Number and algebra

7
Equations
Equation-solving has been recorded as far back as 1500 BCE.
It was first used in ancient Babylon and Egypt and was
brought to Europe from India by the Arabs during the 9th
century. The word ‘algebra’ comes from the Arabic word
al-jabr, meaning restoration, the process of performing the
same operation on both sides of an equation to solve the
equation.
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A ustralian Curriculum 9

Shutterstock.com/Peshkova
n Chapter outline n Wordbank
Proficiency strands cubic equation An equation involving a variable cubed
7-01 Equations with variables (power of 3), such as 2x 3 ¼ 250.
on both sides U F R equation A mathematical statement that two quantities are
7-02 Equations with brackets U F R equal, involving algebraic expressions and an equals sign (¼)
7-03 Equation problems U F PS R C
7-04 Equations with algebraic formula A rule written as an algebraic equation, using
fractions U F R variables.
7-05 Simple quadratic inverse operation An opposite used in solving an equation,
equations ax 2 ¼ c U F R C for example, the inverse operation of multiplying is adding
7-06 Simple cubic equations
linear equation An equation involving a variable that is
ax 3 ¼ c* U F R C
not raised to a power, such as 2x þ 9 ¼ 17.
7-07 Equations and formulas U F PS R C
7-08 Changing the subject of U F R C quadratic equation An equation involving a variable
a formula* squared (power of 2), such as 3x 2  6 ¼ 69.
solution The answer to an equation or problem, the
*STAGE 5.3
correct value(s) of the variable that makes an equation true
solve (an equation) To find the value of an unknown
variable in an equation

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Equations

n In this chapter you will:

• solve linear equations, including equations involving simple algebraic fractions
• (STAGE 5.3) solve equations involving algebraic fractions
• solve simple quadratic equations of the form ax 2 ¼ c
• (STAGE 5.3) solve simple cubic equations of the form ax 3 ¼ c
• use formulas to solve problems
• (STAGE 5.3) change the subject of a formula

SkillCheck
Worksheet
1 Solve each equation. Use substitution to check your solutions.
StartUp assignment 7

MAT09NAWK10075
a 3x  10 ¼ 5 b 4 þ 2y ¼ 21 c 12y þ 5 ¼ 23
m x5 5r
d 6¼2 e ¼7 f ¼ 10
Puzzle sheet 4 4 3
Solving equations
g 2x ¼ 3 h 11  2a ¼ 17 i 20 þ 4d ¼ 6
MAT09NAPS00033
5
j wþ3¼4 k a1¼7 l 6n¼4
Puzzle sheet 2 6 3
Backtracking 2 Using n to represent ‘the number’, write an expression for each of these statements.
MAT09NAPS00032 a The product of the number and 7.
b The square of the number.
Skillsheet
c 5 times the sum of the number and 8.
Solving equations
by balancing
d The number decreased by 20.
e The product of 6 and the number, decreased by nine.
MAT09NASS10023
f If the number is even, the next even number.
Skillsheet

Solving equations
by backtracking

MAT09NASS10024

Skillsheet 7-01 Equations with variables on both sides

Solving equations
using diagrams

MAT09NASS10025 Summary
Puzzle sheet For equations with variables on both sides, perform operations on both sides to move:
Equations with
unknowns on • all the variables onto one side of the equation
both sides • all the numbers onto the other side of the equation.
MAT09NAPS00035

Homework sheet

Equations 1

MAT09NAHS10012

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Example 1
Solve each equations.
a 7x þ 7 ¼ 2x þ 2 b 9  6y ¼ 10  2y

Solution
a 7x þ 7 ¼ 2x þ 2
7x  2x þ 7 ¼ 2x  2x þ 2 Subtracting 2x from both sides.
5x þ 7 ¼ 2
5x þ 7  7 ¼ 2  7 Subtracting 7 from both sides.
5x ¼ 5
5x ¼ 5 Dividing both sides by 5.
5 5
x ¼ 1
Check:
LHS ¼ 7 3 ð1Þ þ 7 ¼ 0
RHS ¼ 2 3 ð1Þ þ 2 ¼ 0
LHS ¼ RHS
b 9  6y ¼ 10  2y
9  6y þ 2y ¼ 10  2y þ 2y Adding 2y to both sides.
9  4y ¼ 10
9  4y  9 ¼ 10  9 Subtracting 9 from both sides.
4y ¼ 1
4y 1 Dividing both sides by (4).
¼
4 4
y ¼ 1
4
Check:  
1 1
LHS ¼ 9  6 3  ¼ 10
4
  2
RHS ¼ 10  2 3  1 ¼ 10 1
4 2
LHS ¼ RHS

Exercise 7-01 Equations with variables on both sides

1 Solve each equation, and check your solutions. See Example 1
a 5w þ 3 ¼ 2w þ 21 b 2q  10 ¼ q  4 c 13x þ 1 ¼ 8x þ 26
d 12n þ 3 ¼ 5n  11 e 8y  10 ¼ 10y  30 f 3m  2 ¼ 10  3m
g 9  2a ¼ a  9 h 9  2x ¼ 18 þ 7x i 12y þ 6 ¼ 6 þ 9y
j 12  10u ¼ 20  18u k 15  7x ¼ 22  3x l 10  6x ¼ 15  11x

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Equations

2 For each equation, select the correct solution A, B, C or D.

a 6x  1 ¼ 2x þ 11
A x ¼ 12 B x¼3 C x¼0 D x ¼ 2.5
b 11  4p ¼ 2p þ 2
A p ¼ 6.5 B p¼2 C p ¼ 1.5 D p¼3
3 Solve each equation.
a 7w þ 15 ¼ w þ 3 b 10  3t ¼ 16 þ t c 4a þ 2 ¼ 10  4a
d 50 þ 7y ¼ 20  3y e 8y  2 ¼ 10y þ 1 f 9y þ 3 ¼ 9  y
g 9  t ¼ 7t  2 h 5y þ 2 ¼ 17  y i 25  12k ¼ 15  6k
4 Solve 3n  8 ¼ 7n  12. Select A, B, C or D.
A n¼5 B n¼2 C n ¼ 1 D n ¼ 0.4

Just for the record Discovering planets

In 1781, British astronomer William Herschel discovered

the planet Uranus. At that time, it was the farthest planet
known in our solar system. However, astronomers found

Science Photo Library/California Association for Research in Astronomy

that Uranus’ orbit around the Sun did not follow the
expected path.
Working separately, mathematicians John Couch Adams
of England and Urbain Leverrier of France both predicted
that this different orbit was caused by an unknown planet.
They calculated the position of this undiscovered planet
using a number of equations.
In 1846, a German astronomer called Johann Galle
located this planet and named it Neptune.
The dwarf planet, Pluto, was discovered in a similar
manner.
How long ago was Pluto discovered?

