SET of REAL NUMBER

SETS

A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. The objects in a set

are called the elements of the set. We use the symbol to denote the element of a set.
The symbol , x S, is read as “x” is not an element of S”.

Examples

1. The set of freshmen enrolled in algebra and trigonometry

2. The set of integers less than 25
3. { a,b,c,d,e}
A set which contain no elements is called an empty or null set. We denote the
empty set by { }.
Sets are described by the following forms: The tabular or roster form where the
elements are separated by comma. The rule is a method which makes use of the
description “x such that x”.

Subsets

Let A and B be sets. If every element of A also belongs to B, then A is called subset of B.
or is said to be contained in B denoted by A B. The negation is A B.

Kinds of Set

1. Equal Set. Let A and B be sets. A and B are equal denoted by A + B if they have
the same elements.

Illustration:

A = {1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5} , b = { 1/i; i = 2,3,4,5} A=B

1
2. Equivalent sets. Let A and B be sets. A and B are equivalent sets denoted by
A B, if they have the same number of elements.

A = {1,2,3,4,5} B = {a,e,I,o,u} A B

3. Finite Sets. Let A be a set. Set A is finite if it contains only countable number of
elements.

Illustration: A = { x/x is an integer between 0 and 1000}

4. Infinite Set. Let A be a set. Set A is an infinite set if the members are
uncountable.

Illustration:

A = { - 2,-3,-4,-5, …}

5. Universal set. A set that contain the totality of elements under consideration.

Illustration:

A = { set of all students enrolled in computer science at UST}

6. Disjoint sets. Let A and B be sets. Sets A and B are is disjoints if they have no
common elements.

SET Operations

1. Union of set. Let A and B be sets. The union of A and B, denoted by A , is

the set of elements which belong to A or to B.

2. The Intersection of A and B , denoted by , is the set of elements which

belong to both A and B.

3. The difference of A and B, denoted by A – B , is the set of elements which belong

to A but not to B.

2
Exercises 1.1

Let U = { 1, 2, . . . 9 } , A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, } B = { 2, 4, 6, 8} and C = { 3, 4, 5, 6}. Find

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. –

7. –

Let U = { 1, 2, 3, . . ., 20}, X = { 1, 3, 5, . . . 15} , Y = { 3, 6 9, . . . 18} and Z = { 1, 2, 3, . . .

12 }.
Draw the Venn diagram of each of the following:

1.

2.

3.

4. –

5.

6. X

3
Exercises 1.2

Application

Draw the Venn Diagram and answer each of the following:

1. In a survey involving 150 students, it was found out that

70 are enrolled in English
75 are enrolled in Filipino
95 are enrolled in Algebra
30 are enrolled in both English and Filipino
45 are enrolled in both English and Algebra
40 are enrolled in both Filipino and Algebra
10 are enrolled in both English, Filipino and Algebra

How many students are not enrolled in the three subjects?

2. In a certain school, 50 students in a certain class were enrolled in three subjects

as follows:
30 enrolled in Algebra 20 enrolled in Physics
25 enrolled in Chemistry 14 enrolled in Chemistry and
Algebra
12 enrolled in Chemistry and Physics 11 enrolled in Algebra and Physics
5 enrolled in three subjects

How many students were enrolled in

a. Exactly one subject

b. Exactly two subjects
c. Algebra and Physics
d. Algebra only
e. Physics only
f. Chemistry only
g. How many students did not enroll in any of the three subjects?
h. How many students did not enroll in Algebra and Physics?

4
Exercise 1. 3

Answer the following:

1. Perform the operation set.

Given : A = {1,2,3,4,5} B = {1, 2 , 3 , 7, 12} C= { 3, 4, 5 6,10, 15 }

1. U =
2. A C =
3. B =
4. A - B =
5. A’ =
6. (B C) – A’ =
7. B’ A=
8. C =
9. C’ – A =
10. A =

2. A company launching a new toothpaste took a survey to determine how many

people preferred wintergreen, peppermint or cherry flavors of the new
toothpaste. One hundred people were questioned. The result were summarized
as follows:

44 preferred cherry 40 preferred wintergreen

37 preferred peppermint 16 preferred peppermint and cherry
15 preferred wintergreen and cherry 11 preferred wintergreen and peppermint
4 preferred all these flavors

Find the number of the participant who preferred

1. None of the new flavors
2. Wintergreen only
3. Cherry only
4. Peppermint only
5. Cherry and wintergreen only
6. Peppermint and wintergreen only
7. Cherry or wintergreen but not peppermint.

