nfXnkfJ shik

p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft Ppdktbh dk e'P ftfrnkBe

gfog/y s'A ftnkeoBe nfXn?B

3H1 ftnkeoB
ftnkeoB Ppd w{b o{g ftu ;z;feqs GkPk dk Ppd j?. ftnkeoB Ppd dh
ftT[sgsh fo$vk$Ñ$Y;qV~ j?. ‘ftnkeoB* Ppd ^fo* ns/ ^vk* T[g;or d/
pknkd ^Ñ* Xks{ s'A pfDnk j?. ^O;kÑ* dk noE ‘ftPb/PD eoBk*, ‘N[eV/^N[eV/
eoBk j?*. ftnkeoB Pk;so dh fJ; ftP/Psk d/ ;pzX ftu gqf;ZX ftnkeoBeko
‘gzsibh* ofus rzqE ‘wjKGkP:* dk fJj Pb'e ftukoB:'r j?, ^^O;kf=;rs vusu
bfr O;kdj.ke*1 Gkt GkPk d/ N[eV/^N[eV/ eoe/ T[;dk ;o{g fdykT[Dk ftnkeoB dk
ezw j?. fJ; soQK ftnkeoB T[j nfXn?B Pk;so j?, i' fe;/ GkPk B{z ftPb/fPs
eoe/ T[;d/ ;o{g B{z ;gPN eodk j?. ftnkeoB fe;/ GkPk B{z P[ZX p'bD, fbyD
ns/ ;wMD dk Yzr f;ykT[Adk j?. GkPk ns/ GkPkJh nfXn?B ftu ftnkeoB dk
e/Adoh ;EkB j?. Gkos ftu ftnkeoB dk nfXn?B brGr UBk jh gqkuhB j? fizBk
fe t/dK dk nfXn?B. t/d nfXn?B ftu ;jkfJe fizBK S/ ftZfdnktK dk ftek;
j'fJnk. T[BQK B{z t/dKr (t/d^nzr) ^^f'k{kk dYiks O;kdj.ka fu#äa Nan&T;kSfr"ke**
dk Bkw d/ e/ wjZstg{oB doik fdZsk frnk j?. S/ t/dKrK ftu'A ‘ftnkeoB* fJZe
wjZstg{oB ftPk j? i' t/dK dh GkPk ;pzXh ftPb/PD eodk j?. GkJh ekjB f;zx
BkGk S/ t/dKrK dk toBD eod/ j'J/ ftnkeoB d/ ;pzX ftu fbyd/ jB, “t:keoDL
(PpdK dh P[ZXh ns/ gq:'r (toskU) fi; s'A ikD/ iKd/ jB.@ 2 gzikph Ppd
‘ftnkeoB* nzro/Ih GkPk d/ Ppd Grammar dk ;wkBnoEe j?. t?p;No nB[;ko
ftnkeoB s'A Gkt j? L "The study of the system underlying the esp. formal features
of a language, as the sounds, morphemes, words or sentences; atheory specifying the
manner in which all sentences of a Language are constructed."3 X[Bh d[nkok, Ppd,

PpdK d[nkok tke ns/ tkeK d[nkok GkPk dk fBowkD fe; soQK dk j[zdk j? nkfd

90
fB:wK dh ftnkfynk eoB tkbk nfXn?B Pk;so ‘ftnkeoB* j?. ftnkeoB dh
gfoGkPk ;pzXh T[go'es ftuko uouk s'A j/m fby/ sZE fdqPNhr'uo j[zd/ jB L
1. ftnkeoB Pk;so dk fBowkD ns/ nozG t?fde wzsoK d/ ;jh ;o{g dh
oZfynk eoB bJh, P[ZX wzso T[ukoB dk frnkB gqkgs eoB bJh, t?fde
wzsoK d/ ;jh noEK d/ frnkB dh gqkgsh bJh j'fJnk.
2. ftnkeoB fe;/ GkPk B{z P[ZX fbyD, T[ukoB, ;wMD nkfd bJh GkPkJh
fJekJhnK dk ftPb/PD ns/ ftnkfynk eodk j?.
3H1H1 ftnkeoB nfXn?B y/so
ftnkeoB d/ w[Zy fszB nfXn?B y/so jB L
1H toD ftuko, 2H fBo[esh, 3H tke^ftT[As iK tke ftfrnkB
3H1H1H1 toD ftuko
ftnkeoB dk T[j Gkr fi; ftu fe;/ GkPk d/ toDK iK X[BhnK d/
T[ukoB, torheoB, nkeko^gqeko ns/ T[BQK B{z fwbk e/ Ppd pDkT[D d/ fB:wK
nkfd dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?.
3H1H1H2 fBo[esh
ftnkeoB dh T[j Pkyk fi; ftu PpdK d/ G/d o{gKso, ftT[sgsh dk
toBD ehsk iKdk j?.
3H1H1H3 tke ftT[As iK tke ftfrnkB
ftnkeoB dh T[j Pkyk fi; ftu tke dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?.
fJ; nfXn?B ftu tke ouBk, tke rmB d/ fB:w, tke ouBk ftu gfotosB d/
ekoB, tkeK dhnK fe;wK, tkeK ftu Ppd, eqw, tke ftu pbxks iK ;[o bfjo
dk ;EkB nkfd dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?.
3H1H2 ftnkeoBe nfXn?B ftXhnK
nfXn?B ftXh d/ nXko s/ ftnkeoB fszB gqeko dk j[zdk j? L
3H1H2H1 toBkDswe ftnkeoB
ftnkeoB dk T[j o{g fi; ftu fe;/ GkPk d/ gqufbs o{g dk toBD
ehsk iKdk j?.

91
3H1H2H2 fJfsjk;e ftnkeoB
ftnkeoB dk T[j o{g fi; ftu fe;/ GkPk dhnK X[BhnK, T[;d/
ftnkeoBe o{gK ns/ tke ouBk ftu Ppd eqw nkfd d/ fB:wK B{z fJfsjk;e
ftek; d/ nXko s/ ftPb/fPs ehsk iKdk j?. ;pzXs GkPk Bkb ;pzX oZyD tkbhnK
gqkuhB GkPktK d/ ftnkeoBe o{gK ns/ fB:wK Bkb T[;d/ o{gK ns/ fB:wK dk ;pzX
do;kfJnk iKdk j?. T[dkjoB d/ s"o s/ n;hA gzikph GkPk d/ ftnkeoBe Ppd ‘w?A*
B{z b?Ad/ jK. gzikph ftnkeoB nB[;ko ‘w?A* Ppd T[Zsw g[oy fJetuB gVBKt j?.
fJfsjk;e ftnkeoB d/ nfXn?B nB[;ko gVBKt ‘w?A* dh T[sgsh iK ftek; j/m
fby/ nB[;ko j? L
la-e;k>izk-e,>vi-eb>r[HpkHgzHw?>gzHw?A4
3H1H2H3 s[bBkswe ftnkeoB
ftnkeoB dk T[j o{g fi; ftu d' iK d' s'A tZX GkPktK d/ ftnkeoBK
(X[Bh, Ppd, tke) dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B ehsk iKdk j?.
3H2 e'P ftfrnkB ns/ ftnkeoB
e'P ftfrnkB ns/ ftnkeoB dk nZN[N ns/ pj[s rfjok foPsk j?.
ftnkeoB dk ekoi GkPk dh w{b fJekJh Ppd dk ftnkeoBe nfXn?B eoBk j?.
Ppd P/qDhnk, PpdK d[nkok tkeK dh ouBk, tke ftub/ PpdK d/ nkg;h
ftnkeoBe ;pzXK, T[ukoB nkfd fB:wK dk nfXn?B ftnkeoB d/ nzsors
nkT[Adk j?.d{i/ gk;/ e'P ftfrnkB d/ nfXn?B dk e/Ado ns/ nXko th Ppd jh j?.
i/eo e'P^ebk d/ gZy s'A ftukfonk ikt/ sK ftnkeoB e'P ftfrnkBe nfXn?B
ftu nfjw ;EkB dk XkoBh j?.fiZE/ e'P Ppd d/ ;jh noE Bz{ gorN eod/ jB
T[E/ ;pzXs Ppd dh ftT[sgsh fejV/ Xks{, nr/so, fgS/so, nkfd s/ ;z:'r Bkb
j'Jh Ppd dh ftnkeoBe P/qDh (BKt, gVBKt, ftP/PD, fefonk, fbzr, tuB nkfd)
nkfd d/ nfXn?B ftu ftnkeoB nfjw G{fwek fBGkT[Adk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftu
ftnkeoBe nfXn?B e'P^ebk ns/ e'P ftfrnkB dk nXko j?. ftnkeoB dh
;jkfJsk fpBK e'P ftfrnkB nrKj BjhA tX ;edk. "Grammar, which is
inseparably bound up with lexicology, is the study of the grammatical structure of
language. It is concerned with the various means of expressing grammatical relation
92
between words and with the patterns after which words are combined into words-
group and sentences."5
3H3 ftnkeoB ns/ T[gGkPk
T[gGkPk fe;/ GkPk dh y/soh iK ;wkfie s"o s/ fJZe fByVthA tzBrh
j?.T[gGkPk dh gSkD \k; soQK dh Ppdktbh ns/ ftnkeoBe pDso s/ nXko s/
;Ekfgs ehsh ikdh j?.gqf;ZX GkPk ftfrnkBh v/ftv feq;Nb nB[;ko "Dialect- A
regionally or socially distinctive Varity of language identified by a particular set of
words and grammatical structure."6
T[go'es eEB nB[;ko T[gGkPk fe;/ GkPk dh y/soh iK ;wkfie s"o s/
fByVth fe;w j?. fJ;dh gSkD fJ;dh \k; Ppdktbh ns/ ftnkeoBe pDso
j[zdh j?. G{r'fbe ns/ ;wkfie tyo/ftnK nB[;ko T[gGkPkJh p[bko/ d/ T[ukoB,
Ppdktbh, ftnkeoB nkfd ftu w{b GkPk s'A e[ZM tyo/tK g?dk j' iKdk j?. fJ;
soQK G{r'fbe ns/ ;wkfie d' w[Zy tyo//tA/ fe;/ T[gGkPk dh gSkD fBoXkos eod/
jB. d{i/ PpdK ftu G{r'fbe ns/ ;wkfie tyo/At/ GkPkJh tyo/ftnK B{z g?dk eod/
jB, GkPkJh tyo/ftnK d/ nXko s/ T[gGkPktK j'Ad ftu nkT[AdhnK jB.
ftnkeoB ns/ T[gGkPk dk pj[s BIdheh foPsk j?. d{i/ PpdK ftu
T[gGkPkJh gSkD ns/ nfXn?B ftu ftnkeoBe nfXn?B e/Adoh G{fwek fBGkT[Adk
j?. T[gGkPk dk ftnkeoBe nfXn?B fiZE/ ;pzXs T[gGkPk dhnK ftnkeoBe
ftP/PsktK s'A ikD{z eotkT[Adk j? T[ZE/ ;pzXs T[gGkPk d/ j'oBK T[gGkPktK ns/
GkPktK Bkb ;KMk tZyosKtK B{z th fdqPNhr'uo eodk j?. fe;/ T[gGkPk dk
ftnkeoBe nfXn?B th GkPk ftfrnkBe nB[PkPB nB[;ko fszB gqeko dk j[zdk
j?, toBDkswe nfXn?B, fJfsjkf;e nfXn?B, s[bBkswe nfXn?B. toBDskwe
nfXn?B ftXh ftu T[gGkPk ftP/P d/ gqufbs ftnkeoB dk nfXn?B ehsk iKdk
j?.T[gGkPkJh ftnkeoB fJ;/ nfXn?B d/ nXko s/ pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJfsjk;e
nfXn?B ftXh ftu T[gGkPk ftP/P d/ ftnkeoBe o{gK dk fJfsjk;e ftek;,
gfotosB nkfd B{z ftukfonk iKdk j?. s[bBkswe nfXn?B ftXh ftu ;pzXs
T[gGkPk d/ ftek; nkfd dh y'i ehsh ikdh j?. e'P ftfrnkBe gZy s'A fe;/ GkPk
iK ouBk dh Ppdktbh d/ nfXn?B bJh ftnkeoB dhnK toBDkswe, fJfsjkf;e

