order to keep its
body functioning. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central
nervous system, which, alongside the peripheral nervous system, is
responsible for regulating all bodily functions.
 Psychology seeks to explain the mental processes and behavior of
individuals by studying the interaction between mental processes and
behavior on a systemic level. Therefore, the field of psychology
intertwined with the study of the brain.

The brain is soft and floats in its waterbed for protection. It

cannot feel pain if damaged directly, as it has no pain receptors. An
adult brain weighs about 1.361 kg and contains around 100 billion
neurons, which die in vast numbers and are not regenerated. The brain
receives about one-fifth of the blood pumped out by the heart; it needs
glucose and oxygen in the blood in order to function efficiently. If
deprived of oxygen for more than three or four minutes, irreparable
damage is likely to occur.

Structure of the Brain

The developing brain goes through many stages. In the embryos
of vertebrates, the predecessor to the brain and spinal cord is the neural
tube. As the fetus develops, the grooves and folds in the neural tube
deepen, giving rise to different layers of the brain. The human brain
splits up into three primary layers: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the
forebrain.

Hindbrain
The cerebellum, reticular formation, and brain stem are
responsible for some of the most basic autonomic functions of life, such
as breathing and movement. The brain stem contains the pons and
medulla oblongata. Evolutionarily speaking, the hindbrain contains the
oldest parts of the brain, which all vertebrates possess. However, they
may look different from species to species.
The hindbrain, which includes the medulla oblongata, the pons,
and the cerebellum, is responsible for some of the oldest and most
primitive body functions. 
Medulla Oblongata. The medulla oblongata sits at the transition
zone between the brain and the spinal cord. It is the first region that
formally belongs to the brain (rather than the spinal cord). It is the
control center for respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive functions.
Pons. The pons connects the medulla oblongata with the
midbrain region and relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum.
It houses the control centers for respiration and inhibitory functions.
The cerebellum is attached to the dorsal side of the pons.
Cerebellum. The cerebellum is a separate region of the brain
located behind the medulla oblongata and pons. It is attached to the
rest of the brain by three stalks (called pedunculi). It coordinates skeletal
muscles to produce smooth, graceful motions. The cerebellum receives
information from our eyes, ears, muscles, and joints about the body's
current positioning (referred to as proprioception). It also receives
output from the cerebral cortex about where these body parts should
be. After processing this information, the cerebellum sends motor
impulses from the brain stem to the skeletal muscles so that they can
move. The primary function of the cerebellum is muscle coordination.
However, it is also responsible for balance and posture, and it assists us
when we are learning a new motor skill, such as playing a sport or
musical instrument. Recent research shows that apart from motor
functions, the cerebellum also has some role in emotional sensitivity.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located between the hindbrain and forebrain, but
it is part of the brain stem. It displays the same elemental functional
composition found in the spinal cord and the hindbrain. Ventral areas
control motor function and convey motor information from the cerebral
cortex. Dorsal regions of the midbrain are involved in sensory
information circuits. The substantia nigra, a part of the brain that plays a
role in reward, addiction, and movement (due to its high levels of
dopaminergic neurons), is in the midbrain. In Parkinson's disease, which
is characterized by a deficit of dopamine, the death of the substantia
nigra is evident.
The Diencephalon ("interbrain"). The Diencephalon is the region
of the embryonic vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to posterior
forebrain structures. In adults, the Diencephalon appears at the upper
end of the brain stem, situated between the cerebrum and the brain
stem. It is home to the limbic system, which is considered the seat of
emotion in the human brain. The Diencephalon is made up of four
distinct components: the thalamus, the subthalamus, the hypothalamus,
and the epithalamus.
Thalamus. The thalamus is part of the limbic system. It consists of
two lobes of grey matter along the bottom of the cerebral cortex.
Because nearly all sensory information passes through the thalamus, it is
considered the sensory "way station" of the brain, passing information
on to the cerebral cortex (which is in the forebrain). Lesions of, or
stimulation to, the thalamus are associated with changes in emotional
reactivity. However, the importance of this structure on the regulation
of emotional behavior is not due to the activity of the thalamus itself,
but to the connections between the thalamus and other limbic-system
structures.
Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a small part of the brain
located just below the thalamus. Lesions of the hypothalamus interfere
with motivated behaviors like sexuality, combativeness, and hunger. The
hypothalamus also plays a role in emotion: parts of the hypothalamus
seem to be involved in pleasure and rage, while the central part is linked
to aversion, displeasure, and a tendency towards uncontrollable and
 loud laughing. When external stimuli are presented (for example,
dangerous stimuli), the hypothalamus sends signals to other limbic areas
to trigger feeling states in response to the stimuli (in this case, fear).