5
 Properties of Addition and Multiplication

Addition and Multiplication of whole numbers have similar properties.

1. Commutative Property of Addition

6+2=2+6
x+y=y+x

A change in the order of the addends does not affect the sum.

2. Associative Property of Addition

6 + ( 2 + 3 ) = ( 6 + 2 ) +3
x +(y +z) =(x+y)+z

A change in the grouping of the addends does not affect the sum.

3. Addition Property of Zero

8 +0=8
X + 0 =x

A number added to zero equal to itself. Zero ( 0) is the identity element for
addition.

4. Commutative Property of Multiplication

6* 2= 2 *6
X*Y = Y* X

A change in the order of the factors does not affect the product.

6
5. Associative Property of Multiplication

7 *(2*3) =(7*2)* 3
X * (Y*Z)= ((X*Y)*Z

A change in the grouping of factors does not affect the product.

6. Multiplication Property of One

5 *1 =5
X*1 = X

A number multiplied by one is equal to itself. One ( 1) is the identity element for
multiplications.

7. Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition

2(3+4) = (2*3)+(2*4)
X ( Y + Z ) = ( X * Y ) + ( X * Z)

A number multiplied by each of the terms in the parenthesis gets the same result
as multiplying that number by the sum of the terms inside the parenthesis.

7
Exercise 2.1

A. Identify the property used in each of the following.

1. 9+3+2 = 2+ 3+9 ______________________________

2. 6 +0 = 6 ______________________________

3. a ( b + c) = ( a * b ) + ( a * c ) ______________________________

4. 2 /3 * 1 = 2 /3 ______________________________

5. 3*5*7 = 5*3*7 ______________________________

6. m + ( n + P) = ( m + n ) + p ______________________________

7. 0+½ =½ ______________________________

8. 1 *m= m ______________________________

9. (6a + 2 ) 3 = ( 6a * 3 ) + ( 2 * 3 ) ______________________________

10. a/b x 1 = a/b ______________________________

B. Use the distributive property to answer the following. Show the process.

1. 3 (2+5) ___________________________________________

2. 5 ( 2a + 6 b + 3c ) ___________________________________________

3. 9 ( 6 + 4v + 2 ) ___________________________________________

4. ( 3m + 4 n ) 2 ___________________________________________

5. ( 2x + 3y + 2z) a ___________________________________________

8
 Integers

Integers

Zero
Negative It is the pint of origin, Positive

They are < 0, It is neither “ +” nor They are > 0,

They are located to the “–“ They are located to the

left or below zero, right or above zero.

The sign is “ – “. The sign “ +”.

Absolute Value

Absolute value of a number refers to the distance of a number from zero on a number
line.

The absolute value of a number is always positive. The symbols | | is used to express
the absolute value of a number.

Four Fundamental Operations

Addition of Integers

1. To add integers having similar or like signs, find the sum of their absolute values
and prefix their common sign.
–
1. 5 + - 6 = - 11
+ + +
2. 6 + 7 = 13
2. To add integers having dissimilar or unlike signs, find the difference of their
absolute values and prefix the sign of the number having the greater absolute
value.
+
1. 5 + -6 = -1
- + +
2. 6 + 7 = 1

9
Subtractions of Integers

To subtract integers, get the additive inverse of the subtrahend and proceed to addition
of integers.
–
1. 5 --6 = +
1
- + -
2. 6 - 7 = 13

Multiplication of Integers

1. To multiply two integers having like or similar signs, find the product of the
absolute values and prefix the positive sign.
–
1. 5 * -6 = +
30
+ + +
2. 6 * 7 = 42

2. To multiply two integers having unlike or dissimilar signs, find the product of
their absolute values and prefix the negative sign.
+
1. 3 + - 6 = - 18
+ - -
2. 6 + 2 = 12

Division of Integers

1. To divide two integers having like or similar signs. Divide as you do with whole
numbers and prefix the positive sign.
–
1. 15 / - 3 = +
5
+ + +
2. 60 / 10 = 6

2. To divide two integers having unlike or dissimilar signs, divide as you do with
whole numbers and prefix the negative sign.
+
1. 50 / - 5 = - 10
- + -
2. 6 / 2 = 3