93
ns/ s[bBkswe fszBK gj[zu^ftXhnK dh ;jkfJsk bJh iKdh j?. fe;/ ouBk dh
Ppdktbh ftu j'oBK T[gGkPktK iK GkPktK d/ ftnkeoBe nzP ftdwkB jB, fJj
y'i s[bBkswe ns/ fJfsjk;e nfXn?B ftXh okjh jh ;zGt j?. ;pzXs nfXnkJ/
ftu y'i eosk B/ p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk dh gqkgs Ppdktbh dk T[gGkPkJh
tzBrhnK d/ gZy s'A ftnkeoBe nfXn?B gq;s[s ehsk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft
Ppdktbh d/ ftnkeoBe nfXn?B d"okB w[bskBh, g'm'jkoh, pqi, yVh p'bh nkfd
T[gGkPkJh tzBrhnK gqkgs j[zdhnK jB fizBQK dk ftnkeoBe nfXn?B^ftPb/PD
fJ; gqeko j?.
3H4 p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu gqkgs T[gGkPkJh tzBrhnK dk ftnkeoBe
ftPb/PD
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk ftu w[bskBh, g'm'jkoh ns/ fjzdth GkPktK pqi,
ntXh, yVh p'bh nkfd d/ ftnkeoBe nzP gqkgs j[zd/ jB fiBQK dk ftnkeoBe
nfXn?B^ftPb/PD j/m fby/ nB[;ko j?.
3H4H1 w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ ;zdoG ftu ftnkeoBe ftPb/PD
w[bskBh T[gGkPk gZSwh gzikp dh GkPk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft T[Zgo w[bskBh
T[gGkPk dk gqGkt pj[s fInkdk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj dk iBw ;EkB wkM// dk fJbkek e;{o
j?. w[bskBh T[gGkPk dk gqGkt p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu fefonk, gVBktK, fefonk
ftP/PD nkfd T[Zgo fdqPNhr'uo j[zdk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk T[s/ w[bskBh
T[gGkPk dh Skg ;gPN gqshs j[zdh j?. p[ZbQ/ dhnK ouBktK ftu gqkgs Ppdktbh L
tZs, xZsBh jK, B?A uzdb (Bdh uBkp), j[ZNh, so[ZNh, w[Zmh, e[Zmh, o[zBh, g[zBh, fjZe,
B/j[z, M/Vk, eko, x'b^x[wkJh, Gkj, ckvh, tzikfJ, e/shnK, nkj{ (fjoB), Mp
(ibdh), tr'Jh, oktb, Gkj, d{shnK, xZsBh, wKMk, fvZmk, bZX'Jh, ;XokJh, pkM'A,
xVh, ftu'eV/, oZs, vkjYk, g?Av/, srkd/, v/o (d/o), G[tkJ/, ftjkiD, u[r/Adh, SZbh
(rb'Nk), ekr, ;[\B, E[o/Vh, c[Zch, fizd, so[ZNh nzRkDh, s?q , ozM/Nk, m'o, pj[V,
w[bskBh T[gGkPk dh ftP/P Ppdktbh j?.
p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu fwbdhnK T[gGkPkJh tzBrhnK dh goy bJh T[; ;w/A
dh GkPkJh ;fEsh B{z ;wMDk pj[s Io{oh j?. GkPkJh gZy s'A i/eo gzikph ;kfjs
T[[Zgo BIo wkohJ/ sK ;G s'A tZX ;kfjs w[bskBh GkPk ftu ofunk fwbdk j?.

94
vkHjoehos f;zx nB[;ko ‘‘gzikph ekft dk ;G s'A g[okDk Bw{Bk P/y |ohd
(1173^1226) dh pkDh j?, i' T[; ;w/ dh P[ZX w[bskBh ftu j?.@ 7 fJ; eEB
nB[;ko fJj ;gPN j? fe 11thA ;dh s'A b? e/ 16 thA ;dh sZe gzikph GkPk dh
;kfjs ouBk w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ n;o j/m ;h. p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft GkPk T[Zgo
w[bskBh T[gGkPk dk gqGkt g?Dk ikfJI j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu w[bskBh T[gGkPk
dk gqGkt tuB, ekoe, feodzs, gVBKt, fefonk, fefonk ftP/PD nkfd
ftnkeoBe P/qDhnK ftu gqkgs j[zdk j?. ;pzXs ftnkeoBe Pq/DhnK dk ftPb/PD
j/m fby/ nB[;ko j?.
3H4H1H1 gVBKt
w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ gVBKt p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ouBk ftu EK g[o EK tos/
rJ/ jB. fJj gVBKt ;kvh ni'eh g{oph gzikph Bkb'A e[M |oe tkb/ jB.
3H4H1H1H1 g[oytkue gVBKt
g[oytkue gVBKt ftu T[Zsw g[oy ‘w?A* gVBKt d/ ;pzXeh o{g w/o/, w/ok
nkfd dh EK w[bskBh T[gGkPk ftu w?Av/, w?A, wfjzvk, wjKvk nkfd o{gK dh tos'A
ehsh rJh j?. p[[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu gqkgs T[dkjoBK fJ; gqeko jBL
w?Av/ ;'jD/ :ko dk eh fJspko s/o/ fgnko dk t/ nfVnk.
(gzBkL121,ek|hL152,;soL2 )
;[fDnk j'ek w?A fdb r[Ioh, w?A Gh bkb fbnktK.
(gzBkL22, ek|hL36, ;soL19)
T[go'es ;so ftu w?A ;pzXeh o{g ‘w/o/* dh EK tofsnk frnk j?.p[ZbQ/ Pkj
B/ fJ;dh ek|h tos'A ehsh j?.fJj w[bskBh T[gGkPk dh jh ftP/Psk j?.
pkpb to y/fVnk s'A N'b/, to wjKYk wfjzv/ gk; e[V/.
(gzBkL42,ek|hL53,;soL24)
3H4H1H1H2 T[Zswg[oy pj[tuB gVBKt
T[Zswg[oy pj[tuB ‘n;hA* dh EK s/ w[bskBh T[gGkPk ftu ‘n;K* gVBKt dh
tos'A ehsh iKdh j?. pj[tuB ;{ue gVBKt ‘n;K* d/ ;pzXeh o{g w[bskBh
T[gGkPk ftu n;kE'A, n;kv/, n;kvh nkfd pDd/ jB.