Cerebral Cortex
The cerebral cortex is the outer layered structure of the brain and
controls higher brain functions such as information processing. The
grey, folded, the outermost layer of the cerebrum responsible for higher
brain processes such as sensation, voluntary muscle movement,
thought, reasoning, and memory.
Cortex. The cortex is made of layers of neurons with many inputs;
these cortical neurons function like mini microprocessors or logic gates.
It contains glial cells, which guide neural connections, provides nutrients
and myelin to neurons, and absorb extra ions and neurotransmitters.
The cortex is divided into four different lobes (the parietal, occipital,
temporal, and frontal lobes), each with a different specific function.
The cortex is wrinkly in appearance. Evolutionary constraints on
skull size brought about this development; it allowed for the cortex to
become larger without our brains (and therefore craniums) becoming
disadvantageously large. At times it has been theorized that brain size
correlated positively with intelligence; it has also been suggested that
surface area of the cortex (basically, "wrinkliness" of the brain) rather
than brain size that correlates most directly with intelligence. Current
research suggests that both may be at least partially true, but the
degree to which they correlate is not precise.

Cerebrum
Beneath the cerebral cortex is the cerebrum, which serves as the
primary thought and control center of the brain. It is the seat of higher-
level thought like emotions and decision making (as opposed to lower-
level thought like balance, movement, and reflexes).
 The cerebrum is composed of gray and white matter. Gray matter
is the mass of all the cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses of neurons
interlaced with one another. In contrast, white matter consists of the
long, myelin-coated axons of those neurons connecting masses of gray
matter.
Cerebral Hemispheres and Lobes of the Brain
The brain is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes, each of
which specializes in a different function.
Corpus Callosum. The two hemispheres communicate with one
another through the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum is a broad,
flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and
right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric
communication. The corpus callosum is sometimes implicated in the
cause of seizures; patients with epilepsy sometimes undergo a corpus
callostomy or the removal of the corpus callosum.

The Lobes of the Brain

The brain is separated into four lobes: the frontal, temporal,
occipital, and parietal lobes.
The Frontal Lobe. The frontal lobe is associated with executive
functions and motor performance. Executive functions are some of the
highest-order cognitive processes that humans have. Examples include:
 planning and engaging in goal-directed behavior;
 recognizing future consequences of current actions;
 choosing between good and wrong actions;
 overriding and suppressing socially unacceptable responses;
 determining similarities and differences between objects or
situations.
The frontal lobe is considered the moral center of the brain
because it is responsible for advanced decision-making processes. It also
plays a vital role in retaining emotional memories derived from the
limbic system and modifying those emotions to fit socially accepted
norms.
The Temporal Lobe. The temporal lobe is associated with the
retention of short- and long-term memories. It processes sensory input,
including auditory information, language comprehension, and naming. It
also creates emotional responses and controls biological drives, such as
aggression and sexuality.
The temporal lobe contains the hippocampus, which is the
memory center of the brain. The hippocampus plays a crucial role in the
formation of emotion-laden, long-term memories based on emotional
input from the amygdala. The left temporal lobe holds the primary
auditory cortex, which is essential for processing the semantics of
speech.
One specific portion of the temporal lobe, Wernicke's area, plays
a crucial role in speech comprehension. Another portion, Broca's area,
underlies the ability to produce (rather than understand) speech.
Patients with damage to Wernicke's area can speak clearly, but the
words make no sense, while patients with damage to Broca's area will
fail to form words correctly, and speech will be halting and slurred.
These disorders are known as Wernicke's and Broca's aphasia,
respectively; aphasia is an inability to speak.
The Occipital Lobe. The occipital lobe contains most of the visual
cortex and is the visual processing center of the brain. Cells on the
posterior side of the occipital lobe are arranged as a spatial map of the
retinal field. The visual cortex receives raw sensory information through
sensors in the retina of the eyes, which is then conveyed through the
optic tracts to the visual cortex. Other areas of the occipital lobe are
specialized for different visual tasks, such as visuospatial processing,
color discrimination, and motion perception. Damage to the primary
visual cortex (located on the surface of the posterior occipital lobe) can
cause blindness, due to the holes in the visual map on the surface of the
cortex caused by the lesions.
The Parietal Lobe. The parietal lobe is associated with sensory
skills. It integrates different types of sensory information and is
particularly useful in spatial processing and navigation. The parietal lobe
plays an essential role in integrating sensory information from various
parts of the body, understanding numbers and their relations, and
manipulating objects. It also processes information related to the sense
of touch.
 The parietal lobe is comprised of the somatosensory cortex and
part of the visual system. The somatosensory cortex consists of a "map"
of the body that processes sensory information from specific areas of
the body. Several portions of the parietal lobe are essential to language
and visuospatial processing; the left parietal lobe is involved in symbolic
functions in language and mathematics, while the right parietal lobe is
specialized to process images and interpretation of maps (i.e., spatial
relationships).