10
Exercises 3.1

A. Perform the following additions.

+ + + -
1. 15 + 25 = ___________ 6. 789 + 45 = ___________

- - - -
2. 45 + 21 = ____________ 7. 891 + 78 = ___________

– - -
3. 452 + 56 = ____________ 8. - 97 + 23 = ____________

+
4. 67 + - 78 = ____________ 9. +
346 + +
678 = ____________

- - – +
5. 48 + 123 = ____________ 10. 68 + 342 = ____________

B. Find the difference.

+ + + -
1. 25 - 25 = ____________ 6. 759 - 95 = ____________

2. | - 45 | - -
21 = _____________ 7. -
891 - -
48 = _____________

– - -
3. 402 - 56 = ____________ 8. | - 97| - 63 = _____________

+
4. 7 - - 98 = ____________ 9. +
346 - +
648 = ____________

-
5. 68 - - 123 = _____________ 10. –
68 - +
332 = ____________

Challenge

(+ 7 - - 98 + + 46 - +
68 ) - [ ( - 68 - - 13 ) + (– 68 - +
32) ]

11
Exercise 3.2

A. Find the Product.

1. (+ 9) ( + 45) = ________________________

2. ( - 12) ( -34) = ________________________

3. ( + 7) (- 47) = ________________________

4. ( - 143 ) ( +
42 ) = _________________________

5. ( - 65) ( - 891) = __________________________

6. ( + 15 ) (+ 25) = __________________________
+
7. ( 789) ( - 45) = _________________________
- -
8. ( 891 + 78 ) = ________________________

B. Find the quotient.

–
1. 51 ÷ ( - 3) = _______________________

2. ( - 17,052) ÷ ( - 42) = ______________________

+
3. 252 ÷ ( - 21 ) = __________________________

+ +
4. ( 204 ) ÷ ( 17) = __________________________
-
5. 168 ÷ (- 42 ) = ___________________________

6. ( –16,536) ÷ (+ 212) = ________________________

Challenge

[ ( – 51 ) ÷ ( - 3 )] [ ( + 15 ) (+ 25) ]

12
 Fractions

Fractions express relationship between a part and a whole. They are generally
represented by the symbol where b 0.

Fractions that have the same value are called equivalent fractions. The symbols
are used to compare fractions. To reduce fractions to simplest terms,
find the GCF of the numerator and the denominator and divide the numerator and the
denominator by the GCF. A prime fraction is a fraction that can no longer be reduced
to simplest.

To add or subtract similar fractions, find the sum or difference of the numerator
and affix the common denominator. To add or subtract dissimilar fractions, first find the
least common denominator (LCD) and get the equivalent fractions of the given fractions
with the LCD as the new denominator, then simplify the results.

To multiply fraction, multiply the numerators and then multiply the

denominators and express the results as a quotient of 2 numbers in simplest form.

To divide fractions, find there reciprocal, or multiplicative inverse of the

multiplier, and proceed to multiplication of fractions.

In doing operations on fractions, always express the answer in simplest form.

13
Exercise 4. 1

A. Change the following fraction to Decimal

1. 3/ 5 = __________________

2. 15/17 = __________________

3. 5/15 = __________________

4. 25/100 = __________________

5. 58/125 = __________________

6. 45/23 = __________________

7. 82/45 = __________________

B. Change the following fraction to Mixed numbers

1. 102/15 = _________________

2. 45/12 = _________________

3. 487/118 = _________________

4. 78/24 = _________________

5. 89/13 = _________________

6. 986/15 = _________________

7. 478/ 145 = _________________

14
Exercise 4.2

A. Addition of Similar Fraction

1. 6/15 + 1/15 = _________________

2. 4/10 + 2/10 + 1/10 = _________________
3. 3/8 + 1/8 = _________________
4. 4/12 + 1/12 + 7/12 = _________________
5. 2/11 + 5 /11 = _________________
6. 7/20 +3/20 + 6/20 = _________________