Worksheet

Equations 2

MAT09NAWK10076

Worksheet
7-02 Equations with brackets
Checking solutions

MAT09NAWK10078 Summary
Puzzle sheet
For equations with brackets (grouping symbols), expand the expressions and then solve as
Equations
usual.
MAT09NAPS00036

Puzzle sheet

Equations order activity

MAT09NAPS10077

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Example 2
Video tutorial
Solve each equation. Equations with
brackets
a 3(a þ 7) ¼ 6 b 9(m  5) ¼ 7(m þ 1) c 10y  3(2y  5) ¼ 6(8  3y)
MAT09NAVT10022
Can you think of another way
Solution to solve this equation without
a 3ða þ 7Þ ¼ 6 expanding?

3a þ 21 ¼ 6 Expanding the expression to make

it a two-step equation.
3a þ 21  21 ¼ 6  21 Subtract 21 from both sides.
3a ¼ 15
3a ¼ 15 Divide both sides by 3.
3 3
a ¼ 5 Check: 3(5 þ 7) ¼ 3 3 2 ¼ 6
b 9ðm  5Þ ¼ 7ðm þ 1Þ
9m  45 ¼ 7m þ 7 Expanding brackets on both sides.
9m  7m  45 ¼ 7m  7m þ 7 Subtracting 7m from both sides.
2m  45 ¼ 7
2m  45 þ 45 ¼ 7 þ 45 Adding 45 to both sides.
2m ¼ 52
2m ¼ 52 Dividing both sides by 2.
2 2
m ¼ 26
Check:
LHS ¼ 9 3 ð26  5Þ ¼ 9 3 21 ¼ 189
RHS ¼ 7 3 ð26 þ 1Þ ¼ 7 3 27 ¼ 189
LHS ¼ RHS
c 10y  3ð2y  5Þ ¼ 6ð8  3yÞ Stage 5.3
10y  6y þ 15 ¼ 48  18y Expanding brackets on both sides.
4y þ 15 ¼ 48  18y Collecting like terms.
4y þ 18y þ 15 ¼ 48  18y þ 18y Adding 18y to both sides.
22y þ 15 ¼ 48
22y þ 15  15 ¼ 48  15 Subtracting 15 from both sides.
22y ¼ 33
22y 33 Dividing both sides by 22.
¼
22 22
y ¼ 11
2

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Equations

Exercise 7-02 Equations with brackets

See Example 2 1 Solve each equation.
a 2(m þ 3) ¼ 8 b 3(x þ 1) ¼ 9 c 5(y  2) ¼ 15y
d 35 ¼ 7(k þ 1) e 4(3  a) ¼ 16 f 11 ¼ 9(1 þ 2p)
g 3h ¼ 4(h þ 6) h 6(m  10) ¼ 6 i 8u ¼ 11(u  3)
j 27 ¼ 7(2y þ 1) k 5(2 þ 3p) ¼ 8 l 22x ¼ 9(4x  3)
2 In which line has an error been made in solving 5(x  3) ¼ 25? Select A, B, C or D.
5ðx  3Þ ¼ 25
5x  8 ¼ 25 Line 1
5x  8 þ 8 ¼ 25 þ 8 Line 2
5x ¼ 33 Line 3
x¼ 33 Line 4
5
¼ 63
5

A Line 1 B Line 2 C Line 3 D Line 4

Worked solutions 3 Show that k ¼ 5 is the solution to 12(k  1) ¼ 48.
Equations with 4 Show that a ¼ 6 is the solution to 10 þ a ¼ 2(2 þ a).
brackets
5 Solve each equation.
MAT09NAWS10032
a 8(m þ 2) ¼ 5(m þ 5) b 2(y  3) ¼ 4(y  5) c 3(2 þ x) ¼ 4(1 þ x)
d 5(p þ 2) ¼ 3(6 þ p) e 5n þ 6 ¼ 2(2n þ 1) f 2(4  3x) ¼ 4(7  3x)
g 4(3w  1) ¼ 5(4 þ 3w) h 2(x þ 1) ¼ 16  5x i 8y  5 ¼ 5(2y  3)
6 Show that the solution to 5(2m  2) ¼ 6(m þ 1) is m ¼ 4.
7 Solve each equation.
a 5(m þ 6) þ 10 ¼ 3(m þ 2) þ 20 b 3(y þ 2)  10 ¼ 2(y  1) þ 5
Worksheet
c 7y þ 2(y þ 5) ¼ 4(y  10) d 3x þ 4(5 þ x) ¼ 6(2 þ x) þ 20
e 5y þ 2(y  3) ¼ 4y þ 2(2y þ 10) f 11  2(5 þ y) ¼ 4(3 þ y)  1
Word problems
with equations g 8  3(1  m) ¼ 5(m þ 3) þ 4 h 12  7(2y  5) ¼ 6  15(2  5y)
MAT09NAWK10079

Worksheet

Angle problems 7-03 Equation problems

with algebra

MAT09MGWK000065 Word problems can often be solved more easily when they are converted into equations. Follow
Homework sheet these steps.
Equations 2 • Read the problem carefully and determine what needs to be found: ‘What is the question?’
MAT09NAHS10013 • Use a variable to represent the unknown quantity.
• Write the problem as an equation.
Puzzle sheet
• Solve the equation.
Writing and solving
equations
• Answer the problem.
MAT09NAPS00034

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Example 3
When three-quarters of a number is decreased by 8 the result is 46. What is the number?

Solution
Let the number be x.
3x
 8 ¼ 46 Translating from words to algebra.
4
3x  8 þ 8 ¼ 46 þ 8
Adding 8 to both sides.
4
3x ¼ 54
4
3x 3 4 ¼ 54 3 4
Multiplying both sides by 4.
4
3x ¼ 216
3x 216 Dividing both sides by 3.
¼
3 3
x ¼ 72 3 3 72
Check:  8 ¼ 54  8 ¼ 46
4
The number is 72.