95
 n;K eIhJ/ sdkjh ikb/, idK eDe T[BQK NoxkJh.
(gzBkL8, ek|hL12,;soL10)
d{o d{o n;kE'A frT[A, nIbK s/ nk e/ pfj ofjT[A.
(gzBkL19, ek|hL31,;soL10)
nzwK pkp/ dh GfbnkJh, T[j j[D ezw n;kv/ nkJh.
(gzBkL8, ek|hL11,;soL7)
Bkb jkew d/ y/b n;kvh, i/ w?A whoh sK w?A ckvh.
(gzBkL108, ek|hL137,;soL12)
3H4H1H1H3 wZXw g[oy
w[bskBh T[gGkPk ftu wZXw g[oy fJetuB ;{ue gVBKt ‘s?A*, ‘s[X*, dh
tos'A ‘s{z* s/ok* dh tos'A dh EK s/ ehsh iKdh j?. ‘s?A *dk pj[tuB o{g ‘s[;K*
tofsnk iKdk j?. ‘s[;K* gVBKt s'A ;pzXeh o{g s[;kv/, s[;kvh nkfd pDkJ/ iKd/
jB.
fJj i'pB o{g tzzikJ/Arh,s?A ofjDk ftu ;z;ko Bjh,
(gzBkL1,ek|hL1,;soL22)
s[X pkM'A d{;ok fejVk j?, feT[A gkfJnk T[[bNk M/Vk j?.
(gzBkL46,ek|hL59,;soL27)
s[;K th j';h nZbk GkDk , Bh fwb bU ;j/bVhU.
( gzBkL21,ek|hL34,;soL19)
i' Gkb s[;kvh eodk j?, w'fJnK s'A nZr/ wodk j?.
( gzBkL30,ek|hL43,;soL)
3H4H1H2 gVBkthA fgS/soK dh tos'A
;z:'rksfwesk d/ gZy'A w[bskBh T[gGkPk ;kohnK T[gGkPktK s'A tZX
;z:'rksfwe p'bh j?. w[[bskBh T[gGkPk ftu gVBkthA fgS/soK dh tos'A
;z:'rksfwesk dk w[Zy bZSD j?. id fefonk PpdK Bkb fgS/so dh tos'A eoe/
gVBktK dk ezw fbnk iKdk j? sK T[; Bz{ gVBKthA fgS/so fejk iKdk j?. w[bskBh
T[gGkPk ftu gVBkthA fgS/soK dh tos'A nkw rZb j?. vkH joehos f;zx nB[;ko
“gVBkthA fgS/so ;G s'A tZX f;zXh ftu tos/ iKd/ jB. g[okDh w[bskBh ftu fJBQK
96
fgS/soK dh wksok pj[s ;h, ni/ sZe th fJj w[bskBh dh wjZstg{oB ftP/Psk
j?.@8 p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu gqkgs T[dkjoBK jB fit/AL
w[mhU;{ jho f;nkb, vkY/ ekwD gk e//,
w?A t?;K i'rh d/ Bkb, wZE/ fsbe brk e/.
(gzBkL112,ek|hL141,;soL1)
oj[ oj[ UJ/ fJPek wfonkJh. (gzBkL114,ek|hL146,;soL17)
T[go'es ;so ftu Ppd ‘w[fmU;{* tofsnk frnk j?, fi; dk Gkt j? T[;
d[nkok w[Zmh rJh. w[Zmh fefonk Bkb ‘U;{* fgS/so tofsnk frnk j?. i', nB:
g[oy gVBKt ns/ G{sekb dk ;{ue j?.fJ; soQK jh ‘wkfonkJh* ftu ‘wkfonk*
fefonk Bkb ‘Jh* fgS/so dh tos'A ‘s{z* gVBKt dk ;{ue j?. w[bskBh ftu
gVBKth fgS/soK dh tos'A dhnK T[dkjoBK r[opkDh ftu'A th gqkgs j[zdhnk jB.
vkHjoehos f;zx nB[;ko “r[o{ noiB d/t ih dh s[e j? “s/ok ehsk iks' Bkjh
w?B' i'r[ ehs'Jh]@ s[e d/ d{i/ fjZ;/ dk Gkt j?, “s{z w?B{z :'r pDkfJnk.@ J/E/
ehs' d/ fgZS/ bZrk ‘Jh* gVBKth fgS/so j?, feT[Afe fJj gVBKt ‘s{z dh EK s/
tofsnk frnk j?. i/ fJj fgS/so (^Jh ) Bk brkfJnk iKdk sK efjDk g?Dk ;h,
‘s{z w?B{z i'r ehsk* j[D id fJj fgS/so brkfJnk frnk j? sK ‘s{z BjhA nk
;edk.@9 p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk ftu th w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ gVBKth fgS/soK
dh tos'A pj[s ehsh rJh j? i' p[ZbQ/ d/ ekft T[Zgo w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ gqGkt B{[z
Ikfjo eodh j?.
3H4H1H3 tuB
w[bskBh T[gGkPk ftu ftnziB nzse fJ;sohfbzr BktK dk pj[tuB ‘JhA*
fgS/so brk e/ pDkfJnk iKdk j?.fit/A wZshA(wZsK),oks (okshA), wZMhA (wZMK), rzYhA
(rzYK) nkfd.
nkg fSV iKdk Bkb wZMhA d/, ;kB{z feT[A p/fbU w'Vhdk.
(gzBkL11,ekchL18,;soL3)
fBZs wZshA fdnK tbZbh Bz{, fJ; G'bh ewbh MZbh Bz{
( gzBkL40,ekchL52,;soL16)
nZyhA ftu'A oks bzxkthA, n"yh eoe/ ikB e[V/.
(gzBkL41,ekchL52,;soL11)
;?Ash rzYhA y'bQhnK w? wfjzdh bkJh. (gzBkL146,ekchL37,;soL4)

97
 p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu'A bJhnK T[go'es T[dkjoBK ftu wZMhA, wZshA, nZyhA
Ppd tos/ rJ/ jB i' w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ pj[tuB PpdK dh T[dkjoB jB. idfe
Ne;kbh gzikph ftu ‘^JhA*fgS/so d/ ;EkB s/ ‘^nK* fgS/so dh tos'A eoe/
pj[tuB pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. fit/A^ wZM^wZMK, nZy^nZyK nkfd.
Ne;kbh w[bskBh
fJetuB ^ pj[tuB pj[tuB
nZy ^ nZyK nZyhA
wZs ^ wZsK wZshA
oks ^ oksK okshA
wZM ^ wZMK wZMhA
pKj ^ pkjK pkjhA
rzY ^ rzYK rzYhA
3H4H1H4 ;jkfJe fefonk d/ o{g
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk ftu toswkB ekb ns/ G{sekb d/ ;jkfJe fefonk
o{gK T[Zgo w[bskBh T[gGkPk dk gqGkt gqkgs j[zdk j?, fi; dk nfXn?B^ftPb/PD
fJ; gqeko j?.
3H4H1H4H1 toswkB ekb d/ ;jkfJe fefonk o{g
w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ toswkB ekb d/ ;jkfJe o{g J/ (j?), Jh (j?), i/ (j?)
ns/ G{sekb d/ ;jkfJe fefonk o{g ;K (;h), ;{ (;h), jB. fJ; s'A fJj ;gPN
j[azdk j? fe n;h T[gGkPktK Bz[ e'Jh gZeh beho wko e/ tZy BjhA eo ;ed/.
fJbkfenK dhnk jZdK dk w/b T[gGkPktK Bz{ th obrZv eodk j?.
J/ (j?) L toswkB ekb Bzz{ gqrN eoB tkbk fJj ;jkfJe fefonk dk o{g p[ZbQ/ Pkj
d/ ekft ftu ;G s'A tX/o/ tofsnk frnk j?.
fJZe o'I ijkB'A ikDk J/ ik epo/ ftu ;wkDk J/
(gzBkL1, ek|hL1, ;soL3)
Jh (j?) L nk ;ZiD rb bZr n;kv/, e/jk M/Vk bkfJU Jh.
(gzBkL9, ek|hL15, ;soL16)

98
i/^(j?) L PkB pI[orh d/ ;zr Jhjk, vcVh y{p tikJh i/.
eh eodk p/gotkjh i/. (gzBkL46, ek|hL58, ;soL8^9)
3H4H1H4H2 G{sekb d/ ;jkfJe fefonk o{g
;K^ (;h) L T[; dhnk i[Zshnk yKdh ;K, Bh e[Nhub w/ok BK.
(gzBkL74,ek|hL91,;soL22)
;{L fdb w/o/ ftu nkfJnk ;{ nk;k, t/yK d/;h ed'A fdbk;k.
( gzBkL153,ek|hL18,;soL9)
3H4H1H5 feodzs
“feodzs fefonk d/ T[; o{g Bz{ efjzd/ jB i' fefonk d/ pikJ/ fe;/ j'o
Ppd Pq/Dh ti'A tofsnk ikt/.@9
3H4H1H5H1 toswkB feodzs
toswkB feodzs ti'A th p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh GkPk w[bskBh T[gGkPk dk ekch gqGkt
ep{bdh j?.w[bskBh ns/ Ne;kbh gzikph d'jK ftu jh toswkB feodzs $d$ Bkb
pDdk j?.go fiZE/ n;hA ‘eodk*, fbydk* o{gK dh tos'A eod/ jK, w[bskBh ftu
Ppd d/ nzfsw ftnziBK s'A gfjbk ‘^J/* ;_o Bkb nB[Bkf;e dh tos'A ehsh iKdh
j?. fit/AL eo/Adk, fby/Adk
uo\k s/ok ozr ozrhbk, oh; eo/Adk ;G ephbk,
(gzBkL50,ekchL52,;soL3)
fes/ w[ZbkA j' p[b/Ad/ j', fes/ ;[zBs |oI d;/Ad/ j',
(gzBkL30,ekchL43,;soL8)
;kjto/ ;kB{z tVB Bk d/Ad/, BkBe dkde xo'A eY/Ad//.
(gzBkL75,ekchL91,;soL2)
3H4H1H5H2 G{s feozds
G{s feodzs pDkT[D bJh w[bskBh ftu $sk$ ns/ $mk$ dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j?
i' gqkuhB gqkfeqs o{g jB.fJ; gZy s'A w[bskBh T[gGkPk, pkeh T[gGkPktK d/
w[ekpb/ gqkfeqs GkPk d/ tX/o/ B/V/ j?.Ne;kbh gzikph ftu G{s feodzs dk o{g
$fJnk$ nzfse j?.vkH joehos f;zx nB[;ko “go w[bskBh ftu ni/ pj[s ;ko/

99
gqkfeqs tkb/ G{s feozds th gqufbs jB.fit/A ewZsk (ewkfJnk), GzB (GZfink)
fbZsk (fbzfpnk), t[Zmk (tfonk) nkfd.@10

