Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS
MANILA

TLE – TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

CARPENTRY
Grade 9

Most Essential Lesson

Grade 9

QUARTER 1 WEEK 2 MODULE 2

LESSON 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD and WOOD DEFECTS

HOW DO YOU USE THIS MODULE?

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 Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will
disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to
successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!
1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances
learning that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.

4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer

keycard.
5. Analyze conceptually the post test and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

1. Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.
2. Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
3. Looking Back - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.
4. Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson
5. Activities - These are activities designed to develop critical thinking and
other competencies. This can be done with or without a partner depending
on the nature of the activity
6. Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
7. Checking your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the
lesson
8. Post Test – This will Measure how much you have learned from the entire
module

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LESSON 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD and WOOD DEFECTS
EXPECTATIONS
 Identify the properties of wood for staking out building lines
 Describe wood defects
 Value the importance of using wood of good quality
PRETEST

Direction: Multiple Choice. Read and understand the sentences carefully and
choose the letter of the best answer.
1. It is used to cut pegs for stake out.
A. Bolo C. Knife
B. Cross cut saw D. adze
2. It is a milled or processed piece of wood and ready to use.
A. Plywood C. Timber
B. Lumber D. Plank
3. It is used for marking straight lines on a long piece of stock or lumber.
A. Pencil C. Chalk line
B. Chalk D. Charcoal
4. It is use to drive pegs for stake out.
A. Claw hammer C. Ball peen hammer
B. Framing hammer D. Sledge hammer
5. A material used for laying out building lines over the batter board.
A. Nylon String /Tansi C. Chalk line
B. Plastic twine chord D. Nails
6. It occurs when wood loses moisture below the fiber saturation point.
A. Cleavability C. Permeability
B. Knot D. Shrinkage
7. It is the resistance of wood to cleavage along the grain.
A. Cleavability C. Permeability
B. Knot D. Shrinkage
8. It is influenced by the anatomy of wood cells.
A. Cleavability C. Permeability
B. Knot D. Shrinkage
9. Which of the following is NOT a wood defect?
A. Bow C. Knot
B. Crook or Crown D. shearing Strength
10. Wood defects ___
A. are abnormalities in wood C. reduce the strength of wood
B. lower the economic value of wood D. all of the above

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Introduction
Wood is obviously both a common and a historical choice as a building
material. However, in the past few decades, there has been a move away from
wood in favor of engineered products or metals like aluminum.
While the desire to not rely on the world’s forests for building demands is
well-intentioned, the advantages of wood as a building material still outweigh
other products on the market when looking at the environmental impact and
performance.

Looking Back

THINGS THAT ARE NEEDED TO BE PREPARED WHEN STAKING OUT

BUILDING LINES

TOOLS

 SLEDGE HAMMER is used to drive pegs for stake out.

 CHALK LINE used to mark straight line on a long piece of stock or
lumber.
 BOLO is used to cut pegs for stake out.
 PUSH PULL TAPE RULE a measuring tool used in measuring long
distance surfaces.
 SPIRIT LEVEL a tool use to determine it a surface is horizontal or
vertical
 CLAW HAMMER is used to drive and pulling out nails.
 CROSS CUT SAW is used for cutting across the grain
 TRY SQUARE is used to test the squareness of a stock or small
object,
 TRANSPARENT HOSE A leveling instrument used in laying out
building lines in the absence of a transit or a spirit level.
 STEEL SQUARE a flat steel square used by carpenters in
framing/squaring a building. The body of the square is usually 24”
long and the tongue is 16” long.

MATERIALS

 LUMBER is milled or processed piece of wood ready to use

 NAILS are made of metal used for fastening woods
 STAKE a stick or wood sharpened at one end and set into the
ground to act as boundary/ corner mark.

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  PEGS wood fastened to the ground that act as a post for the
batter board.
 STRING CHORD a material used for laying out building lines over
the batter board.