Example 4
Technology
A rectangle is three times as long as it is wide. If its perimeter is 60 cm, find its dimensions. GeoGebra: Equation
problem
Solution MAT09MGTC00005
Let the width of the rectangle be w cm. Then the length is 3w cm. 3w cm
The perimeter is w þ 3w þ w þ 3w and this is given as 60.
w cm
w þ 3w þ w þ 3w ¼ 60
8w ¼ 60
w ¼ 7:5

[ The width of the rectangle is 7.5 cm and the length is 3 3 7.5 ¼ 22.5 cm.
Check: The perimeter of a rectangle with dimensions 7.5 cm and 22.5 cm
is 7.5 þ 22.5 þ 7.5 þ 22.5 ¼ 60 cm.

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Equations

Example 5
The sum of three consecutive numbers is 150. Consecutive numbers follow
Find the numbers. each other in order, such as
3, 4, 5.
Solution
Let the first number be x.
The next number is x þ 1 and the third number is x þ 2.
Their sum is x þ (x þ 1) þ (x þ 2) and this is given as 150.
x þ x þ 1 þ x þ 2 ¼ 150
3x þ 3 ¼ 150
3x ¼ 147
x ¼ 147
3
¼ 49
[ The consecutive numbers are 49, 50 and 51.
Check: 49 þ 50 þ 51 ¼ 150.

Example 6
Animated example

Applying linear
Justin is 6 years older than his sister Chelsea.
equations Their mother is three times Justin’s age.
MAT09NAAE00008 a If the sum of the three ages is 79, write an
equation to find Justin’s age.
b Solve the equation and find each person’s age.

Solution
a Let x ¼ Justin’s age.
Chelsea’s age is x  6. Chelsea is 6 years
younger than Justin.
Shutterstock.com/wavebreakmedia

The mother’s age is 3x.

x þ ðx  6Þ þ 3x ¼ 79
5x  6 ¼ 79
b 5x  6 ¼ 79
5x ¼ 85
x ¼ 17
Justin is 17 years old.
Chelsea is 17  6 ¼ 11 years old.
Their mother is 3 3 17 ¼ 51 years old.
Check: 17 þ 11 þ 51 ¼ 79

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Exercise 7-03 Equation problems
1 When 7 is subtracted from four times a certain number, the answer is 37. What is the See Example 3
number?
2 If 15 more than a number is 3 more than double the number, what is the number?
3 Two-thirds of a number is 16. What is the number?
4 When two-fifths of a number is increased by 15 the result is 27. What is the number?
5 A rectangle is four times as long as it is wide. The perimeter of the rectangle is 100 cm. Find See Example 4
the dimensions of the rectangle.
6 The length of a rectangle is 7 cm longer than its width.
a Let w be the width of the rectangle. Write an equation for w if the perimeter of the
rectangle is 94 cm.
b Solve the equation and find the dimensions of the rectangle.
7 Find the value of x in this triangle.
88°

2(x + 11)°

8 a Find the value of y.

b What is the size of each alternate angle?
(7y + 19)°

5(y + 9)°

9 Calculate the size of each marked angle. Worked solutions

Equation problems

MAT09NAWS10033

2(4x – 3)°
7(x + 3)°

10 The sum of two consecutive numbers is 87. Find the numbers. See Example 5

11 The sum of three consecutive numbers is 87. Find the numbers.

12 The sum of three consecutive even integers is 168. What are the three integers?
13 The sum of three consecutive odd integers is 75. Find the integers.

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Equations

See Example 6 14 Dean’s father, Franco, is five times Dean’s age. Dean is eight years older than his sister, Helen.
The sum of all their ages is 62 years. How old is each person? (Hint: Let Dean’s age be x.)
15 William is three times as old as his daughter, Rebecca. Rebecca is six years younger than her
brother, Ben. How old is Rebecca if the sum of their three ages is 76 years?
16 In my money box I have only $1 and $2 coins. I have 240 coins in total, worth $318. How
many $2 coins do I have in the money box?
17 Aerin bought four ice creams and received $2.80 change from his $10 note. How much did
each ice cream cost?

Shutterstock.com/Elena Elisseeva
18 A boy is twice as tall as his little sister and 30 cm shorter than his father. Their combined
height is 3.8 m. Find (in centimetres) the height of each person.
19 The length of a rectangle is 9.5 cm longer than its width. The perimeter of the rectangle is
87 cm. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
20 Janine is six years younger than Paul. Paul is three times the age of their son Brett. Brett is
five years older than his sister Amanda. The sum of all their ages is 125 years. How old is
each person?

Worksheet

Equations 3 7-04 Equations with algebraic fractions

MAT09NAWS10080

Puzzle sheet Example 7

Equations code puzzle

MAT09NAPS10081 Solve each equation.

Video tutorial a x þ 11 þ 9 ¼ 3 b a  2 ¼ 2a þ 5
4 4 3
Solving equations
with fractions Solution
MAT09NAVT00008 a x þ 11 þ 9 ¼ 3
4
x þ 11
þ 9  9 ¼ 3  9
4
x þ 11 ¼ 12
4
x þ 11 3 4 ¼ 12 3 4
4
x þ 11 ¼ 48
x þ 11  11 ¼ 48  11
x ¼ 59
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b a  2 ¼ 2a þ 5
4 3
For equations where all terms are fractions, multiply both sides by a common multiple
of the denominators to remove the fractions.
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 3 and 4 is 12, so multiply both sides by 12.
ða  2Þ ð2a þ 5Þ
12 3 ¼ 12 3
4 3
3 ða  2Þ 4 ð2a þ 5Þ
12 3 ¼ 12 3
41 31
3ða  2Þ ¼ 4ð2a þ 5Þ
3a  6 ¼ 8a þ 20
5a  6 ¼ 20
5a ¼ 26
a ¼ 26
5
1
a ¼ 5
5

Example 8
Solve each equation.
a kþk ¼4 b 4m  m ¼ 4
3 7 5 10

Solution
a Multiply both sides by 21, the b Multiply both sides by 10, the
LCM of 3 and 7. LCM of 5 and 10.
   