Ne;kbh w[bskBh
gSkfDnk gSksk
d/fynk fvZmk
ikfDnk iksk
w'fjnk w[Zmk.
e'fjnk e[Zmk
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dhnk ek|hnK dhnK j/mbhnK ;soK w[bskBh G{s feodzsK
dh tos'A dh rtkjh GodhnK jB.T[dkjoB ti'AL
fJ; i'rh B{z \{p gSksk, b'eK w?B{z ewbh iksk.
(gzBkL119,ek|hL141,;soL17)
s"o wfjp{p dk fiBQK fvZmk,
fsBQK d{Jh soc'A w[y w'fVnk Jh. (gzBkL131,;hjo|hLd{ih,;soL19)
nkPe d'jhA ijkBhA w[Zm/, BkI wP{eK d/ T[j e[Zm/.
(gzBkL118,ek|hL149,;soL14)
3H4H1H6 GftZy ekb dk o{g
GftZy ekb dh fefonk dk o{g w[bskBh T[gGkPk ftu j'oBK
T[gGkPktK s'A fpbe[b tZyok j?. JhHUHpokfJB nB[;ko “wkMh T[gGkPk iK wbtJh
T[gGkPk ftu GftZy ekb dh fefonk ‘rk,r/,rh* nzfse Bkb pDdh j?, w[bskBh ftu
fJ; dk o{g ‘;k, ;/, ;h* j?.@11
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dhnk ouBktK ftu w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ GftZy fefonk o{g ;kc
Mbed/ jB. ekft^ouBk ftu'A gqkgs T[dkjoBK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
S'V w;hs s/ geV feBkok, s/oh S[ZN;h ikB nIkp'A.
(gzBkL150,d'jV/L37, ;soL10)
fijVk ig Bk eo;h jIos M{mk oj/ dopko'A.
(gzBkL126,;hjo|hLgfjbh,;soL7)

100
 T[j \kbh J/ ;[zR jt/bh, s{z ftu ofj;/A fJZe fJe/bh,
T[E/ j';h j'o Bk p/bh, ;kE fe;/ dk pko BjhA.
(gzBkL2,ek|hL1,;soL7^8)
3H4H1H7 fefonk ftP/PD
p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu tZs (fco), eheo (fet/A), Mp^Mp (S/sh^S/sh),
T[oko'A^gko' (T[ob/ gko tkb/ gk;/ s'A), fiuo (fizBQK fuo, id sZe), feuoe (fezBQK
fuo), nkfd w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ fefonk ftP/PD gqkgs j[zd/ jB. p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft
ftu'A gqkgs T[dkjoBK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
tZsL tZs Bk eo;K wkD ozM/N/ :ko dk t/ nfVnk.
(gzBkL9,ek|hL15,;soL16)
eheoL eheo b?Dk T[; dzw e[V/, id xo nkJ// wfjwkB e[V/.
(gzBkL120,ek|hL152,;soL12)
Mp Mp L nZi xo ftu BthA egkj e[V/, s{z Mp Mp t/bDk vkj e[V/.
(gzBkL41,ek|hL52,;soL1)
UVe L ubDk Bph ;kfjp d/ ;oBk, UVe ik fj;kp eokt/.
(gzBkL125,ek|hL1,;soL2)
T[oko'A^gko'AL S[ZN gJh T[oko'A gko'A, Bk p/Vh Bk B?A.
(gzBkL102,ek|hL129,;soL21)
fiuoL fiuo Bk fJPe wikih bkr/, ;{Jh ;ht/ Bk fpB Xkr/.
(gzBkL58,ek|hL73,;soL23)
feuoeL fJ; d[Zy ;/ feuoe Gkr/Ark, oj/A ;[Zsk ed s{z ikr/Ark.
(gzBkL63,ek|hL77,;soL16)
3H4H1H8 ekoe
ekoe d/ gZy s'A p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ ekoeK ‘e{z
ns/ ‘EhA* dh tos'A ehsh rJh j?.Ne;kbh gzikph ftu eqwtko T[go'es ekoeK d/
;EkBK s/ ‘B{z ns/ ‘s'A* ekoeK dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j?. JhHUHpokJhB
nB[;ko,‘‘w[bskBh GkPk ftu eow ekoe ns/ ;zgqdkB ekoeK bJh ‘e{z, eoB ekoe

101
ns/ ngkdkB ekoe bJh ‘EhA*, dh tos'A j[zdh j?.@12 w[bskBh T[gGkPk d/ ekoeK*
dh w"i{drh p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ouBk ftubhnK ;soK s'A ;gPN Ikfjo j[zdh j?L
J/; ftjV/ ftu weBk jkEh,;zrb Bkb ej/V/.
p[ZbQ/ Pkj |eho ;kJhA dk,ikrfdnk e{z S/V/.
(gzBkL51,ekchL63,;soL4)
j[D fe; EhA nkg S[gkJhdk.
p[ZbQk Pkj Bk s[M EhA e[M pkjo,s/ok Gow s?B{z GowKtdk J/.
(gzBkL128,;jho|hLd{ih,;soL4)
3H4H2 g'm'jkoh T[gGkPk d/ ;zdoG ftu ftnkeoBe ftPb/PD
g'm'jkoh gZSwh gzikp dh T[gGkPk j?. g'm'jkoh gkfe;skB d/ fijbw s/
oktbfgzvh d/ fIfbQnK ftu p'bh iKdh j?. vkH doPB f;zx nB[;ko “g'm'jko ftu
p'bh ikD tkbh p'bh B{z g'm'jkoh nkfynk iKdk j?. ns/ fJj T[Zso d/ gjkVh fJbke/
s'A f;tk ;ko/ fIbQk oktbfgzvh ftu p'bh iKdh j?.@13 g'm'jkoh T[gGkPk d/ fefonk
o{gK dh tos' p[ZbQ/ Pkj dhnk e[M ekchnK ftu gqkgs j[zdh j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft
ftu toswkB ;jkfJe fefonk T[Zgo g'm'jkoh T[gGkPk dk gqGkt eJh EktK s/ d/yD
B{z fwbdk j?.
3H4H2H1 toswkB feozds
g'm'jkoh T[gGkPk ftu toswkB feodzs $B$ Bkb pDdk j?. vkH doPB f;zx
d/ nB[;ko “g'm'jkoh T[gGkPk ftu toswkB feodzs ftu Xks{ B{z ‘Bk* :k ‘Bh*
i'fVnk iKdk j?.@14 p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu g'm'jkoh T[gGkPk d/ toswkB feqdzs
dhnK T[dkjoBK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jB.
fBZs wZshA d/Adh wK Xhnk, feUA fcoBh J/A n?t/A nk Xhnk,
(gzBkL30,ek|hL52,;soL20)
w? d;BK s[;hA geV fbnkT[ p[ZbQ/ Pkj dk u'o.
(gzBkL99,ek|hL123,;soL16)
nKtfdnK s'A w?A ;deV/ jK, ihw iKfdnK s'A f;o tkoBh jK.
(gzBkL135,;hjochLshih,;soL10)

