Unit 1: Introduction to DBMS

Unit 2: Database Design, Architecture & Model

Unit 3: Relational Database Model

Course Tile: Database Management System
Course Code: CACS 255 Unit 4: Data Normalization

Year Semester: II/IV Unit 5: Creating and Altering Database Table

Unit 6: Manipulating and Querying Data

Unit 7: Developing stored procedures, DML Triggers,

Presented by; and Indexing
LB Gurung
[email protected]
Unit 8: Query processing and Security

9/14/2020 Unit 9: Transaction

[email protected] and Concurrency Control
Basic Concepts:
Data

Information

Data vs. Information

 Data Hierarchy

 Database

 Examples of Database
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 Data:
 Data is raw facts collected from environment about physical phenomena.
 In the context of databases, Data refers to all the single items that are
stored in a database, either individually or as a set.
 Data in a database is primarily stored in database tables, which are
organized into columns that indicate the data types stored therein
 Data can be in any form- numerical, textual, symbols, graphical, image,
sound, video etc.
 A data may not have significant meaning. It is input to any organization.
 For example: data would be the marks obtained by students in different
subjects
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 Information
 Information is defined as refined or processed data or organized collection
of related data which has significant meaning.
 Data are the source of information. The information can be used as data for
further processing. The data may be needed to update frequently in order to
get correct information. The correct information helps to take correct
decisions.
 For example: after processing the marks obtained by student it is
transformed into information, which is meaningful and from which we can
decide which student stood first, second and so forth

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 Data vs. Information
Data Information
1. Data is raw facts and figures 1. Information is the output of the processed
data or refined data

2. Data is a single unit and is raw. It alone 2. Information is the product and group of data
doesn't have any meaning. which jointly carry a logical meaning.

3. It can’t be used for decision making 3. It is widely used for decision making

4. Measured in bits and bytes. 4. Measured in meaningful units like time, quantity,
etc.

5. Gathered from various sources 5. Transformed from data

6. Example: 100 6. Example: 100 miles

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  Data Hierarchy

 A computer system organizes data in hierarchy that begins with bits, and
proceeds to bytes, fields ,records, files and database as shown in below:

 A bit represent smallest unit Bit  A column of a table which stores a particular
of data that can be processed Character
category of data is called Field
by a computer. It is either 0  The collection of related fields in a row
or 1 Field makes a Record. It is also known as Tuple.
 A group of 8 bits is called
Record  The logical grouping of related
byte and it represents a
single character that can File records is called file
 The logical grouping of related
be letter, a number, or a Database
files is called database
symbol

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  Database

 A database is an organized collection of logically related data related to any

subject or purpose.
 Database are the source of information, they are needed to store permanently
 Database are stored in a computer using suitable database software. The
database which are managed with the help of computer is called computerized
database; whereas Database which are managed manually by persons is known as
Manual database.
 For example , university database maintains information about students ,courses
and grades in university

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  Examples of Database

 Some examples of database are:

 Telephone directory
 Mark ledger
 Attendance register
 Flight schedule
 Library Catalogue
 Census
 Encyclopedia
 Dictionary

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Unit 1:
 Introduction of Database Management System

 Objectives of DBMS
Introduction to DBMS-3Hrs
 Importance of DBMS

 Merits and Demerits of DBMS

Presented by;
LB Gurung  Application of DBMS
[email protected]

 Flat file system vs. DBMS

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  Introduction of Database Management System

 DBMS = Database + Management system

 Collection of
interrelated data  Set of programs to store
and retrieve those data
 DBMS is a collection of data and set of a program to access and store those
data in an easy and efficient manner
 A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software package designed to
define, store, manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database.
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  Introduction of Database Management System

 Some common examples of DBMS includes:

 MySQL,  MS-Access,

 SQL Server,  Sybase,

 Oracle,  Paradox,

 DBASE,  SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences),

 DB2  Clipper

 Postgres  FoxPro,

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  Objectives of Database Management System
The objectives of a database management system are to facilitate the creation of data
structures and relieve the programmer of the problems of setting up complicated files.
The main objectives of DBMS are:
 Eliminate/remove redundant data.
 Make access to the data easy for the user.
 Provide for mass storage of relevant data.
 Protect the data from physical harm and un-authorized systems.
 Allow for growth in the database system.
 Make the latest modifications to the database available immediately.
 Allow for multiple users to be active at one time.
 Provide prompt response to user requests for data
 To share the data
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  Importance of Database Management System

 It helps make data management more efficient and effective

 A DBMS stores, organizes and manages a large amount of information within a
single software application. Use of this system increases efficiency of
business operations and reduces overall costs.
 It provides end users better access to more and better-managed data
 It is used to support manipulation and processing of data.
 It provides a highly efficient method for handling multiple types of data
 A database management system stores, organizes and manages a large amount
of information within a single software application. Use of this system
increases efficiency of business operations and reduces overall costs.
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  Merits and Demerits of DBMS

 Merits/Advantages of DBMS
 Controls data redundancy: It can control data redundancy because it stores all the data in one single
database file and that recorded data is placed in the database.
 Data sharing & Security: In DBMS, the authorized users of an organization can share the data among
multiple users. DBMS ensures that only authorized users have access to data and there is a mechanism to
define access privileges.
 Easily Maintenance: It can be easily maintainable due to the centralized nature of the database system.
 Reduce time: It reduces development time and maintenance need.
 Backup: It provides backup and recovery subsystems which create automatic backup of data
from hardware and software failures and restores the data if required.
 Multiple user interface: It provides different types of user interfaces like graphical user interfaces,
application program interfaces
 Reduced Application Development Time

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  Demerits and Disadvantages of DBMS

 Disadvantages of DBMS
 Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the
budget of organization.
 Highly skilled personnel is required to maintain the database
 It occupies a large space of disks and large memory to run them efficiently.

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  Application of DBMS
There are various fields where a database management system is used. Following are the some
applications which make use of the database management system:
 Airlines & Railway Reservation System: In the Sales
airlines & railway reservation system, the database is
required to store the record or data of ticket
bookings, status about train’s/plane arrival, and
departure. Also if plane/ train gets late, people get to
know it through database update.

 Banking: Database management system is used to

store the transaction information of the customer in
the database. For example: customer information,
account activities, payments, deposits, loans, etc.

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  Application of DBMS

 Education Sector: For student information, course registrations details, colleges and grades.

Presently, examinations are conducted online by many colleges and universities. They manage all
examination data through the database management system (DBMS)

 Credit card transactions: Database Management system is used for purchasing on credit cards

and generation of monthly statements.

 Telecommunication: To store the call details , to store information about the communication
network, telephone numbers, and for generating monthly postpaid bills etc.

 Finance: For storing information about stock, sales, and purchases of financial instruments
like stocks and bonds.

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  Application of DBMS

 Sales : Use for storing customer, product & sales information.

 Manufacturing: Manufacturing companies make different types of products and sale them on a

daily basis. In order to keep the information about their products like bills, purchase of the
product, quantity, supply chain management, database management system (DBMS) is used.

 Human Resource Management: Big firms/companies have many workers or employees working

under them. They store information about employee’s salary, tax, and work with the help of
database management system (DBMS).

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  Flat file system vs. DBMS

Flat file system DBMS

1. It does not support multi-user access 1. Supports Multi-user access
2. Data consistency is less in the flat file 2. Data consistency is more due to the use of
system. normalization.

3. Flat File system is not secured. 3. Database Management System is highly

secured.

4. Data redundancy is high. 4. Data redundancy is low.

5. No data backup and recovery process is 5. There is a backup recovery for data in DBMS.
present in a flat file system.

6. No support for complicated transactions 6. Easy to implement complicated transactions

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  Review questions:

 Define the term: Data and Information

 What is database? Give any four examples of database.
 What are the advantages of DBMS. Explain
 Explain the application of DBMS
 Write the advantages of DBMS over flat file system.
 List the objectives of DBMS

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