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 1

Knowing the physical properties of wood can help guide us in choosing good,
quality lumber for our carpentry works. In this lesson, we will not only learn the
different physical properties of wood, we will also discuss the different kinds of
wood defects that we need to look out for and avoid. Quality should never be
compromised by cheap but defective lumber.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD

1. Strength. Physically, wood is strong and stiff but, compared to a material like
steel, it's also light and flexible. It has another interesting property too.
Metals, plastics, and ceramics tend to have a fairly uniform inner structure
and that makes them isotropic: they behave exactly the same way in all
directions. Strength is the general term used in reference to the ability of wood
to resist stresses and strain. Different wood varies materially in the following
manner.
1. Wood is resistant to compression along the fiber
2. Stiffness or the ability to resist bending as in floor joist and beam supporting
heavy load.
3. Strength in tension or the ability to resist in lengthwise
4. Shearing strength or the ability of the fibers to resist rupture along across
the grain
2. Moisture is an important factor in strength of wood, thus to a certain extent,
strength increase with the degree of seasoning of wood
a. MOISTURE CONTENT is the ratio of the mass of water contain in the mass
of same sample of dry wood.
b. SHRINKAGE occurs when wood loses moisture below the fiber saturation
point.
3. Knots or other defects also influence strength. The size, character and
location of the knots are important. EXAMPLE in cross bending strength,
knots on the upper surface of the beam do not detract from the strength as
much as on the lower part of the beam

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4. Weight of wood is also important, Heavy wood are usually strong and light
wood are usually weak.
5. Hardness is expressed as resistance to indentation or to the saw or ax across
the grain. Hardness dependent largely on weight, structure elements of the
wood and degree of seasoning.
6. Durability as applied to wood, means the ability to resist decay or simply the
length of life of a certain timber under given conditions.
7. Cleavability is the resistance of wood to cleavage along the grain.
8. Color is often a means of identification of wood, as mentioned earlier,
heartwood is generally much darker in color than sapwood.
9. Permeability is influence by the anatomy of wood cells.
10. Mass properties of wood are conductivity, heat and coefficient of thermal
expansion.
11. Electrical properties of wood are dielectric constant and the dielectric power
factor alternating current.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
1. ELASTICITY of wood depends on grain orientation, moisture, species,
temperature, and rate of loading
2. STRENGTH depends upon the rate of loading species, moisture, contents,
orientation, temperature, size and location of natural characteristics such as
knots and species size.
3. VIBRATION damping and sound velocity are two primary vibration
phenomena of interest in structural application.

INFORMATION SHEET NO. 2

WOOD DEFECTS
Wood Defects are abnormalities which tend to lower the economic value
or decorative value of wood and also reduces the strength of wood

The main defects of wood include knots, cracks, fungal damage, warping,
slanting of grain, and wormholes. A knot is a part of a branch embedded in
wood.

A crook or crown is a defect found in a board that is bent end-to-end in

the direction of the tall ends of a board as it continues down the length of the
board

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KNOTS - The portion of the branch wood embedded in the main trunk or bole
of the tree. It is the base of a branch or limb that was broken or cut off from
the tree.

Shakes are timber defects that occur around the annual ring or growth ring of
a timber. In other words, cracks or splits in the woods are called shakes.
Shakes occur naturally as the tree is growing.

What is timber warping? It is when a flat or straight wood changes shape –

ranging from subtle twists to timber bending along the entire panel. Because it
affects a building's structural integrity, warping isn't just an aesthetic problem:
it can be downright dangerous.

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 The term slope of grain relates to the direction of fibers compared to the
edges of a piece of wood. The main problem with an excessive slope of grain in
lumber is that it reduces the strength, it may cause warping with a change in
moisture content, and it makes it difficult to dress lumber smoothly when
planing against the grain.

Bow: A board that rocks from end to end when laid on one face. Curvature is
formed in direction of the length of the sawn timber.

Splits and cracks in wood are ruptures or separations in the grain of the wood.
The split or crack did not originate in the dry kiln or the drying process.

Wane - It is the bark or lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece of lumber.

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Pitch pocket is a cavity in lumber that contains or has contained resin. These
conditions are seen as a pocket of bleeding resinous material found on a board
and occur when the tree is injured. It sometimes happens when a feeding insect
damages the living part of the bark. Resin or sap can stain lumber and may
cause difficulty when applying finishes.

Twist - A board that rests on opposite diagonal corners when laid on one face.