102
3H4H2H2 G{sekb ;jkfJe fefonk
nkjk^(;h) L jkphb ekphb nkdw d/ ikJ/,nkdw fe; dk ikfJnk.
p[ZbQk T[BQK s'A Gh nZr/ nkjk, dkdk r'd fyvkfJnk.
(gzBkL65,ek|hL79,;soL2)
nkjh^(;h) L s'J/^sbp dhdko dh nkjh,ehsk eow ;Zsko,
(gzBkL125,;hjochLgfjbh,;soL24)
3H4H3H fjzdth GkPk tzBrhnK d/ ;zdoG ftu ftnkeoBe ftPb/PD
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk ftu fjzdth GkPktK d/ ftnkeoBe nzPK dh Gowko
j?. eth d[nkok ekft ;soK ftu fjzdth GkPktK Bkb ;pzXs PpdK B{z gzikph
T[gGkPktK d/ tkeK ftu fJ; ;[uZi/ sohe/ Bkb gq:'r ehsk frnk j? fe gfjbh BIo/
gsk jh BjhA ubdk fe n;hA pqi, ntXh iK yVh p'bh d/ Ppd gVQ oj/ jK. p[ZbQ/
Pkj B/ nkgDh ekft ftu fjzdth GkPktK dh obh^fwbh tzBrh dh tos'A ehsh j?.
p[ZbQ/ d/ ekft ftu fjzdth GkPktK pqi, yVh p'bh, ntXh d/ o{g gqkgs j[zd/ jB go
fJBQK ftu'A pqi dk gqGkt T[ZxVtK j?, p[ZbQ/ Pkj gzikph ;{|h eth jB, T[BQK dh
ekft^ouBk s/ fjzzdth GkPkJh tzBrhnK dk th \k;k gqGkt j?. fJ;d/ eJh ekoB j'
;ed/ jB. gfjbh rZb eth wB dh j?. GktK d/ nkt/P ftu eth wB fe;/ GkPk
T[gGkPk dh jZdpzdh BjhA t/ydk. fiZE'A sZe T[; dk GkPkJh frnkB j?, fynkbK dh
g/Pekoh bJh T[j fpBQK G/d^Gkt tos b?Adk j?. d{ik tZvk ekoB ;wekbh GkPkJh
;fEsh, ;wekbh eth, ns/ p[ZbQ/ Pkj s/ ;wekbh Xkofwe, ;wkfie gqGkt jB. jo
fJZe b/ye T[Zgo T[; d/ ;wekbh ns/ T[; s'A gfjbK j' u[ZehnK wjkB Py;hnsK dk
gqGkt Io{o j[zdk j?. pZ[bQ/ Pkj gzikph d/ eth jB. fjzdth GkPktK dh GkPkJh ;fEsh
t/yhJ/ sK p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ;w/A pqi T[gGkPk ;kfjse GkPk dh gdth s/ fpokiwkB j?.
pqi T[gGkPk wE[ok, nkrok, nbhrVQ, ns/ X"bg[o nkfd y/soK ftu p'bh
iKdh j?. vkH Xho/Ado towk nB[;ko, ^^e/;dky esa 16oha 'krkCnh ls 17oha 'krkCnh
rd dk fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl okLro esa czt lkfgR; dk bfrgkl gSA lwjnkl
¼jpukdky 1530 bZ-½ cztHkk"kk ds loZizFke rFkk iz/kku dfo gSA lwjnkl dh
vf/kdka'k jpuk,a] eq[;r Ñ".kk yhyk laca/kh in gSaAß15
;pzXs eEB s'A d' rZbK ;kfps j' iKdhnK jB. gfjbh fJj fe p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/
;w/A fjzdh gqd/P dh GkPk s/ pqi GkPk dk nfXeko j?. d{ih rZb ;{odk; i' pqi d/
103
wPj{o eth jB, T[BQK dh ouBk dk ftPk feqPB bhbk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj dhnK ekchnK
ftu ;wekbh Xkofwe, ;wkfie gqGktK B{z t/yhJ/ sK T[j nkgD/ ekft ftu feqPB
bhbk, :'rws, ns/ gzikph ;wki ftu'A jho^oKM/ d/ jtkfbnK B{z gqsheK d/ s"o s/
tosd/ jB fit/L
pz;h ekjB nuoi pikJh. (gzBkL84,ekchL105,;soL3)
gZshnK fbyz{rh Pkw B{z, w?B{z ghnk BIo Bk nkt/.
(gzBkL77,ekchL94,;soL15)
nkg/ w[obh ng xBJhnk, nkg/ ikd{okJh.
(gzBkL56,ekchL69,;soL10)
fpzdokpB w/A rT{nK uokt/, bzek uVQ e/ Bkd tikt/.
(gzBkL30,ekchL43,;soL20)
rb fworkBh ;h; yZgohnk, doPB eh Ghy wzrD ufVQnk.
i'rB Bkw p{jbs Xfonk, nzr fpG{s owkfJT[ o/.
(gzBkL10,ekchL17,;soL16^17)
T[go'es ekft ;soK p[ZbQ/ Pkj T[Zgo fjzd{ws d/ nzs ors feqPB dh
gq/w^Grsh ns/ :'rws d/ gqGkt B{z ;gPN eodhnK jB. fJj ;koh ftuko uouk
p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu pqi GkPk d/ GkPkJh nzPK dh j'Ad ns/ fJ; d/ ekoBK Bz{
;gPN eodh j?.
fjzdth dh d{ih tzBrh yVh p'bh j?. fi;d/ T[gGkPkJh nzP p[ZbQ/ Pkj
dh GkPk ftu'A fdqPNhr'uo j[zd/ jB.yVh p'bh dh m/m Ppdktbh dh T[dkjoB fJ;
gqeko j?L
eh phth eh pKdh b"Avh eh X'pD Gfmnkoh,
(gzBkL1120,ekchL151,;soL4)
T[go'es ;soK ftu ‘phth, pKdh ns/ b"Avh* Ppd tos/ rJ/ jB. ‘b"Avh*
Ppd bVeh bJh ni'eh yVh p'bh ftu tofsnk iKdk j?. ni'eh fjzdh dh T[gGkPk
pqi ftu fJ; bJh ‘S'oh* ns/ p[zd/bh jfonkDth ftu ‘S'joh* ns/ p[zd/bh ftu
‘boeh* fwbdk j?.fJ; soQK fJj Ppd yVh p'bh dh ftP/Psk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft
ftu yVh p'bh d/ T[gGkPkJh nzPK d/ gqGkt d/ eJh ekoB j' ;ed/ jB. GkPkJh jZdK

104
d/ gZy s'A yVh p'bh dhnK jZdK gzikph Bkb fwbdhnK jB i' GkPktK d/ nkg;h gqGkt
dk ekoB pDdhnK jB. d{ih rZb w[;fbw jwbkto Gkos ftu gzikp d/ o;fsUA
dk\b j[zd/ jB ns/ gzikp s'A j[zd/ j'J/ fdZbh ftu ;Ekfgs j[zd/ jB. w[;fbw b'eK dk
gfjbk tkj gzikph fJbke/ Bkb g?Adk j? ns/ d{;ok yVh p'bh d/ fJbke/ Bkb. fJ;
soQK T[; ;w/A d/ w[;fbw PkPeK iK b'eK d[nkok i' p'bh tosh iKdh ;h T[j |ko;h,
gzikph, yVh p'bh, pqi nkfd fwbh^i[bh GkPk ;h. yVh p'bh dk y/so vkH G'bk BkE
fstkoh nB[;ko, ^^[kM+h cksyh uke dk iz;ksx vkt nks vFkks± esa py jgk gS% ¼d½
fnYYkh esjB ds vkl&ikl dh tu&Hkk"kk] ftls jkgqy th vkfn us dkSjoh dgk
gSA Mk- lqfufrdqekj pVthZ bls tuinh; fgUnksLrkuh dgrs gSaA fxz;lZu us
oukZD;qyj fganqLrkuh dgk gSA bl :i esa [kM+h cksyh jkeiqj] eqjknckn fctukSj]
esjB] eqt+¶Q+juxj] lgkjuiqj] nsgjknwu dk eSnkuh Hkkx] vackyk] dfYl;k vkSj
ifV;kyk ds iwohZ Hkkx esa iz;qä gksrh gS] vkSj bldk {ks= iatkch] ckax:] czt vkSj
igkM+h Hkk"kkvksa ds chp esa iM+rk gSA**16
T[go'es ftuko uouk p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ;w/A fjzdth GkPktK dh GkPkJh ;fEsh,
y/so ns/ p[ZbQ/ d/ ekft T[Zgo ;pzXs T[gGkPktK d/ gqGktK d/ ekoB ;gPN eodh
j?.p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu gqkgs pqi, yVh p'bh, ntXh d/ T[gGkPkJh nzPK dk
ftPb/PD j/m fby/ nB[;ko j?.
3H4H3H1 gVBKt
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ouBk ftu fjzdth GkPktK d/ g[oytkue gVBKt ekch wksok
ftu gqkgs j[zd/ jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk fBitkue gVBKtK dhnK th e[ZM T[dkjoBK
gqkgs jB. ouBk ftu gqkgs gVBKt o{g j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
3H4H3H1H1 pqi GkPk Bkb ;pzXs gVBKt
T[Zsw g[oytkue gVBKt jw, jwkok, jwkoh, w'fj, w'j/, w'jh
wZXw g[oytkue gVBKt s[w
nB: g[oytkue gVBKt t'j
fBitkue gVBKt nkg, ngBk

T[go'es do;kJ/ rJ/ gVBKt o{g fjzdth GkPk tzBrh pqi Bkb ;zpX oZyd/
105
jB. ouBk ftu'A gqkgs T[dkjoBK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
jwL np jw r[zw j[J/ gq/w Bro e/ Pfjo
(gzBkL6,ekchL8,;soL24)
jwkok L w/o/ xo nkfJnk ghnk jwkok.
(gzBkL98,ekchL121,;soL1)
jwohL jfo e/ dtko/ fGZy p;/,
jwoh fJj gqshs
(gzBkL14,d'jV/L24,;soL8^9)
w'jh, w'j/ L eos fcos fBZs w'jh o/ w'jh.
e'D eo/ w'j/ ;/ fdbi'Jh.
(gzBkL6,ekchL7,;soL13^14)
t'j L x[zxN w/A t'j S[g frnk,
w[Zy go nKub vko.
(gzBkL147,ekchL1,;soL2)
nkge'L w?A |kBh nkg e' d{o eoK,
s?A pkeh nkg ji{o eoK.
(gzBkL138,ekchL50,;soL6)
ngBk L y[dh y'Jh ngBk gd uhsk,
sp j'Jh rZb y?o.
(gzBkL6,ekchL7,;soL28)
3H4H3H1H2 yVh p'bh Bkb ;pzXs gVBKt
T[Zsw g[oytkue gVBKt w[M/,w[Mw/
wZXw g[oytkue gVBKt s[M/
w[M/
T[Zswg[oy ;pzXtkue gVBKt ‘w[M/* fjzdth GkPk tzBrh ‘yVh p'bh* Bkb ;pzX
oZydk j?. vkH Xho/Ado towk nB[;ko, ß[kM+h cksyh rFkk ckax# esa eqÖ] eq>;k e>
rFkk efT+o'ks"k #i gSa tks bUgha cksyh;ksa esa feyrs gSaA** 17 p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu yVh

106
p'bh Bkb ;pzXs gVBKtK dhnK T[dkjoBK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
w[M/L w[M/ ghnk ek do; fwnkoki j'fJnk,
bZrk fJPe sK fJj r[D rkfJnk J/,
(gzBkL106,ekchL132,;soL11)
nkg/ j'ek d/ ;[DkfJnk J/,
w[M w/A G/s Bk ekJh J/.
(gzBkL55,ekchL66,;soL1)
s[M/L s[M/ ;[Mdk ukBDk n"o nzXkok.
(gzBkL128,;fjochLd{ih,;soL28)
3H4H3H1H3 ntXh GkPk Bkb ;pzXs gVBKt

