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Dot Convention of Transformer-Basics2 PDF

This document is an introduction to transformers that defines key terms like primary and secondary windings, mutual inductance, and turns ratios. It explains how transformers work to transfer energy from one circuit to another while maintaining isolation between them. It also covers step-up and step-down transformers, impedance matching, winding configurations, common transformer types and ratings, testing procedures, and sources of loss like copper and core losses.

Uploaded by

TALHA YASIN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
252 views

Dot Convention of Transformer-Basics2 PDF

This document is an introduction to transformers that defines key terms like primary and secondary windings, mutual inductance, and turns ratios. It explains how transformers work to transfer energy from one circuit to another while maintaining isolation between them. It also covers step-up and step-down transformers, impedance matching, winding configurations, common transformer types and ratings, testing procedures, and sources of loss like copper and core losses.

Uploaded by

TALHA YASIN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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http://waterheatertimer.org/Convert-240-Volt-to-120-Volt.

html

Introduction to Transformers

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Transformers

Transformer – A device consisting of two or more


coils that are used to couple electrical energy from
one circuit to another while maintaining electrical
isolation between the two.
Primary Winding – First winding of a transformer that
is connected to the source.
Secondary Winding – Output winding of a
transformer that is connected to the load.
Online Resource for ETCH 213
Faculty: B. Allen
Mutual inductance
Mutual Inductance – The ability of one inductor’s magnetic
lines of force to link with another inductor.

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Transformer action

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Transformer loading

Unloaded

Loaded
Online Resource for ETCH 213
Faculty: B. Allen
Coefficient of coupling (k)

The degree of coupling that exists between


two circuits.

flux linking sec ondary coil


k=
total flux produced by primary coil

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Transformer ratios

Turns Ratio – Ratio of the number of turns in the


secondary winding to the number of turns in the
primary winding of a transformer.

NS
Turn Ratio =
NP
Online Resource for ETCH 213
Faculty: B. Allen
Voltage ratio

VS N S
=
VP N P

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Step-up transformer
Step-Up Transformer – A transformer in which the ac voltage
induced in the secondary is greater (due to more secondary
windings) than the ac voltage applied to the primary.

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Step-down transformer
Step-Down Transformer – A transformer in which the ac voltage induced
in the secondary is less (due to fewer secondary windings) than the ac
voltage applied to the primary.

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Power and current ratios

N s I p VS
= =
N P I S VP
PS = PP
Online Resource for ETCH 213
Faculty: B. Allen
Impedance ratio

NS ZL
=
NP ZS
Z L = Load Im pedance in Ohms
Z S = Source Im pedance in Ohms

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Maximum power transfer
theorem

The maximum power will be absorbed by the


load from a source, when the impedance of the
load is equal to the impedance of the source.

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Impedance matching

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Winding and phase
Primary and
secondary in phase

Primary and
secondary out of
phase
Online Resource for ETCH 213
Faculty: B. Allen
Dot convention
A standard used with transformer symbols to indicate
whether the secondary voltage will be in phase or out
of phase with the primary voltage.

Dot Dot

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Transformer types

Fixed turns ratio transformers


Variable turns ratio transformers
Center tapped transformers
Multiple winding transformers
Single winding Transformers
(autotransformers)
Online Resource for ETCH 213
Faculty: B. Allen
Transformer ratings
Example: 1 KVA 500/100 60Hz

1 KVA – Apparent power rating


500 – Maximum primary voltage
100 – Maximum secondary voltage
60HZ – Operating frequency
Online Resource for ETCH 213
Faculty: B. Allen
Testing transformers

Open primary or open secondary


No voltage across the load
Partial or complete short in primary winding
Excessive secondary current and a blown fuse
Partial or complete short in secondary winding
Excessive secondary current
Excessive primary current and a blown fuse

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Transformer losses

Copper loss – Also called I2R loss, it is the


power lost in transformers, generators,
connecting wires, and other parts of a circuit
because of current flow (I) through the
resistance (R) of the conductors.

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
Transformer core losses

Hysteresis – The amount that the


magnetization of a material lags the
magnetizing force due to molecular friction.

Eddy currents – Small currents induced in a


conducting core due to the variations in
alternating magnetic flux.

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen
End of Intro to Transformers

Online Resource for ETCH 213


Faculty: B. Allen

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