B. Addition of Dissimilar Fraction

1. 6/15 + 4/10 = _____________________________________

2. 4/25 + 5/10 + 2/5 = ____________________________________

3. 1/12 + 5/4 + 4/16 = ___________________________________

4. 4/5 + 7/15 + 9/20 = ____________________________________

5. 4/8 + 5/16 + 7/20 = ____________________________________

C. Addition of Mixed Numbers

1. 2 2/3 + 5 3/7 = __________________________________________________

2. 15 12/15 + 2 23/5 = _____________________________________________

3. 7 3/8 + 4 3/5 + 9 4/6 = _______________________________________

4. 15 1/12 + 7 23/ 8 = ______________________________________________

15
Exercise 4.3

A. Subtraction Similar Fraction

1. 14/ 25 - 5/25 = _________________

2. 24 / 30 - 10/30 = _________________

3. 75/100 - 15/100 = _________________

4. 45 /60 - 20/60 = _________________

B. Subtraction of Dissimilar Fraction

1. 126/15 - 4/3 = _______________________________________

2. 45/100 - 2/20 = _______________________________________

3. 33/60 - 5/12 = _______________________________________

4. 14/20 - 6/10 = _______________________________________

C. Subtraction of Mixed Numbers

1. 41 2/4 - 12 1/12 = _______________________________________

2. 12 25/30 - 4 3/15 = _______________________________________

3. 23 15/24 - 5 3/12 = _______________________________________

4. 60 45/75 - 16 13/50 = ______________________________________

16
Exercise 4.4

A. Simply the following

1. [ 15 1/ 5 + 2 2/6 ] - [4 4/6 - 1 2/3 ]

2. [45 2/12 - 12 4/15 ] + [ 9 2/15 – 3 2/ 30 ]

3. [ 4/9 + 5/ 6 + 8 / 12 + 9 /15 ] + [ 12 15/20 - 3 12/10 ]

4. ([ 12 25/30 - 4 3/15 ] - [4 3/12 ] ) + 14 2/60

5. ( [ 4/5 + 7/15 + 9/20 ] - [33/60 - 5/12] )

17
Exercise 4.5

A. Multiply

1. 5/12 x 7/ 4 = _____________________________________________

2. 4 2/ 6 x 2 4/9 = ____________________________________________

3. 3 4 / 7 x 5 6/12 = _________________________________________

4. 12 4/15 x 8 1/6 = __________________________________________

5. 4 6/7 x 5 3/8 = __________________________________________

B. Divide

1. 5/12 ÷ 8/20 = ____________________________________________

2. 12 4/9 ÷ 4 3 /4 = ________________________________________

3. 34 1/ 9 ÷ 8 6/27 = ______________________________________

4. 14 2/ 8 ÷ 2 5/4 = ______________________________________

5. 12 4/ 16 ÷ 4 3/24 = _______________________________________

Challenge :

{ [ (3 4/9 + 6 1/8 ) ] x 9 3/27} ÷ ( 2/5 x 7/9)

18
Exercise 4.6

Determine the operation/s to be used in the following problems, then solve them.

1. During the hot summer months, a family of six consumes 5 ¾ gallons of water a
day. About how much water does each member consume per day?

2. The wedding gown of Tess would need 5 ¾ yards of lace, 10 2/3 yards of satin
cloth, and 3 2/5 yards of tulle cloth. How many yards of clothing material would
be needed in all?

3. About 144 students took the admission exams. 2/5 made it to the passing mark.
About how many did not make it? What part of the population did not make to
the passing mark?

4. For the Mayflower affair, 1 1/3 meters of silk cloth will be used to make one
mini-skirt for each of the 10 cheer dancers. How many mini-skirts will be made
out of a 150-meter silk cloth? Will the number of meters available be enough for
10 cheer dancers?

19
 Percent

Percent is an expression of a number as part of a hundred. The notation is %.

Changing Percent to Decimal to Fraction and vice versa. To change percent to decimal,

remove the % symbol and count two decimal places to the left.

80% = 0.80

12.5% = 0.125

To change decimal to percent, move the decimal point two places to the right

and affix the symbol %.

2.5 = 250%

0.642 = 64.2%

35.785 = 3578.5%

To change from percent to fraction, get first the decimal equivalent of the

percent then the fractional equivalent in simplest terms of the decimal.

6% = 0.06 = 6/ 100 = 3/50

1.4% = 0.014 = 14/ 100 = 7/500

To change from fraction to percent, get first the decimal equivalent of the

fraction then change from decimal to percent.