T[Zsw g[oytkue gVBKt w'ok

fjzdth dh GkPk tzBrh ntXh Bkb ;zpXs T[Zswg[oy ;pzXtkue gVBKt

‘w''ok* dh T[dkjoB th p[b
Z Q/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu gqkgs j?. vkH jod/t pkjoh nB[;ko,
ßvo/kh esa mre iq#"k ,dopu ds :i eSa] eb¡( fr;ZDeks( laca/k eksj gSaA**18 ekft^ouBk ftu'A
gqkgs T[dkjoB j/m fby/ nB[;ko j?L
T[; ghnk ;/ w'ok ihnk j?,
ghnk ghnk ;/ ob fwb ikUr/.
(gzBkL38,ekchL50,;soL6)
ntXh T[gGkPk nekoKs T[gGkPk j?. pqi UekoKs T[gGkPk j?. yVh p'bh
ns/ gzikph d't/A jh nkekoKs T[gGkPktK jB. gzikph ftu fit/L w/ok, w[zvk, nkfd
^nk nzse Ppd jB. p[ZbQ/ Pkj B/ ntXh gVBKt ‘w'o* Bz{ gzikph GkPk iK yVh p'bh
d/ tIB s/ ‘w'ok* gq:'r ehsk j?.
3H4H3H2 tuB
tuB d/ gZy s'A p[ZbQ/ Pkj B/ pqi GkPk d/ pj[tuB o{gK dh tos'A nkgD/ ekft
ftu ehsh j?. pqi GkPk ftu pj[tuB pDkT[D bJh BKt PpdK d/ nzs ftu $B$ dh
^^izkphu czt esa ^u* tksM+ dj foÑr
tos'A j[zdh j?. vkH Xho/Ado towk nB[;ko,
:i cgqopu cuk;k tkrk gSA vkSj lk/kkj.kr;k iwoZ dk Loj nh?kZ gksus ij âlo
107
rFkk âlo gksus ij nh?kZ gks tkrk gSA**19 p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu'A gqkgs T[dkjoBK
fJ; eEB dh rtkjh GodhnK jBL
jo vkbh c[Zb gZshnK rb c{bB d/ jko.
(gzBkL156,pkokwKj,;soL19)
;pzXs T[dkjoBK ftu pqi GkPk dk ‘c{bB* Ppd j? i' ‘c{b* Ppd dk
pj[tuB o{g j?. fJ; dh s[bBk ftu gzikph GkPk ftu BKt iK ftP/PD PpdK d/
nzs ftu $nk$ Bkb Bkf;esk dh tos'A ehsh iKdh j? fit/AL
GkPk ^ fJetuB ^ pj[tuB
gzikph GkPk ^ c[Zb ^ c[ZbK
pqi GkPk ^ c{b ^ c{bB
3H4H3H3 G{s feozds
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk ftu G{s feodzsK dh tos'A ek|h wksok ftu ehsh
iKdh j?. fjzdth GkPk ftu G{s feodzsK ‘fJnk* iK ‘nk* nzse Bkb pDdk j?. pqi
GkPk ftu fJ;d/ o{g^U nzse pDd/ jB.
w?A ikrh ;G ;'fJnk j?,
y[Zbh gbe s/ T[Zm e/ o'fJnk j?,
(gzBkL38,ekchL50,;soL11)
f;o w\|h dk fi; dw p'bk,
x[zxN ngB/ w{zj ;/ y'bk.
(gzBkL46,ekchL58,;soL4)
p[[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu gqkgs pqi GkPk d/ G{s feodzs dh T[dkjoB j/m fby/
nB[;ko jBL
fe; w'jB wB w'j bhnk i' gZEo ehB' uhs.
(gzBkL156,pkokwKj,;soL4)
3H4H3H4 toswkB feodzs
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk ftu fjzdth GkPktK d/ toswkB feodzs o{gK dh th
tos'A th gqkgs j?. fjzdth GkPk ftu toswkB feodzs $s$ nzse pDdk j? fit/L
‘eosk*, eos/* nkfd idfe gzikph ftu $d$ nzse j[zdk j? fit/L ‘eodk, eod/*

108
nkfd. p[ZbQ/ Pkj d[nkok fjzdth GkPk tzBrhnK pqi ns/ yVh p'bh d/ toswkB
feodzs tos/ rJ/ jB. T[gGkPkJh gZXo s/ fJBQK d'jK T[gGkPktK dh toswkB
feodzs ouBk ftu th fGzBsk gqkgs j[zdh j?. vkH Xho/Ado towk nB[;ko, ßizkphu
czt esa iqfYyax rFkk L=hfyax nksuksa esa orZekudkfyd ÑnUr ds #i O;atukUr
/kkrqvksa esa & vr yxk dj cuk, tkrs gSa] tSls ^lsor* rFkk LokjkUr /kkrqvksa esa
&r yxk dj cuk, tkrs gSa] tSls &tkr] [kkrA [kM+h cksyh esa iatkch dh Hkk¡fr&
rk #i izpfyr gSA**20 p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu gqkgs pqi T[gGkPk Bkb ;zpXs
toswkB feodzs dh T[dkjoB j/m fby/ nB[;ko j?L
eos fcos fBZs w'jh o/ w'jh.
(gzBkL14,ekchL24,;soL8)
p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu gqkgs yVh p'bh Bkb ;pzXs toswkB feodzs dhnK
T[dkjoBK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
fes/ nks/ j?A fes/ iks/ j?A,
j[D w?E'A G[Zb Bk ikJhdk.
(gzBkL86, ekchL108,;soL14)
fJPe p/skb gVQksk j?.
(gzBkL59, ekchL73,;soL8)
fJBe' jh fwbsk j? t'j i' fJ;e/ whs.
(gzBkL147,d'jVkL2,;soL4)
3H4H3H5 GftZy ekb ;{ue fefonk nzse
fjzdth GkPktK ftu th GftZy ekb dh ;{uBk bJh fefonk PpdK Bkb
$rk,r/,rh,$ nzse brkfJnk iKdk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu fjzdh GkPk d/ GftZy
ekb ;{ue fefonk PpdK dh tos'A Gog{o o{g ftu ehsh rJh j?. fit/AL gV{zrh,
eo{azrh, p[bkUr/, pskT[r/ nkfd. ekft^ouBk ftu'A gqkgs T[dkjoBK j/m fby/
nB[;ko jBL
T[; ghnk ;/ w'ok ihnk j?,
ghnk ghnk ;/ ob fwb ikT[r/.

109
 (gzBkL38,ekchL50,;soL6)
dhB d[Bh fe; dh ihJ/rk,
w[M/ nkgDk do; pskUr/.
(gzBkL38,ekchL50,;soL27)

jkE i'V eo gkUA gVz{rh,

nkfiI j' eo p/Bsh eoz{rh.
(gzBkL34,ekchL45,;soL10)
3H4H3H6 fefonk ftP/PD
fefonk dh ftP/Psk dZ;D tkbh nftekoh Ppd P/Dh fefonk ftP/PD
nytkT[Adh j?. fJ; s'A fpBQK fefonk ftP/PD T[j nt: j? i' fefonk, ftP/PD,
fefonk ftP/PD ns/ tkezP dh ftP/Psk dk frnkB eotkT[Adk j?. fefonk ftP/PD
dhnK eJh fe;wK jB fit/AL ;EkB ;{ue, ;wK ;{ue, fdPk ;{ue, ftXh tkue,
frDsh tkue, wksok tkue, eqw p'Xe, ekoB p'Xe, fBPu/ p'Xe nkfd. p[ZbQ/ Pkj
d[nkok fjzdth GkPktK d/ ek|h fefonk ftP/PDK dh tos'A ehsh rJh j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj
d[nkok fjzdth dh pqi GkPk d/ ;EkB ;{ue ns/ ;wK ;{ue fefonk ftP/PDK dh
tos'A ehsh rJh j?. vkHXho/Ado towk d/ nB[;ko, ^^fuEufyf[kr dkyokpd
fØ;kfo'ks"k.k vk/kqfud rFkk izkphu nksuksa czt Hkk"kkvksa esa vf/kd iz;qä gksrs gSa% vc]
vkxs vkxS] vkt] vktq] tc] tkSykSa] Qsj] fQfj] ihNs] ikNs] rc] rkSA fuEufyf[kr
LFkkuokpd fØ;kfo'ks"k.k #i fo'ks"kr;k izkphu czt esa feyrs gSa% vuq] br] ftr]
fdr] frr] mr] fudV] lkeqgsA**21
3H4H3H6H1 ;EkB ;{ue fefonk ftP/PD
i' ;EkB dk p'X eotkJ/, ;EkB ;{ue fefonk ftP/PD nytkT[Adk j?. p[ZbQ/
Pkj d/ ekft ftu'A gqkgs T[dkjoBK fJ; gqeko jBL
fes L B//V/ tZ;/ EK Bk dZ;/A Y{zvK fes tZb ikjhA,
(gzBkL44,ekchL55,;soL3)

fes fpX L sZefbUA szd eZY b[jkok,

110
 szd ub/Adk BkjhA,
xVh xVh fJj M'b yKdk,
SZbh fes fpX bkjt/.
(gzBkL28,ekchL40,;soL8)
fis, T[s L fis tZb t/yK T[s tZb Uj',
jo dh ;zrs eodk.
(gzBkL45,ekchL47,;soL15)
3H4H3H6H2 ;wK ;{ue fefonk ftP/PD
i' tke ftu ;w/A dk p'X eotkJ/, ;wK ;{ue fefonk ftP/PD nytkT[Adk j?.
p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu'A gqkgs T[dkjoBK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
ipL ip i'rh s[w t;b eo'r/,
pKr ej? Gkt?A Bkd tikt/.
(gzBkL13,ekchL23,;soL23)
sp L ip dko T[Zgo f;o tko/rk,
sp fgZS/ Y'b tikT[r/.
(gzBkL38,ekchL50,;soL21)
ws L fco w'J/ Gh T[; s'A vohJ/,
ws w'fJnk Bz{ geV wzrkt/.
np L ghnk ghnk eos/ jwhA ghnk j'J/,
np ghnk fe; Bz{ ejhJ/.
(gzBkL79,ekchL98,;soL7)
3H4H3H7 ekoeh go;or
ekoe fJZe wjZstg{oB ftnkeoBe P/qDh j?. ekoe d[nkok tke pDso ftu
ftuoB tkb/ sZsK d/ tkekswe ;pzXK dk p'X gqkgs j[zdk j?. vkH p{Nk f;zx pokV d/
nB[;ko, “ekoe fJZe ;pzXtkuh ftnkeoBe ;ezbg j? fi;dk nXko GkPk dh tke
;ozuBk nzdob/ tkekofEe ;pzX jB.@22 ekoeh ;pzXK Bz{ gqrN eoB tkb/ ;jkfJe
PpdK B{z ‘go;or* iK ‘;pzXe* fejk iKdk j?.
p[ZbQ/ Pkj d[nkok ;'A, e', e/, eh, w/A, go nkfde pqi GkPk d/ go;orK dh
111
tos'A ehsh rJh j?.
3H4H3H7H1 pqi GkPk Bkb ;pzXs ekoeh go;or
eoB ekoe ;/
eow ekoe e'
;pzX ekoe ek, e/, eh,
nfXeoB ekoe w/A, go

fJPe eh s/r ;/ w{Jh,

BjhA t'j Iks eh d{Jh. (gzBkL22,ekchL35,;soL10)

jko fPrko e' nkr brkT{A

xN T[Zgo YKv wukfJT[ o/. (gzBkL5,ekchL5,;soL4)

fJ; g/qw Bro e/ xo ;"A,

wB nNfeT[ Pkw ;[zdo ;"A. (gzBkL93,ekchL117,;soL7^8)

frnkB ek sZebk, fXnkB ek uoyk,

T[bNk c/o G[tkJ/. (gzBkL3,ekchL3,;soL18)

