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FM Demodulation

The document discusses different types of frequency modulation (FM) detectors or demodulators, including single tuned or slope detectors, balanced slope detectors, and phase locked loops (PLLs). It provides details on the construction and operation of balanced slope detectors and PLLs. PLLs are described as the best FM demodulators as they do not require tuned circuits and can automatically compensate for carrier frequency changes. Key components of PLLs include a phase detector, voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), and low-pass filter. The phase detector compares the input and VCO signals, while the low-pass filter produces an error signal to control the VCO frequency. PLLs can capture input signals within their capture range and remain locked to signals within

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Alvin Gilay
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62 views

FM Demodulation

The document discusses different types of frequency modulation (FM) detectors or demodulators, including single tuned or slope detectors, balanced slope detectors, and phase locked loops (PLLs). It provides details on the construction and operation of balanced slope detectors and PLLs. PLLs are described as the best FM demodulators as they do not require tuned circuits and can automatically compensate for carrier frequency changes. Key components of PLLs include a phase detector, voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), and low-pass filter. The phase detector compares the input and VCO signals, while the low-pass filter produces an error signal to control the VCO frequency. PLLs can capture input signals within their capture range and remain locked to signals within

Uploaded by

Alvin Gilay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPLES OF

COMMUNICATIONS
 FM Detectors or Demodulators:

1. Single Tuned or Slope Detector


➢Simplest form of tuned-circuit frequency
discriminator
➢Is used to convert frequency variation to
amplitude variation.
➢Diode is used as detector
Slope Detector
 FM Detectors or Demodulators:

2. Balanced Slope Detector


➢Is an improved version of slope detector
➢Is used to overcome the drawbacks of a
simple slope detector which are:
a. Insufficient
b. Improper linearity
c. Difficult to arrange primary and
secondary winding tuned circuit.
 FM Detectors or Demodulators:

2. Balanced Slope Detector Construction:


➢Three tuned circuits are used
➢Two diodes are used
➢Primary and secondary windings are center
tapped with output.
➢Two filters which are used to filter
frequencies R1 & C1 and R2 & C2
Balanced Slope Detector
 FM Detectors or Demodulators:

3. Phase Locked Loop


➢Best frequency demodulator
➢It requires no tuned circuits
➢It automatically compensates for changes in the
carrier frequency due to instability in the transmit
oscillator.
 Basic Components
➢Phase detector
➢Voltage controlled oscillator
➢Low pass filter
Phase Locked Loop Block Diagram:
 Phase Detector
➢is used to compare the FM input, sometimes
referred to as reference signal, to the output
of a VCO.
 VCO
➢The VCO frequency is varied by the dc
output voltage from the low-pass filter.
 Low-pass Filter
➢Smoothens the output of the phase detector
into a controlled voltage that varies the
frequency of the VCO.
PLL Operation:

➢ The phase detector compares an input


signal to the VCO signal and produces an
output that is filtered by a low-pass filter
into an error signal that controls the VCO
frequency.
➢If an input frequency within the lock
range is applied to the PLL, the circuit
immediately adjusts itself into a locked
condition.
PLL Operation:

➢ Thephase detector determines the


phase difference between the free-
running and input frequencies of the
VCO and generates the error signal that
forces the VCO to equal the input
frequency. This action is referred to as
capturing an input signal.
PLL Operation:

➢ The input frequency changes cause a


phase/frequency shift which, in turn
produces an error signal that forces the
VCO to track the input and reduce their
difference to zero.
➢ If the input strays outside the lock range,
the PLL will go out of lock and VCO will
operate at its free-running frequency.
PLL Operation:

❖ Thefree running frequency (fo) of the


VCO is set by the external components
R1 and C1 .

𝟏. 𝟐
𝒇𝒐 =
𝟒R1C1
Locked range
➢The range of frequencies over which a PLL
can track an input signal and remain locked .
➢Is usually a range of frequencies above and
below the free-running frequency of the
VCO.
Capture range
➢The range of frequencies over which a PLL
will capture an input signal and remain
locked .
❖ Capture and Lock Ranges of a PLL
Locked range

❖ Thelock range can be computed with an


expression supplied by the manufacturer.

𝟏𝟔𝒇𝒐
𝒇𝑳 =
𝑽𝒔
where:
Vs=total supply voltage
Example:

A 565 IC PLL has an external resistor R1 of


2.7kΩ and a capacitor of 0.01µF. The power
supply is 24V.
a. What is the free-running frequency?
b. What is the total lock range?
END

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