21 þ
k k
¼ 21 3 4 10 4m  m ¼ 10 3 4
3 7 5 10
4m  10 3 m ¼ 40
21 3 k þ 21 3 k ¼ 84 10 3
3 7 5 10
10 3 4m  10 1 3 m ¼ 40
7 k 3 k 2
21 3 þ 21 3 ¼ 84
31 71 51 10 1
7k þ 3k ¼ 84 8m  m ¼ 40
10k ¼ 84 7m ¼ 40
k ¼ 84 m ¼ 40
10 7
k ¼ 82 m ¼ 55
5 7

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Equations

Stage 5.3 Example 9

NSW
Solve each equation.
a 2x  5  x þ 7 ¼ 2 b a þ 5 þ 3a ¼ 5
3 5 6 4

Solution
a Multiply both sides by 15, the LCM b Multiply both sides by 12, the
of 3 and 5. LCM of 6 and 4.
   
15 2x  5  x þ 7 ¼ 15 3 2 12 a þ 5 þ 3a ¼ 12 3 5
  3  5    6  4
2x  5 a þ 5 þ 3 12 3a ¼ 60
 3 15 x þ 7 ¼ 30
5 2
15 12
31 51 61 41
5ð2x  5Þ  3ðx þ 7Þ ¼ 30 2ða þ 5Þ þ 9a ¼ 60
10x  25  3x  21 ¼ 30 2a þ 10 þ 9a ¼ 60
7x  46 ¼ 30 11a þ 10 ¼ 60
7x ¼ 76 11a ¼ 50
x ¼ 76 a ¼ 50
7 11
¼ 10 6 ¼4 6
7 11

Exercise 7-04 Equations with algebraic fractions

See Example 7 1 Solve each equation.
a a þ 1 þ 5 ¼ 15 b x þ 4  10 ¼ 2 c x51¼4
4 5 5
y2 pþ1 4y þ 6
d 2¼6 e  11 ¼ 8 f 5þ ¼ 15
5 3 9
3y þ 5
g 1 þ 10x  2 ¼ 10 h þ 9 ¼ 1 i 12  x  1 ¼ 6
2 4 3
6  4p
j 15  d þ 10 ¼ 0 k 3  2w þ 4 ¼ 5 l  10 ¼ 6
7 11 9
2 Solve each equation.
yþ8 y2 2p  1 p þ 5
a xþ5¼xþ4 b ¼ c ¼
4 5 3 2 4 3
d 2w þ 5 ¼ 3w þ 1 e 8x  4 ¼ 4x þ 5 f m  6 ¼ 2m  3
3 5 3 2 4 10
2y þ 4 5y  2 4x  2 þ 7 12  2x 9
g ¼ h ¼ x i ¼ þx
3 5 6 4 4 3
j 8  3w ¼ 2w þ 1 k 7  5x ¼ 1  9x l 8  x ¼ 2x þ 1
5 4 2 4 2 3
See Example 8 3 Solve x þ x ¼ 1. Select A, B, C or D.
3 2
A x ¼ 11 B x ¼ 11 C x¼1 D x¼2
5 2

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4 Solve each equation.
a d þ d ¼ 14 b k k ¼3 c m þ m ¼ 10
4 3 2 3 3 2
p p
d x þ x ¼ 10 e  ¼4 f k k ¼1
8 3 3 5 4 5
g 4k  k ¼ 34 h 3m þ m ¼ 11 i 4a þ 2a ¼ 10
3 5 5 2 5 3
p1 pþ3 Stage 5.3
5 What is the solution to  ¼ 4? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
5 2
NSW
A p ¼ 12 B p ¼ 19 C p ¼ 14 D p¼3 See Example 9
6 Solve each equation.
x x1 2p p þ 1 mþ2 mþ1
a þ ¼0 b  ¼2 c þ ¼ 12
7 4 3 6 2 3
c2 c3 2y  1 y þ 1 x1 x4
d  ¼4 e þ ¼6 f þ ¼ 5
5 2 4 2 3 6
7 þ 2p 1  p 6y  1 y þ 2 aþ5 2a
g  ¼ 1 h  ¼8 i þ3¼
5 2 4 3 4 5
j 3x  1 ¼ 2x þ 5 k 12u þ 3 ¼ 2u  u þ 4 l m  6 þ 2m ¼ 3m  1
4 6 7 6 5 4

Mental skills 7A Maths without calculators

Fraction of a quantity
Learn these commonly-used fractions and their decimal equivalents.

1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2
Fraction
2 4 8 4 5 10 20 5
Decimal 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.75 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.4

Now we will use them to find a fraction or decimal of a quantity.

1 Study each example.
 
1 3 72 ¼ 72 4 4 2 3 40 ¼ 1 3 40 3 2
a b
4 5 5
¼ 18
¼ 832
¼ 16
 
3 3 32 ¼ 1 3 32 3 3 1
c d 0:5 3 66 ¼ 3 66
4 4 2
¼ 833 ¼ 33
¼ 24

e 0:05 3 80 ¼ 1 3 80 f 0:125 3 56 ¼ 1 3 56
20 8
¼4 ¼7

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Equations

2 Now simplify each expression.

a 1 3 28 b 1 3 36 c 1 3 70 d 1 3 64
2 4 10 8
1 1 2 1
e 3 15 f 3 80 g 3 25 h 3 100
5 10 5 20
i 3 3 44 j 1 3 40 k 0.25 3 60 l 0.4 3 45
4 8
m 0.1 3 260 n 0.125 3 48 o 0.75 3 48 p 0.05 3 120
q 0.2 3 70 r 0.5 3 320 s 0.25 3 56 t 0.125 3 16

Technology Solving equations on a graphics

calculator
In this activity, you will solve equations on a Casio graphics calculator.
1 Select EQUA (Equation mode) from the main menu and select Solver.
2 At ‘Eq:’, enter the equation 2x þ 3 ¼ 15 by pressing 2 X,θ,T + 3 = 15 and EXE .
( = is SHIFT )
3 Select SOLV to solve the equation.
The solution is x ¼ 6. The screen also shows LHS (Lft) ¼ RHS (Rgt) so the solution is true.
4 Select REPT to repeat (solve another equation).
5 Enter the equation 4(2x þ 7) ¼ 44 using the ( ) keys.
6 Select SOLV to solve the equation. What is the solution?
7 To enter the equation x þ 5 ¼ x  1, we need to use the ( ) and a b/c keys.
2 3
Press ( X,θ,T + 5 ) a b/c 2 = ( X,θ,T − 1 ) a b/c 3 and EXE .
8 Select SOLV to solve the equation. What is the solution?
9 Now write 5 equations of your own based on the different types studied in this chapter. Use
your graphics calculator to solve them, and write down the equations and solutions in your
book. Swap the equations with other students in your class and try to solve their equations
using the graphics calculator.