;[D e/ frnkB eh n?;h pksK

Bkw fBPkB ;Gh nDxksK, (gzBkL5,ekchL6,;soL7)

ekoB gqhs whs pD nkfJnk,

whw dk x[zxN w[Zy go gkfJnk. (gzBkL10,ekchL17,;soL10)

n?;k wB w/A nkfJU o/,

d[Zy ;[Zy ;G tzRkfJT[ o/. (gzBkL10,ekchL17,;soL11)
3H4H3H7H2 yVh p'bh ns/ ntXh GkPk Bkb ;pzXs ekoeh go;or
;/sh, ;zr, phu go;orK dk gq:'r th fwbdk j?. ‘;/sh* ekoe ‘Bkb* d/
noE fdzdk j? fit/AL T[; Bkb nkfd. fJj ekoe vkH jod/t pkjoh nB[;ko fjzdh

112
T[gGkPktK yVh p'bh ns/ ntXh ftu gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.23
p[ZbQk P"j ;zr gqhs brkJh. (gzBkL6,ekchL6,;soL6)
jo xN xN phu ;wkfJnk J//. (gzBkL106,ekchL133,;soL2)

nwbK ;/sh j'D fBp/V/, Bph bzxkt/ gko.

(gzBkL120,ekchL151,;soL5)
3H4H3H8 w{v$ wB'dPk
w{v$ftqsh$wB'dPk fJZe ftnkeoBe Pq/Dh j?. vkHp{Nk f;zx pokV d/ nB[;ko,
“wB'dPk iK wB';fEsh dk ;pzX tesk (eosk) d/ wB'Gkt Bkb j?. GkPk dk jo/e
tke gq;zrkoEh j[zdk j?. gq;zr jh tesk dh wB'dPk B{z fBoXkos eodk j?. tes/ dh
wB'dPk nB[;ko tke fpnkBkoEh, ;zGktBkoEh w{v$ftqsh$ nkfrnkoEh, ;zd/joEh,
fJSkoEh iK PosnoEh j[zd/ jB. gZXo GkPkJh s/ fJBQK nt;EktK dh ikDekoh
ftfGzB fefonkth o{gK d[nkok ;keko j[zdh j?.@24 p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu fJ; gZy s'A
fjzdth nkfrnkoEh ns/ ;zGktBkoEh fefonkth Ppd o{g gqkgs j[zd/ jB.
3H4H3H8H1 nkfrnktkue wB'dPk
fJ; wB'dPk iK ftqsh s' nkfrnk, u/sktBh, p/Bsh nkfd dk p'X j[zdk j?.
p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu fJ; gZy'A th pqi ns/ yVh p'bh d'tK d/ nkfrnkoEe o{g
gqkgs jB.
3H4H3H8H1H1 yVh p'bh d/ nkfrnkoEe feqnkth o{g
yVh p'bh ftu nkfrnkoEh feqnkth PpdK ftu Xks{ Bkb^ JhJ/, ^JhJ/rk,
^ihJ/rk, ^Jhi', ^Bk nkfd gqs: bZrd/ jB. ouBk ftu'A gqkgs T[dkjoBK fJ;
gqeko jBL
Peozih e' fenk ehihJ/rk,
wB GkDk ;"dk bhihJ/rk. (gzBkL38,ekchL50,;soL26)

;[\B fsBjK d/ nkp/^j:ks ghi/.

(gzBkL129,;hojchLd{ih,;soL19)
fIeo n"o f|eo e' S'V dhi/.

113
 (gzBkL131,;hojchLd{ih,;soL11)
3H4H3H8H1H2 pqi GkPk d/ nkfrnkoEh feqnkth o{g
pqi GkPk d/ nkfrnkoEh feqnkth PpdK d/ nzs ftu$U$ dk T[ukoB pqi GkPk
dh gSkD j?. fjzdh dh pqi GkPk ‘U* nzse T[gGkPk wzBh iKdh j?. vkH Xho/Ado
towk nB[;ko, ^^fof'"Vrk vkSj igpku dh fnz~"kV ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd vo/kh
vdkjkUr ¼vFkok O;atukUr½ iz/kku gS] tSls djr] ?kksj] uhd] cM+( cztHkk"kk
vksdkjkUr iz/kku gS tSls vk;ks] yhuks] gkscks] djkSxks] ?kksjks] uhdks] cM+ks vkSj [kM+h
cksyh vkdkjkUr iz/kku gS tSls djrk] fd;k] djsxk] cM+k] NksVk] ?kksM+k vkfnA** 25
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk ftu'A gqkgs pqi T[gGkPk Bkb ;pzXs T[dkjoBK j/m fby/
nB[;ko jBL
gq/qw dh g{Dh jkE w/A bhi',
rZ[M wo'Vh gVQB/ Bk dhi' (gzBkL3,ekchL3,;soL18)

ehi' BjhA e[ZM :jh gSkBDk j?.

(gzBkL131,;hjochLd{ih,;soL12)
3H4H3H8H2 ;zGktBktkue wB'dPk
fJ; wB'dPk iK ftqsh s'A fe;/ fefonk d/ GftZy ftu j'D pko/ gsk bZrdk j?.
fJ; wB'dPk nB[;ko tesk ekoi d/ nozG j'D gqsh ;zGktBk Bz[ gqrN eodk j? ns/
Bkb jh fJZSk, ukjs, nB[wkB, ngqZsy nkd/P iK Gkt th gqrN ehsk ik ;edk j?.
p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu fjzdth GkPk Bkb ;pzXs ;zGktBkoEe ftqshtkute fefonktK
dh tos'A ehsh rJh j?. fJBQK fefonkth PpdK d/ nzs ftu T{A, T{, T{Arh, J/A nkfd
gqqs: tos/ iKd/ jB. p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ekft ftu'A gqkgs T[dkjoBK j/m fby/ nB[;ko jBL
jko fPzrko e' nkr brkT{A. (gzBkL5,ekchL6,;soL4)

fJj d[Zy ik ej{z fe; nkr/. (gzBkL14,ekchL24,;soL15)

si{z w;hs, si{z p[ZsykBk,

posh ojK Bk o'Ik ikBk. (gzBkL29,ekchL41,;soL12)