Cupping – Where the face of a board warps up across its width such that if one
looks at the end of the board, it will look like a shallow letter “U”.

Shakes are timber defects that occur around the annual ring or growth ring of
a timber. In other words, cracks or splits in the woods are called shakes

Defect due to Marine Borers are wood defects that can be caused from insect
and fungal attack, or rapid tree growth. There are also natural wood defects.
Almost all hardwood trees can be prone to damage by these beetles.

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 The quality of our carpentry works depends on the quality of the tools
and materials that we use. In doing our carpentry works, we should
always choose good, quality lumber which are free from defects to
ensure that our finished works will yield durable and beautiful outputs
that can last for a long period of time.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING/SELF- CHECK:

Direction: Read and understand the statements below. Write the correct
answer on your answer sheet.
1. It is the wood defects caused by insects.
A. Crack C. Twist
B. Crock D. Wood bores
2. It is the warping of lumber where the ends twist in opposite direction.
A. Bow C. Twist
B. Crock D. Wane
3. It is the longitudinal separation of the fibers which extends to the opposite
face of a piece of sawn timber.
A. Cupping C. Twist
B. Split D. Crock
4. Is the ratio of the mass of water contained in the mass of the same sample of
dry wood.
A. Moisture content C. Density
B. Shrinkage D. Mass
5. Mechanical properties of wood include -------------------------------
A. Elasticity C. Strength
B. Vibration D. All of these

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POST TEST

Direction: Multiple Choice. Read and understand the sentences carefully and
choose the letter of the best answer.
1. It is used to cut pegs for stake out.
A. Bolo C. Knife
B. Cross cut saw D. adze
2. It is a milled or processed piece of wood and ready to use.
A. Plywood C. Timber
B. Lumber D. Plank
3. It is used for marking straight lines on a long piece of stock or lumber.
A. Pencil C. Chalk line
B. Chalk D. Charcoal
4. It is use to drive pegs for stake out.
A. Claw hammer C. Ball peen hammer
B. Framing hammer D. Sledge hammer
5. A material used for laying out building lines over the batter board.
A. Nylon String /Tansi C. Chalk line
B. Plastic twine chord D. Nails
6. It occurs when wood loses moisture below the fiber saturation point.
A. Cleavability C. Permeability
B. Knot D. Shrinkage
7. It is the resistance of wood to cleavage along the grain.
A. Cleavability C. Permeability
B. Knot D. Shrinkage
8. It is influenced by the anatomy of wood cells.
A. Cleavability C. Permeability
B. Knot D. Shrinkage
9. Which of the following is NOT a wood defect?
A. Bow C. Knot
B. Crook or Crown D. shearing Strength
10. Wood defects ___
A. are abnormalities in wood C. reduce the strength of wood
B. lower the economic value of wood D. all of the above

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KEY TO CORRECTION
PRETEST/POST TEST Check your understanding/Self-Check
1. A 1. D
2. B 2. C
3. C 3. B
4. D 4. A
5. A 5. D
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. D

References:

FAJARDO, MAX JR. B. Simplified Methods in Building Construction

https://www.bramptonguardian.com/shopping-story/6829220-the-importance-of-using-the-right-tool-
for-the-job/

https://pt.slideshare.net/pilita_reyes77/classification-of-hand-tools-part-1

https://blog.spib.org/what-is-wood-grain-part-2/

https://www.davidstimber.com.au/resource-centre/wood-defects/

https://www.decks.com/how-to/188/lumber-defects-101

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 This Learning Module was developed for Technology and Livelihood Education-
Industrial Arts Carpentry, Grade 9 of the K to 12 Curriculum with the assistance of the
following persons:

MODULE WRITER: REVIEWER/VALIDATOR:

DANILO A. IBARDALOZA JOSELITO RONQUILLO

Teacher 1 Head Teacher III
A. J. Villegas Vocational High School Ramon Avanceña High School
Division of City Schools - Manila Division of City Schools - Manila

JESUSA Y. ALCARAZ
Head Teacher VI
A.J. Villegas Vocational High Sch
Division of City Schools-Manila

DR. ARIEL D. TOSIO

Education Program Supervisor
Division of City Schools-Manila

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