Investigation: Solving x 2 ¼ c
1 x 2 ¼ 25 has two solutions. What are they?
2 What are the possible solutions for each of the following?
a x2 ¼ 9 b x 2 ¼ 49 c x 2 ¼ 100
3 What is the inverse operation of ‘squaring’?
4 Study this example:
x 2 ¼ 81
pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
x ¼  81 which means 81 or  81
x ¼ 9 which means 9 or 9
Check: When x ¼ 9, x 2 ¼ 92 ¼ 81
When x ¼ 9, x 2 ¼ (9)2 ¼ 81

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Now use the same method to solve each equation and check your answers.
a m2 ¼ 1 b k 2 ¼ 64
5 How many solutions does each quadratic equation have?
a m2 ¼ 1 b k 2 ¼ 64 c x 2 ¼ 81
6 Do the following quadratic equations have solutions? (Give reasons for your answers.)
a w 2 ¼ 1 b y 2 ¼ 64 c h 2 ¼ 81
7 Write an example of a quadratic equation that has only one solution.

7-05 Simple quadratic equations ax 2 ¼ c

An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2 is called a quadratic equation, for
example, x 2 ¼ 5, 3m 2 þ 7 ¼ 10, d 2  4 ¼ 0 and 4y 2  3y ¼ 8.

Summary
pffiffiffi
The quadratic equation x 2 ¼ c (where c is a positive number) has two solutions, x ¼  c
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
(which means x ¼ c and x ¼  c).

Example 10
Solve each quadratic equation.
a y 2 ¼ 16 b p 2 ¼ 65 c 5a 2 ¼ 245

Solution
a y 2 ¼ 16
pffiffiffiffiffi
y ¼  16 Finding the square root of both sides.
¼ 4
2
b p ¼ 65
pffiffiffiffiffi
p ¼  65 Finding the square root of both sides.
65 is not a square number so leave
the answer as a surd.
c 5a 2 ¼ 245
a 2 ¼ 245 Dividing both sides by 5.
5
a 2 ¼ 49
pffiffiffiffiffi
a ¼  49
¼ 7

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Equations

Example 11
Solve each quadratic equation, writing the solution correct to one decimal place.
2
a 4x 2 ¼ 600 b 3h ¼ 26
5
Solution
a 4x 2 ¼ 600 b 3h 2 ¼ 26
5
x 2 ¼ 600 3h 2 ¼ 26 3 5
4
x 2 ¼ 125 3h 2 ¼ 130
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ¼  125 h 2 ¼ 130
¼ 11:1803 . . . 3

 11:2 h ¼ 43 1
2
3
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h ¼  43 1
3
¼ 6:5828 . . .
 6:6

Exercise 7-05 Simple quadratic equations ax 2¼ c

See Example 10 1 Solve each quadratic equation, writing the solutions as surds if necessary.
a m 2 ¼ 144 b x 2 ¼ 400 c y 2 ¼ 225
d k 2 ¼ 59 e y 2 ¼ 10 f w 2 ¼ 36
2
g 8x 2 ¼ 200 h 9t 2 ¼ 81 i a ¼8
2
j 5k 2 ¼ 40 k 3w 2 ¼ 30 l 2d 2 ¼ 288
k2 w2
m ¼8 n ¼7 o 4x 2 ¼ 1
2 10
m2
p ¼ 27 q 8y 2 ¼ 40 r 2p 2 þ 3 ¼ 21
3
y2
s 3k 2 ¼ 48 t 2¼9 u 6x 2 ¼ 42
5
See Example 11 2 Solve each equation, writing the solution correct to one decimal place.
a m 2 ¼ 20 b b 2 ¼ 17 c v2 ¼ 6
2
d 2p 2 ¼ 35 e 9k 2 ¼ 63 f x ¼8
5
2 2
g k ¼6 h 7u ¼ 2 i 6y 2 ¼ 84
16 10
2
j 3w ¼ 20 k a 2 þ 11 ¼ 28 l 2y 2  14 ¼ 63
4
3 Explain why the quadratic equation k 2 þ 25 ¼ 0 has no solutions.
4 State which of these quadratic equations has no solutions. Give reasons.
a x 2 ¼ 9 b 2k 2 þ 5 ¼ 9 c 3m 2 þ 8 ¼ 4
2 2 2
d 9w  1 ¼ 1 e 4þd ¼8 f 5a þ 3 ¼ 2
2 3 2

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Investigation: Solving x3 ¼ c
1 x 3 ¼ 27 has only one solution. What is it?
2 What is the solution to each of the following equations?
a x 3 ¼ 125 b x 3 ¼ 64 c x 3 ¼ 8
3 What is the inverse operation of ‘cubing’?
4 Study this example:
x 3 ¼p27
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ¼ 3 27
x ¼ 3 The cube root of a negative number is also negative.
Check: When x ¼ 3, x 3 ¼ (3)3 ¼ 27
Now use the same method to solve each equation and check your answers.
a r 3 ¼ 1000 b u 3 ¼ 216
5 How many solutions does each cubic equation have?
a n3 ¼ 1 b t 3 ¼ 343 c x 3 ¼ 1

3 Stage 5.3
7-06 Simple cubic equations ax ¼ c NSW

An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 3 is called a cubic equation, for example,
x 3 ¼ 12, 2m 3 þ 1 ¼ 25, d 3  14 ¼ 4 and x 3  3x 2 þ 5x þ 4 ¼ 0.

Summary
p ffiffiffi
The cubic equation x 3 ¼ c has one solution: x ¼ 3
c

Example 12
Solve each cubic equation.
a n 3 ¼ 729 b d 3 ¼ 40 c 3y 3 ¼ 1029

Solution
a n 3 ¼ 729
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
n ¼ 3 729 Finding the cube root of both sides.
¼9
3
b d ¼ 40
pffiffiffiffiffi
d ¼ 3 40 Finding the cube root of both sides.
40 is not a cube number so leave the answer as a surd.