114
 fXnkB eh SZibh frnkB ek MkV{,
ekw e'qX fBZs MkV{z,
(gzBkL107,ekchL134,;soL119)
3H4H4 noph^|ko;h GkPktK d/ ;zdoG ftu ftPb/PD
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft Ppdktbh ftu noph^|ko;h Ppdktbh dh Gowko j?.
fJ; d/ d' ekoB jB. gfjbk ekoB p[ZbQ/ Pkj w[;fbw ;{|h eth ;B. T[BQK dh
sophns w[;fbw \kBdkB ftu j'Jh ns/ skbhw th noph^|ko;h GkPk ftu jkf;b
ehsh. |b;o{g eth dh ouBk ftu noph^|ko;h Ppdktbh dh tos'A ;[Gkfte ;h.
d{;ok ekoB p[ZbQ/ Pkj d/ ;w/A sZe w[rb je{ws Gkos T[Zgo g{oh soQK ;Ekgs j'
u[Zeh ;h.fJ;bkwh Xow ;z;feqsh dk gqGkt tX/o/ v{zxk s/ ftPkb j' u[[Zfenk ;h.
gozs{ ;kvh y'i dk ftPk p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh gzzikph ouBk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj gzikp y/so
d/ izwgb ;B.ns/ T[BQK B/ fJZe ;{|h eth ti'A nkgDh ouBk dk nXko gzikp dh
GkPk gzikph B{z pDkfJnk. p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk d/ nfXn?B^ftPb/PD s'A fJj
;gPN j[zdk j? fe gzikph GkPk noph^|ko;h ftnkeoBe nzPK s'A gqGkfts j? ns/
d{i/ gk;/ noph^|ko;h Ppdktbh gzikph ftnkeoB s'A gqGkfts j' ojh j?. ekoB
;gPN j/? fe jo GkPk id'A d{ih GkPk dk gqGkt ep{bdh j? sK T[j d{ih GkPk B{z
nkgD/ ozr o{g nB[;ko Ykb b?Adh j? ns/ feXo/ ;"y/ ns/ uzr/ bZrD tkb/ nzPK Bz{
fiT[A dk fsT[A ngDk b?Adh j?. fJ; soQK noph^|ko;h ns/ gzikph GkPk d/ nkg;h
d[tZb/ gqGktK dk nfXn?B^ftPb/PD j/m fby/ nB[;ko j?.
noph^|ko;h ftnkeoB d/ gzikph GkPk T[Zs/ gJ/ gqGkt dh rZb eofdnK vkH
d[Bh uzdo fbyd/ jB, “ne;o t/yD ftu nkfJnk j? fe fJZe GkPk d{ih GkPk s'A
BKt jh b?Adh j?. |ko;h noph s'A th pj[s/ BKt jh bJ/ rJ/ jB.go fJBQk d'jK d/
ftP/PD th fwb/ jB. j?okBh dh rZb fJj j? fe |ko;h dk n;o gzikph ftnkeoB
T[Zgo th fgnk ikgdk j?. |ko;h^noph d/ nZt? th tos/ rJ/ jB, Ppd ouBk bJh
|ko;h d/ nr/so ns/ fgS/so ezw d/ oj/ jBl |ko;h d/ ;wk; ns/ tkezP th tos'A
ftu nk oj/ jB. j'o skA j'o gzikph d/ eJh ;wk;h PpdK ftu th |ko;h d/ Ppd
fjZ;/dko pD/ j'J/ jB.@26
T[go'es eEB noph^|ko;h GkPk d/ gzikph ftnkeoB T[Zgo gJ/ gqGktK Bz{
115
;gPN eodk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj ekft dk fJ; gZy s'A nfXn?B^ftPb/PD j/m fby/
nB[;ko j?L
3H4H4H1 |ko;h nZt? dh tos'A
gzikph GkPk ftu |ko;h d/ e[ZM nZt? Ppd fiUA d/ fsUA gqZufbs jB. p[ZbQ/
Pkj ekft ftu'A fJ;dh gqkgs T[dkjoB j/m fby/ nB[;ko j? L
jK w?A pZeoh e'b e;kJhnK,
ofjzdk ;fjw jw/Pk Gkoh. (gzBkL68,ekchL82,;soL2)
3H4H4H2 |ko;h nr/soK dh tos'A
gzikph GkPk ftu |ko;h GkPk d/ nr/so ‘p/* ns/ ‘Bk* dh tos'A ek|h wksok
ftu j[zdh j?. ;pzXs nr/so BKjtkuh noEK d/ XkoBh jB. p[ZbQ/ Pkj ekft ftu
fJ; dhnK T[dkjoBK Gog{o wksok ftu gqkgs jB fit/A p/r[D, p/;wM, p/;[o,
p/skb, p/Pohns, p/dod, p/fwjBs, p/\kjP, p/BtkJh, BkdkB nkfd nr/soK dhnK
T[dkjoBK ;pzXh ouBk ftu'A gqkgs ekft ;soK Bw{B/ d/ s"o s/ j/m fby/ nB[;ko
jBL
p/ L eo I[jd feskp wIhd ehsk,
fe;/ p/fwjBs BjhA gkfJnk.
(gzBkL63,ekchL77,;soL14)
p/ L p/;wM ti{d EeKd/ Bh, xo j'tD j' e/ wKd/ Bh.
p/ykjP, p/BtkJh j', ftu fdb d/ \{p ;|kJh j'.
(gzBkL12,ekchL21,;soL24)
Bk L Bh Pow j:k Bk rtk XhJ/,
s{z edh sK ;wM BkdkB e[V/.
eo eZsD tZb fXnkB e[V/.
(gzBkL39,ekchL52,;soL20)
3H4H4H3 |ko;h fgS/soK dh tos'A
p[ZbQ/ Pkj ekft d/ nfXn?B^ftPb/PD s'A fJj ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j? fe gzikph
GkPk B/ |ko;h fgS/soK Bz{ ngDkfJnk j?. ekft ftu'A gqkgs T[dkjoBK j/m fby/
nB[;ko jBL
wzd L d"bswzdK B/ p{fjnK T[Zs/, o'pdko pjkJ/.
116
 (gzBkL151,d'jV/,;soL2)
dodwzdK Bz{ e'Jh Bk S/V/,
nkg/ nkgDk d[Zy ;j/V/. (gzBkL59,ekchL74,;soL21)
ro L pkIhro fenk pkIh y/bh,
w?Bz{ g[sbh tKr BukfJnk. (gzBkL64,ekchL79,;soL23)
dko L ykbh ofj;D wfjb ;oKJh,
fco s{z fto;/dko BjhA. (gzBkL3,ekchL1,;soL2)
3H4H4H4 |ko;h Ppdktbh s'A gqGkfts gzikph ;wk;
p[ZbQ/ Pkj ekft ftu |ko;h ns/ gzikph GkPk d/ PpdK d/ ;[w/b s'A pD/ ;wk;
th gqkgs j[zd/ jB. T[dkjoB d/ s"o s/ j/m fbyh ekft ;so Bz{ ftukfonk ik ;edk
j? L
fi; d/ ekoB wz{zv w[zvkt/, T[j ghbk Iod wbkjh.
(gzBkL97,ekchL120,;soL8)
;pzXs T[dkjoB ftu gzikph GkPk ftu gqufbs ;wk; ‘ghbk Iod* Bz{
fbnk frnk j?. fJ; ;wk; ftu ‘ghbk* Ppd gzikph ns/ ‘Iod* |ko;h j?.
3H4H4H5 noph GkPk d/ pj[tuB Ppd o{gK dh fJZe tuB ftu tos'A
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft Ppdktbh d/ nfXn?B^ftPb/PD d"okB fJj th gsk uZbdk
j? fe fes/ noph iK |ko;h PpdK d/ pj[tuB o{gK Bz[{ gzikph GkPk ftu fJetuB
o{g ftu ngDkfJnk frnk j?. p[ZbQ/ Pkj ekft ftu'A fJ; ;pzXh j/m fbyh ekft
T[dkjoB Bz{ ftukfonk ik ;edk j? L
G/vK wko gbzx ygkJ/, ;[orK p[ok nfjtkb.
(gzBkL36,ekchL47,;soL21)

;pzXs ekft ;so ftu noph GkPk d/ Ppd ;pzXs ‘nfjtkb* Bz{ fbnk
frnk j?.‘nfjtkb* Ppd noph GkPk d/ Ppd ‘jkb* dk noph pj[tuB o{g j?.
;pzXs ;so nB[;ko nfjtkb s'A gfjbK ftP/PD ‘p[ok* fJetuB o{g j? i'
‘nfjtkb* Ppd Bz{ fJetuB o{g ftu g/P eo fojk j?.
;pzXs nfXnkfJ ftu p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk dk e'P ftfrnkBe gZy s'A

117
ftnkeoBe nfXn?B ehsk frnk j?. ouBk d/ nfXn?B^ftPb/PD d[nkok pV/
wjZstg{oB y'i Bshi/ gqkgs j[zd/ jB. p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh gzikph ekft^ouBk T[Zgo
ftnkeoB gZy s'A w[bskBh, g'm'jkoh ns/ fjzdth GkPk tzBrhnK pqi, yVh p'bh,
ntXh nkfd d/ ftnkeoBe nzPK dk gqGkt j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk noph^|ko;h
GkPktK dk gzikph ftnkeoB T[Zgo gqGkt ns/ gzikph ftnkeoB dk noph^|ko;h
GkPktK T[Zgo gqGkt th fdqPNhr'uo j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ fJbktk ;pzXs nfXn?B fiZE/
p[ZbQ/ Pkj dh ekft^ouBk dk ftnkeoBe ftPb/PD j? T[E/ w[bskBh, g'm'jkoh, pqi,
yVh p'bh, ntXh nkfd gzikph ns/ fjzdth GkPktK dk s[bBkswe ftnkeoBe
ftPb/PD th gq;s[s eodk j?.

118
 jtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK

1. egf"kZ irUtfy- O;kdj.k&egkHkk";e- 1982L8H

2. BkGk, GkJh ekBQ f;zxH r[o[Ppd osBkeo wjkB e'PH 2006L363H
3. Webster, Noah. Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English
Language. 1966:14.
4. d[Bh uzdqH gzikph GkPk dk ftek;H1987L330H
5. Lectures on English Lexicology.
https://www.kpf.ru/docs/F179749/lecgurer.on le_icalogyi.pdf. (28 Dec.
2011).
6. David, Crystal. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 1989:92.
7. joehos f;zxH gzikph d[BhnkH 1977L19H
8. joehos f;zxH gzikph d[BhnkH 1977L19H
9. joehos f;zxH gzikph d[BhnkH 1977L17H
10. joehos f;zxH gzikph d[BhnkH 1977L19H
11. O'Brine, E. Glossary of the Multani Language. 1909:4.
12. O'Brine, E. Glossary of the Multani Language. 1909:1.
13. doPB f;zxH gzikph GkPk, 1967L132H
14. doPB f;zxH gzikph GkPk, 1967L132H
15. oekZ] /khjsUa n- czt Hkk"kk- 1954L21^22H
16. frokjh] Hkksyk ukFk- Hkk"kk foKku dks'k- 2011L173H
17. oekZ] /khjsUa n- czt Hkk"kk- 1954L21^22H
18. ckgjh] gjnso- fganh Hkk"kk % mnzo] fodkl vkSj :i- 1965:30.
19. oekZ] /khjsUa n- czt Hkk"kk- 1954L21H
20. oekZ] /khjsUa n- czt Hkk"kk- 1954L21^22H
21. oekZ] /khjsUa n- czt Hkk"kk- 1954L21H
22. pokV, p{Nk f;zxH gzikph ftnkeoB L f;XKs ns/ ftjkoH 2008L47H
23. ckgjh] gjnso- fganh Hkk"kk % mnzo] fodkl vkSj :i- 1965^30H
24. pokV, p{Nk f;zxH gzikph ftnkeoB L f;XKs ns/ ftjkoH 2008L42H
25. oekZ] /khjsUa n- czt Hkk"kk- 1954L21H
26. GkPk ftGkr gzikpH gzikph s/ j'o GkPktKH 1970L299H

119