EMAT 251: Materials Science

Imperfections in Solids
(Chapter 4)

1
So far, we have assumed that crystals are perfect

But what types of defects might occur?

2
 Types of Imperfections in Crystals
'
'

0-D Point defects { -

a

Substituted
* →

Atoms

1-D Linear defects .

Dislocations

2-D Ana defects

3-D Volume defects

Why do we care about imperfections? 3

 Point Defects

How might each of these defects distort the crystal?

4
 Point Defects
• Vacancy:

Vacancy
distortion
of planes

• Self-Interstitial:

Self-interstitial
distortion
of planes

# Vacancies 77 # of Self -
Interstitials
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 Number of Vacancies in a Material

I
# of Vacancies Ind a " " s
,
I aloiforfevkton ]

Ute ;fu
:p
✓
.am?!i.=exPHET
*
Boltzmann Constant

or :::io
: .

TIK ) -
-

Ttc ) +273.15

increases
• As temperature increases, the number of vacancies __________

6
 Number of vacancies per m3 in copper
4.0E+25

3.5E+25
Number of Vacancies per m3

3.0E+25

2.5E+25

2.0E+25

1.5E+25

1.0E+25

5.0E+24

0.0E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature [K] Melting
Point =
1358 K
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 Hints for Problem Solving:
Hint #1: Calculate # of vacancies:

Hint #2: Calculate the Fraction of atom sites that are vacant”:
⇐I
⑦ =

exp t¥,

8
 Point defects: Impurities in solids
Two types:
Substituted
Interstitial

Adding impurities will result in a solid solution and/or a second phase

9
 Solid Solutions: Terminology
• Alloy = that composed of 2T elements

• Solid Solution = Homogeneous solid mixture of 2T elements

• Solvent = Host atoms

• Solute = Impurity atoms

• Second Phase = Different composition ( structure

Second phase

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Alloys: Two possible outcomes if impurity (B) is added to host (A)

1) Solid solution of B in A (i.e., random distribution of impurities)

OR

Substitutional alloy Interstitial alloy

(e.g., Cu in Ni) (e.g., C in Fe)

2) Solid solution of B in A, plus particles of a new phase

(usually for a larger amount of B)
Second phase:
composition
• different ____________
structure Cusually )
• different ____________

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 Criteria for Substitutional Solid Solution

• Solvent (host) and Solute (impurity) atoms must have similar:

-
Atomic sizefith.nl/-l5-/ .

)
-
Crystal Structure

Electronegativity
-

Substitutional alloy
(e.g., Cu in Ni)

12
Criterion for Interstitial Solid Solution:

Not to scale (difference in

atomic sizes is exaggerated)

Interstitial alloy
(e.g., C in Fe)

Atomic Radius
Carbon 0.071 nm

Iron 0.124 nm

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 Interstitial sites for FCC and BCC unit cells
Where would
interstitial
atoms fit in?

FCC BCC

Adding impurities will result in a solid solution and/or a second phase

14
 Types of Imperfections in Crystals
• Vacancies
0-D Point defects: • Interstitial atoms
• Substitutional atoms

1-D Linear defects: • Dislocations

Area defects:
2-D
(“Interfacial” defects)

3-D Volume defects:

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 Linear Defects (“Dislocations”)
• Dislocation = misalignment (something is no longer in the “right place”)

• 3 types of dislocations:
-

Edge
-
Screw

-
Mixed

Dislocations in a Titanium Alloy

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 Edge Dislocation
Extra half-plane of atoms in a crystal structure

What forces do the

surrounding atoms
Atoms are experience?
squeezed
together

Atoms in tension

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 Motion of Edge Dislocation

Atomic view of edge dislocation motion

from left to right as a crystal is sheared.

00 Slip Plane

broken : remade
"
Bonds across the slip plane are

in Succession .

Results in material deformation

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 Screw Dislocation
• Named for the “spiral staircase” of crystal planes around the dislocation line
• Generated by shear stress

as viewed from above

Each little cube represents one unit cell

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 Mixed Dislocation
Mixed
as viewed from above

Edge

Screw

• Most dislocations are mixed (neither pure edge nor pure screw)
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 Dislocations
• All crystalline materials contain some dislocations

• Dislocations introduced during manufacturing (e.g. mechanical deformation)

• Often beneficial
– (To be discussed later)

Dislocations in a
Titanium Alloy

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