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Equations

Stage 5.3 c 3y 3 ¼ 1029

y 3 ¼ 1029 Dividing both sides by 3.
3
y 3 ¼ 343
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
y ¼ 3 343
¼ 7

Example 13
Solve each cubic equation, writing the solution correct to one decimal place.
3
a 2h 3 ¼ 18 b z ¼ 11
7
Solution
a 2h 3 ¼ 18 b z 3 ¼ 11
7
h 3 ¼ 18 z 3 ¼ 11 3 7
2
3
h ¼ 9 z 3 ¼ 77
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi
h ¼ 3 9 z ¼ 3 77
¼ 2:0800 . . . ¼ 4:2543 . . .
 2:1  4:3

Exercise 7-06 Simple cubic equations ax 3 ¼ c

See Example 12 1 Solve each cubic equation, writing the solutions as surds if necessary.
a r3 ¼ 1 b k 3 ¼ 216 c d 3 ¼ 27
d x 3 ¼ 45 e w 3 ¼ 100 f f 3 ¼ 64
3
g 4m 3 ¼ 32 h 2t 3 ¼ 250 i c ¼ 108
2
2p 3
j 3k 2 ¼ 192 k 7a 3 ¼ 105 l ¼ 4
9
3
m 4q 3 ¼ 665.5 n n ¼ 345:6 o 8s 3 ¼ 150
5
e3
p ¼ 1 q 6y 3 ¼ 40 r 2v 3  10 ¼ 1014
8
3 3
s 4b ¼ 12 t z þ 4 ¼ 8 u 4x 3 ¼ 144
5 6
See Example 13 2 Solve each equation, writing the solution correct to one decimal place.
a c 3 ¼ 47 b g 3 ¼ 151 c y 3 ¼ 450
3
d 8p 3 ¼ 728 e 3u 3 ¼ 245 f x ¼ 11
5
h3 11a 3
g  ¼ 25 h ¼ 80 i 6d 3 ¼ 186
20 7
5v 3
j ¼ 27 k a 3  45 ¼ 220 l 4 j 3 þ 72 ¼ 166
8

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3 a Does a cubic equation of the form x 3 ¼ c always have a solution? Stage 5.3
b When is the solution to x 3 ¼ c positive?
c When does x 3 ¼ c have two solutions?

Worksheet
7-07 Equations and formulas Working with formulas

MAT09NAWK10082
A formula is an algebraic equation which shows a relationship between variables. For example, the
Homework sheet
formula for the area of a circle is A ¼ pr 2, where A is the area and r is the radius of the circle (p is
Equations revision
a constant). Because the formula is for the area, A is called the subject of the formula and it is the
variable on its own on the left-hand side of the ‘¼’ sign. MAT09NAHS10014

Example 14
The formula for the perimeter (P) of a rectangle of length l and width w is given by
P ¼ 2(l þ w). Use the formula to find:
a the perimeter of a rectangle with length 20 cm and width 9 cm
b the width of a rectangle if its length is 12 m and its perimeter is 70 m
c the length of a rectangle if its width is 42 cm and its perimeter is 1.8 m.

Solution
a l ¼ 20, w ¼ 9: b l ¼ 12, P ¼ 70:
P ¼ 2 ðl þ w Þ P ¼ 2 ðl þ w Þ
¼ 2ð20 þ 9Þ 70 ¼ 2ð12 þ wÞ
¼ 2 3 29 70 ¼ 24 þ 2w
¼ 58 46 ¼ 2w
[ The perimeter is 58 cm.
w ¼ 46
2
¼ 23
[ The width is 23 m.
c w ¼ 42, P ¼ 1.8 m ¼ 180 cm (since w is given in cm).
P ¼ 2ðl þ wÞ
180 ¼ 2ðl þ 42Þ
180 ¼ 2l þ 84
96 ¼ 2l
l ¼ 96
2
¼ 48
[ The length is 48 cm.

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Equations

Example 15
The cost of hiring a portable sound system
for a party is $80 plus $15 per hour. The
cost can be represented by the formula

Shutterstock.com/Pavel L Photo and Video

C ¼ 80 þ 15h where C is the total cost
(in dollars), and h is the number of hours.
a Find the cost of hiring the sound system
for 4 hours.
b A family is willing to spend $300 for
hiring the sound system. What is the
maximum number of whole rental
hours that the family can afford?

Solution
a h ¼ 4: b C ¼ 300:
C ¼ 80 þ 15h C ¼ 80 þ 15h
¼ 80 þ 15 3 4 300 ¼ 80 þ 15h
¼ 140 220 ¼ 15h
[ The cost is $140.
h ¼ 220
15
¼ 14 2
3
[ The maximum number of whole hours is 14.

Exercise 7-07 Equations and formulas

1 Given the formula y ¼ 5x þ b, find:
a y if x ¼ 5 and b ¼ 3 b y if x ¼ 1 and b ¼ 16
c b if y ¼ 40 and x ¼ 3 d b if y ¼ 6 and x ¼ 1
e x if y ¼ 27 and b ¼ 12 f x if y ¼ 64 and b ¼ 16

See Example 14 2 A temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) can be converted to degrees

Fahrenheit (°F) using the formula F ¼ 9C þ 32. Convert each
5
temperature to °F.
a 35°C b 10°C c 16°C
Shutterstock.com/Sergej Razvodovskij