Lobes of the Brain

The Limbic System

The limbic system combines higher mental functions and primitive
emotion into one system.
 The limbic system is a complex set of structures found on the central
underside of the cerebrum, comprising inner sections of the temporal lobes
and the bottom of the frontal lobe. It combines higher mental functions
and primitive emotion into a single system, often referred to as the
emotional, nervous system. It is not only responsible for our emotional lives
but also our higher mental functions, such as learning and formation of
memories. The limbic system is the reason that some physical things, such
as eating seem so pleasurable to us, and the reason why some medical
conditions, such as high blood pressure, are caused by mental stress. There
are several vital structures within the limbic system: the amygdala,
hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus.
The Amygdala. The amygdala is a small almond-shaped
structure; there is one located in each of the left and right temporal
lobes. Known as the emotional center of the brain, the amygdala is
involved in evaluating the emotional valence of situations (e.g., happy,
sad, scary). It helps the brain recognize potential threats and helps
prepare the body for fight-or-flight reactions by increasing heart and
breathing rates. The amygdala is also responsible for learning based on
reward or punishment.
 Due to its proximity to the hippocampus, the amygdala is involved
in the modulation of memory consolidation, particularly emotionally-
laden memories. Emotional arousal following a learning event influences
the strength of the subsequent memory of that event so that greater
emotional arousal following a learning event enhances a person's
retention of that memory. Experiments have shown that administering
stress hormones to individuals immediately after they learn something
enhances their retention when they are tested two weeks later.
The Hippocampus. The hippocampus is found deep in the
temporal lobe and is shaped like a seahorse. It consists of two horns
curving back from the amygdala. Psychologists and neuroscientists
dispute the precise role of the hippocampus, but generally agree that it
plays an essential role in the formation of new memories about past
experiences. Some researchers consider the hippocampus to be
responsible for general declarative memory (memories that can be
explicitly verbalized, such as the memory of facts and episodic memory).
Damage to the hippocampus usually results in profound
difficulties in forming new memories (anterograde amnesia), and may
also affect access to memories formed before the damage (retrograde
amnesia). Although the retrograde effect extends some years typically
 before the brain damage, in some cases, older memories remain intact;
this leads to the idea that over time the hippocampus becomes less
critical in the storage of memory.
The Thalamus and Hypothalamus. Both the thalamus and
hypothalamus are associated with changes in emotional reactivity. The
thalamus, which is a sensory "way-station" for the rest of the brain, is
primarily important due to its connections with other limbic-system
structures. The hypothalamus is a small part of the brain located just
below the thalamus on both sides of the third ventricle. Lesions of the
hypothalamus interfere with several unconscious functions (such as
respiration and metabolism) and some so-called motivated behaviors
like sexuality, combativeness, and hunger. The lateral parts of the
hypothalamus seem to be involved with pleasure and rage. In contrast,
the medial part is linked to aversion, displeasure, and a tendency for
uncontrollable and loud laughter.

The Spinal Cord

Running the length of the body, from the brain to 'tail,' the spinal
cord is housed within the vertebrae of the spinal column. It consists of
collections of axons running to or from the brain to various parts of the
body. Pairs of major nerves emerge at specific points along the spine, to
enervate the arms, the legs, and areas of the trunk. The spinal cord does
not always send information to the brain and wait for a reply; it has its
quick system for simple tasks, known as the reflex arc.
The spinal cord is a tail-like structure embedded in the vertebral
canal of the spine. The adult spinal cord is about 40 cm long and weighs
approximately 30 g. The spinal cord is attached to the underside of the
medulla oblongata, and is organized to serve four distinct tasks:
1. to convey (mainly sensory) information to the brain;
2. to carry information generated in the brain to peripheral targets like
skeletal muscles;
3. to control nearby organs via the autonomic nervous system;
4. to enable sensorimotor functions to control posture and other
fundamental movements.
 B. The Peripheral Nervous System
The cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral ganglia constitute
the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

The peripheral nervous system is covered with two layers of

meninges. The middle layer (arachnoid membrane), with its pool of CSF,
covers only the brain and the spinal cord. Outside the central nervous
system, the outer and inner layers (dura mater and pia mater) fuse and
form a sheath that covers the spinal and cranial nerves and the peripheral
ganglia.