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3 Use the formula in question 2 to convert each temperature to °C, correct to one decimal place.
a 100°F b 45°F c 78°F
1
4 The formula A ¼ ða þ bÞh is used to find the area of a trapezium, where A is the area, a and b
2
are the lengths of the parallel sides, and h is the perpendicular height between them. Use the
formula to find:
a the area of a trapezium with height 6 cm and parallel sides of length 9 cm and 15 cm
b the height of a trapezium if its area is 420 cm 2 and it has parallel sides of length 22 cm and
20 cm
c the length of one side of a trapezium if its parallel side is 20.5 m, its area is 318 m 2 and its
height is 12 m.
5 Find the value of S in the formula M ¼ kS if M ¼ 12.6 and k ¼ 3.15. Select A, B, C or D.
5
A 60 B 7.938 C 20 D 0.8
6 The cost C (in dollars) of hiring a limousine is given by the formula C ¼ 180 þ 90h, where h is See Example 15
the number of hours of hire. Find:
a the cost of hiring a limousine for 4 hours
b the cost of hiring a limousine for 2 days
c the number of hours for which you could hire a limousine for $720
d the maximum number of whole hours for which a limousine could be hired at a cost of $1000.
7 The profit, $P, made by a DVD store is given by P ¼ 5x  900, where x represents the
number of DVDs sold. Find:
a the profit made when 232 DVDs are sold
b the number of DVDs sold if the profit is $1635.
8 A catering company charges $C for a function with P people using the formula
C ¼ 75 þ 12.5P
a How much does the company charge for a function with 10 guests?
b Find the cost of catering for a group of 60 people.
c Diane has $640 to spend on catering for her next party. What is the maximum number of
people she can invite?
9 If P ¼ 52 and l ¼ 4, find w if P ¼ 2(l þ w). Select A, B, C or D.
A 9 B 12 C 18 D 22
10 The temperature T (in °C) of a hot liquid as it cools is given by the formula T ¼ 100  17.5h,
where h is the number of hours it has been cooling. Find:
a the temperature of the liquid after 2 hours
b the temperature of the liquid after 30 minutes
c the number of hours it takes for the temperature of the liquid to reach 30°C.
11 Archeologists use the formula H ¼ 2.52t þ 75.8 to estimate the height H cm of a man when Worked solutions
the tibia (shin) bone length t cm is measurable. Equations and formulas
a An intact male tibia bone measuring 42 cm long was found. Estimate the height of the male
MAT09NAWS10034
to the nearest centimetre.
b Estimate, correct to the nearest centimetre, the length of the tibia bone of a male of height
174 cm.

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Equations

Stage 5.3
7-08 Changing the subject of a formula
NSW

Puzzle sheet In the formula v ¼ u þ at, v is the subject of the formula. When the formula is rearranged so that
Formulas squaresaw
one of the other variables becomes the subject, the process is called changing the subject of the
formula. To change the subject of a formula, use the same rules as for solving an equation. The
MAT09NAPS10083
answer is not a number but an algebraic expression (another formula).

Example 16
a For the formula v ¼ u þ at, change the subject to a.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
b Make b the subject of the formula x ¼ b 2  4ac.
c Given P ¼ m  1, change the subject of the formula to m.
mþ1

Solution
a To make a the subject of the
formula, solve it like an
equation for a.
v ¼ u þ at
u þ at ¼ v Swapping sides so new subject a appears on the LHS.
at ¼ v  u Subtracting u from both sides.
a¼vu Dividing both sides by t.
t
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
b x ¼ b 2  4ac
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
b 2  4ac ¼ x Swapping sides.
2 2
b  4ac ¼ x Squaring both sides.
2 2
b ¼ x þ 4ac Adding 4ac to both sides.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
b ¼  x 2 þ 4ac Taking the positive and negative square root
of both sides.
c P ¼m1
mþ1
m1¼P Swapping sides.
mþ1
m  1 ¼ Pðm þ 1Þ Multiplying both sides by m þ 1.
¼ Pm þ P Expanding.
m  Pm ¼ P þ 1 Moving the m-terms to the LHS, the 1 to the RHS.
mð1  PÞ ¼ P þ 1 Factorise m from the LHS.
Pþ1 Dividing both sides by 1  P.
m¼
1P

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stage 5.3
Exercise 7-08 Changing the subject of the formula
1 Change the subject of each formula to x. See Example 16
a d¼xþc b y ¼ mx þ b c p ¼ ax  y
x m
d y¼ þp e k ¼ mrx f v¼
m x
xþy
g A¼ h c ¼ ax þ by i A ¼ 1 hðx þ yÞ
2 2
2 The volume of a pyramid has the formula V ¼ 1 Ah, where A is the area of the base and h is
3
the perpendicular height. Which of the following is the correct formula for A? Select the
correct answer A, B, C or D.
1 3 3V
A A ¼ Vh B A¼ C A ¼ 3Vh D A¼
3 Vh h
3 Make y the subject of each formula.
a m ¼ an þ ay b x ¼ y2 c k¼x
pffiffiffi y
d Q¼Pþ y e x2 þ y2 ¼ r2 f M ¼ ny 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
g m ¼ prffiffiffi h b ¼ c 2  2ay i t ¼ yx
y
4 Change the subject of each formula to the pronumeral shown.
a V ¼ lbh h ¼ ? b A ¼ pr 2 r ¼ ? c K ¼ 1 mv 2 v ¼ ?
2
d F¼ 9C þ 32 C ¼ ? 1
e s ¼ ut þ at 2
a¼? h
f A ¼ ðx þ yÞ y ¼ ?
5 2 2
5 What is the correct formula for p ¼ m(n þ x) if x is the subject? Select the correct answer
A, B, C or D.
p p p
A x ¼ p  mn B x¼ C x¼ n D x¼ m
mn m n
6 Solve each equation for a.
a a ¼ ap þ q b ar ¼ 3(a þ b) c Da ¼ D  2a
5
d p ¼ ax e k ¼1a f M(a þ b) ¼ N(a  b)
aþy 1þa
7 The cost ($C) of a hire car is given by C ¼ 80 þ 4.2d, where d is the distance travelled in Worked solutions
kilometres. Changing the subject
a Find the cost of hiring the car for a journey of 50 km. of a formula
b Make d the subject of the formula. MAT09NAWS10035
c Find the number of whole kilometres that can be travelled in the hire car for $402.
8 The angle sum of a shape with n sides is A°, where A ¼ 180(n  2).
a Use the formula to find the angle sum of a shape with 7 sides.
b Make n the subject of the formula.
c If the angle sum of a polygon is 1440°, how many sides does it have?
9 Make r the subject of the formula 1 ¼ 1 þ 1.
x r s
10 The body-mass index of an adult is given by the formula B ¼ m2 , where m is the adult’s mass
h
in kilograms and h is their height in metres.
a Change the subject of the formula to h.
b Hence find, correct to two decimal places, the height of a person with a body mass index of
25 and a mass of 60 kg.