The subsystem of the PNS

Somatic PNS – responsible for the voluntary movement

(balance and movement).

Autonomic PNS – responsible for involuntary movement

(digestion, fight, or flight).

The Neurotransmitters
 Among the chemicals circulating in the brain are some which have a direct
bearing on the behavior of the individual. These include neurotransmitters.
Neurotransmitters are the chemicals released at the synapse. They are involved in
the transmission of messages. Their action can be either excitatory (promoting
action) or inhibitory (lessening activity), depending on the site where they are
acting.

Types of Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine. This is the transmitter substance that is found in the
hippocampus, as we mentioned earlier and surrounding areas of the brain. This
location suggests that it is involved with memory and learning. The same
transmitter is also found at the neuromuscular junction (that is, where axons from
motor neurons connect with muscles) and is involved with the movement of the
skeletal system. The main difference between these two systems lies in the
receptor sites: the skeletal receptors are nicotinic because they are stimulated by
nicotine, a poison found in tobacco leaves, whereas the receptors in the CNS are
primarily muscarinic, stimulated by muscarine, a poison found in mushrooms.
These different receptors, while both detecting acetylcholine, are linked to
different physiological systems, which then respond differently.

The monoamines. These are a chemically similar group of

neurotransmitters, all of which have specific actions so that they will be described
individually. Three (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) form a related
subgroup, called the catecholamines, dopamine being the precursor (or previous
chemical step) of the other two.
Dopamine. Dopamine has been identified as a transmitter involved in the
movement, especially the initiation of movements, attention, and learning. It is
synthesized in the CNS in the neurons of the substantia nigra and circulates
through the dopamine circuit. Degeneration of these neurons can occur with
age, meaning that not enough dopamine is produced; this causes Parkinson's
disease. This is characterized by a delay in initiating movement, a shuffling walk,
tremors of the limbs while inactive, and an inability to regain balance. Treatment
to date involves the administration of L-dopa, a synthetic form of the precursor of
dopamine, which alleviates the distressing symptoms, at least for a while.
Excess dopamine in the CNS is destroyed by the enzyme monoamine oxidase
(MAO for short!). This enzyme also circulates in the blood, where it deactivates
certain amines that are present in some foods, such as cheese, chocolate, and
broad beans. Unless deactivated, these amines could cause a high rise in blood
pressure.

Serotonin. Serotonin (also called 5HT) is involved in the regulation of

mood. Its action is inhibitory, which means that it tends to depress CNS activity. It
is also involved in the regulation of pain, in the control of eating, sleeping and
arousal, and in the control of dreams. At most synapses, its effects are inhibitory
rather than excitatory, and its behavioral effects are mostly inhibitory.
Serotonin is present in the midbrain, in a cluster of cells called the raphe nuclei,
and in the medulla. These structures send nerve fibers to the forebrain, the
cerebellum, and the spinal cord, which suggests a widespread method of
influencing arousal, sensory perception, emotion, and thought processes.
Norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is chemically the same as noradrenaline,
and epinephrine is identical to adrenaline. Many books interchange these terms,
but I have decided to use the terms 'norepinephrine' and 'epinephrine' for the
neurotransmitters and 'adrenaline' and 'noradrenaline' when referring to the
hormones. The core of the adrenal glands produces all.
Noradrenergic neurons in the brain are situated in the lower brainstem and are
mainly involved in arousal and wakefulness. In the CNS, norepinephrine plays an
excitatory role and is more widespread than epinephrine, which has an inhibitory
effect. Both transmitters are present in the axons of the autonomic nervous
system.

Amino Acid Transmitters. This group of transmitters differs from the

others as amino acids are used for protein synthesis by all cells in the brain.
However, three of them play a particularly important role as neurotransmitters;
these are (i) glutamic acid, (ii) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and (iii) glycine.
Amino Acid Transmitters. This group of transmitters differs from the
others as amino acids are used for protein synthesis by all cells in the brain.
However, three of them play a particularly important role as neurotransmitters;
these are (i) glutamic acid, (ii) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and (iii) glycine.
Glutamic acid. Often called glutamate, glutamic acid is found throughout
the brain and appears to be the principal excitatory neurotransmitter. It is
produced liberally by the cells' metabolic processes. Monosodium glutamate,
found in several manufactured foods, also contains glutamic acid, and people who
are hypersensitive to glutamate may experience neurological symptoms, such as
dizziness, or hyperactivity, when they eat foods containing too much glutamate.
GABA. GABA is produced from glutamic acid (its precursor) by the action of
an enzyme that modifies its chemical structure. GABA has a widespread
distribution throughout the brain and spinal cord and exerts an inhibitory
influence. This is essential in the CNS to control the number of neurons that are
excited through the interconnections of the brain. Without GABA, the brain would
be firing uncontrollably.
Glycine. Glycine also appears to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter, mainly
in the spinal cord and lower brain. Not a great deal is known yet about glycine.
The bacteria that produce tetanus (lockjaw) release a chemical that blocks the
receptor sites of glycine. Because the inhibitory effect of glycine can no longer
work, muscles contract continuously, which is the behavioral effect of tetanus.
Peptides. Peptides are amino acids linked by peptide bonds; neurons
release many. Some serve as neurotransmitters; others appear to act as
neuromodulators. Psychologists are particularly interested in the opiate-like
peptides classed as endorphins, because of the effect they have on behavior.
Endorphins. Endorphins. Early work by Pert et al. (1974) identified opiate
receptors in the brain and endorphin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus.
Projections reach the amygdala and the higher brainstem. Endorphins act as
pain-reducing agents- the brain's anesthetic. Functionally, it has been suggested
that it is the endorphins that are mobilized during an activity such as fighting.
They will then modify any pain suffered until the fight is over, and the individual
can retire to care for the wounds sustained.

Module 2: Activities:

Activity Description Time to Complete

1 Share: What research method/s you experienced using 20-25 minutes

in your previous subject/s in college.

2 Share an Experience: Most Challenging Response to a 10-15 minutes

Situation attributed to the condition of your NS

3 Assignment: Illustration of the neuron, and what type Due on: ______
of neuron according to function you consider most
active or highly functional.
4 Module 1: Assessment task 10-15 minutes

Resources:
 1. The Nervous System +ppt LINK: ..\..\..\OneDrive\Psych 9-MODULE 1-The Nervous
System.pptx
2. The Nervous System VIDEO LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=RClEbcPD9q0&feature=youtu.be
3. Anatomy of a Neuron VIDEO LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ob5U8zPbAX4&list=PLe00sJ33LD7hBsmYRrnyIv-1gV3y__h2O&index=4&t=10s
4. Synapse Structure VIDEO LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=iqf3ft0mh1M&list=PLe00sJ33LD7hBsmYRrnyIv-1gV3y__h2O&index=7&t=0s
5. Neuroplasticity VIDEO LINK: https://youtu.be/J8wW1t1JqUc
6. The Neurotransmitters +ppt LINK: ..\..\..\OneDrive\NEUROTRANSMITTERS.docx
7. The Neurotransmitter: Anatomy VIDEO LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=fYUpLvM5X7A&list=PLe00sJ33LD7hBsmYRrnyIv-1gV3y__h2O&index=2&t=0s
8. Types of Neurotransmitter VIDEO LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=FXYX_ksRwIk&list=PLe00sJ33LD7hBsmYRrnyIv-1gV3y__h2O&index=6&t=0s
9. Types of Neurotransmitters Receptors VIDEO LINK: https://youtu.be/yg44T2HcA2o
10. Neuroplasticity VIDEO LINK: https://youtu.be/J8wW1t1JqUc

References:
Khan, Sal (2020). Structure of a neuron. Retrieved from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-10-biology/in-in-control-and-
coordination/in-in-nervous-system/v/anatomy-of-a-neuron.
Haywad, Sheila (1997). Biopsychology: physiological psychology. ISBN 978-1-349-
13885-2 (eBook). Mcmillan press ltd. https://www.pdfdrive.com/biopsychology-
physiological-psychology-d191350307.html.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/structure-and-
function-of-the-brain/