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Equations

Mental skills 7B Maths without calculators

Percentage of a quantity
Learn these commonly-used percentages and their fraction equivalents.

Percentage 50% 25% 12.5% 75% 20% 10% 33 1 % 66 2 %

3 3
Fraction 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2
2 4 8 4 5 10 3 3

Now we will use them to find a percentage of a quantity.

1 Study each example.
1 1
a 20% 3 25 ¼ 3 25 b 50% 3 120 ¼ 3 120
5 2
¼5 ¼ 60

c 12:5% 3 32 ¼ 1 3 32 3
d 75% 3 56 ¼ 3 60
8 4 
¼4 1
¼ 3 60 3 3
4
¼ 15 3 3
¼ 45
1 1 66 2 % 3 60 ¼ 2 3 60
e 33 % 3 27 ¼ 3 27 f
3 3 3 3 
¼9
¼ 1 3 60 3 2
3
¼ 20 3 2
¼ 40
2 Now simplify each expression.
a 25% 3 44 b 33 1 % 3 120 c 20% 3 35 d 66 2 % 3 36
3 3
1
e 10% 3 230 f 12 % 3 48 g 50% 3 86 h 20% 3 400
2
1
i 75% 3 24 j 33 % 3 45 k 25% 3 160 l 10% 3 650
3
m 12.5% 3 88 n 66 2 % 3 21 o 20% 3 60 p 75% 3 180
3

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Power plus

1 Solve each equation.

a 5 ¼ 14 b 7¼ 1
2y r r3
y2 þ 8
c ¼ 42 d 4m 2  3 ¼ m 2 þ 72
12 3
3ðm þ 5Þ 2ðm  1Þ m6
e  ¼ m  10 þ
4 3 2

2 Given that W ¼ X  Y , find:

X þY
a W when X ¼ 15 and Y ¼ 10 b W when X ¼ 6 and Y ¼ 12
c X when W ¼ 25 and Y ¼ 6 d Y when W ¼ 5 and X ¼ 1
3 A farmer raises pigs and chickens. From a total of 42 animals she can count 116 legs.
Write an equation and solve it to find how many chickens she has.
4 A man is twice as old as his daughter. Ten years ago he was three times as old as her.
Write an equation and solve it to determine how old his daughter is now.
5 Consider x 2 þ y 2 ¼ 4.
a Explain why the smallest value for x is 2 and the largest value for x is 2.
b Are there any restrictions on the values that y can take? Explain why.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
c By making y the subject, show that y ¼  4  x 2 .

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 Chapter 7 review

n Language of maths
Puzzle sheet algebraic fraction brackets consecutive cube root
Equations crossword cubic equation equation expand formula
MAT09NAPS10084 inverse operation LHS lowest common multiple (LCM) linear equation
quadratic equation RHS solution’ solve
square root subject substitute surd
undoing unknown variable

1 Which method of solving equations involves using inverse operations on both sides of the
equation?

2 What is the subject of the formula A ¼ 1 ða þ bÞh

2
3 What name is given to numbers that follow each other in order, such as 9, 10, 11?

4 Write an example of:

a a quadratic equation b a linear equation.

5 How many solutions does a linear equation have?

6 What does LHS stand for?

n Topic overview
Worksheet Copy (or print) and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using
Mind map: Equations
pictures, symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.
(Advanced)

MAT09NAWK10086
Equations with Equations with
variables on both sides brackets

Changing the
subject of a formula
Equations
Equation problems

Equations
and Simple Equations with
formulas quadratic and algebraic fractions
cubic
equations

264 9780170193085
 Chapter 7 revision

1 Solve each equation. Check your solutions. See Exercise 7-01

a 2x þ 5 ¼ 3x þ 4 b 7 þ 4x ¼ x  8 c 5  6w ¼ 3w  7
d 3x þ 4 ¼ 2x þ 7 e 5n  3 ¼ 2n  15 f 2d  8 ¼ 5d  71
g 4t ¼ 12  4t h 8j  17 ¼ 10j i 6  3q ¼ 8  q
2 Write an equation with x on both sides that has the solution x ¼ 3. See Exercise 7-01

3 Solve each equation. See Exercise 7-02

a 2(w  5) ¼ 4 b 3(1 þ 4n) ¼ 15 c 5(1  3p) ¼ 20

d 2(3 þ x) ¼ 5(x þ 1) e 3(1  y) ¼ 4(2  y) f 2(3  4x) ¼ (2x þ 3)
4 The length of a rectangle is 6 cm longer than it is wide. The perimeter of the rectangle is See Exercise 7-03
76 cm. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
5 Find the value of each pronumeral. See Exercise 7-03

a b
(2a + 15)°

4x°

56° 107°

6 If 6 more than a number is the same as 5 more than double the number, what is the number? See Exercise 7-03

7 Solve each equation. See Exercise 7-04

2p p
a d4þ9¼4 b 8n þ 6 ¼ 6n þ 5 c  ¼4
2 3 2 3 2
8 Solve each equation. Stage 5.3
2y  1 y þ 1
a x1þx4¼6 b 7n þ 3  5n þ 4 ¼ 2 c þ ¼6 See Exercise 7-04
5 2 5 3 4 2
9 Solve each quadratic equation. See Exercise 7-05
2 2 2
a d ¼ 64 b 8p ¼ 288 c 3z ¼ 105
10 Solve each cubic equation. Stage 5.3
3
a x 3 ¼ 1331 b 4h 3 ¼ 864 c t ¼ 62:5 See Exercise 7-06
2
11 The body mass index (BMI) of an adult is B ¼ M2 , where M is the mass in kilograms and See Exercise 7-07
h
h is the height in metres.
a Find as a whole number the BMI of Dean who is 1.85 m tall and has a mass of 72 kg.
b Find the mass of a person with a BMI of 24, who is 2.1 m tall.
12 The cost, C, in dollars, of hiring a taxi is C ¼ 5 þ 2.4d, where d is the distance travelled in See Exercise 7-07
kilometres. Find:
a the cost of a taxi trip if the distance travelled is 15 km
b the distance travelled if the cost of a taxi trip was $78.20.
13 Make w the subject of each formula. Stage 5.3
a a ¼ kw þ v b p ¼ m ðt  w Þ c x¼ 1 þy See Exercise 7-08
w

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