25 / 2 = 12.5 = 1250 %

71/ 125 = .0568 = 56. 8%

20
All Percentage Problems can be deduced into the formula:

P=Bxr

where

P = percentage (the number that is some % of another number)

B = base (the number where we get a certain % of)

R = rate (is the amount of %)

a. Discount

Percentage: the amount of discount

Base: the amount where the discount is taken (“marked price”)

Rate: the percent of discount

b. Commission

Percentage: (commission) the amount an agent received for direct

selling

Base: the total amount or proceeds an agent has sold

Rate: percent of the total proceeds\sale

c. Interest is the amount paid for using\ borrowing money.

Percentage: the interest

Base: the principal amount borrowed\used

Rate: percent of interest

21
Exercise 5.1

A. Find the missing percentage, rate or base.

1. What is 15 % of 450? __________________

2. What percent of 215 is 50? __________________

3. 23% of what number is ¼? __________________

4. What is 30 % of 80? __________________

5. 45 is 15% of what number? __________________

B. Complete the table: Express all fractions in simplest form and round non-terminating
decimals to the nearest hundredths.

No Fractions Decimal Percent

1 4/5

2 3/8

3 3 4/16

4 0.005

5 2.5

6 15

7 27%

8 0.13%

9 115%

10 3.5%

22
Exercise 5.2

Solve the following problems. Show the complete solution and label your final answer.

1) A student earned a grade of 80% on a math test that had 20 problems. How
many problems on this test did the student answer correctly? (round to the
nearest whole number)

2) There are 36 carpenters in a crew. On a certain day, 29 were present. What

percent showed up for work? (round to the nearest tenth)

3) The owner of the Carousel Art Gallery receives a commission of 20% on

paintings that are sold on consignment. Find the commission on a painting that
sold for P22,500.

4) Robert receives a commission of P296 on sales of P 3700. What is his

commission rate?

5) Josephine receives a commission of P 8.05 on a sale of P 230. What is his

commission rate?

23
Exercise 5.3

Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution.

1) The sales representative at The Geek Padd makes a commission of P 500.00 a

sale of P 6,530. What is the commission rate?

2) A golf professional receives a commission of P 1,112.50 for selling a golf set. Find
the commission rate the pro earned for selling a golf set costing P 4500.

3) A discount clothing store is selling a P720 sport jacket for P 240 off the regular
price. What is the discount rate?

4) A disk player that regularly sells for P 5, 340 is selling for 20% off the regular
price. What is the discount?

5) Dacor Appliances is selling its P 9,450 washing machine for 15% off the regular
price. What is the discount?

6) Carlos receives a commission of P 2,540 of his weekly sales as a sales

representative for a medical supply company. Find the rate of commission he
earned during a week in which sales were P 34,670.

24
Exercise 5.4

Solve the following problems.

1) A sales representative receives a commission of P 24,500 on a week when sales

were P 345,700. Find the rate of commission.

2) Quick Service Gas Station has its regularly priced P4,500 tune-up on sale for 16% off
the regular price. What is the sale price?

3) The owner of a convenience store borrowed P 60,000 for 9 months at an annual

interest rate of 8.6%. Find the maturity value of the loan.

4) Calculate the simple interest due on a 2-year loan of P110,500 that has an annual
interest rate of 7.5%.

5) Jonah borrowed P 50,000 from a savings and loan association for 180 days at an annual
interest rate of 7%. What is the simple interest due on the loan?

6) A corporate executive took out a P325,000 loan for 1 year. At the end of the year, he
must pay back a total of P 347,050. What was his interest rate?

25
 Ratio and Proportion

A ratio is a comparison of two similar quantities obtained by dividing one

quantity by the other. Ratios are written with the : symbol.

Example: The ratio of 6 to 3 is

6÷3 = 6/3 = 6:3 = 2
Example: The ratio of 3 to 6 is

3÷6 = 3/6 = 3:6 = 1/2

Notes about ratios:

Since a ratio is only a comparison or relation between quantities, it is
an abstract number. For instance, the ratio of 6 miles to 3 miles is only 2, not 2 miles.
As you can see above, ratios can be written as fractions. They also have all the
properties of fractions that you have learned in the previous part of this station.
The ratio of 6 to 3 should be stated as 2 to 1, but common usage has shortened
the expression of ratios to be called simply 2.
If two quantities cannot be expressed in terms of the same unit, there cannot be
a ratio between them.

Can you find these ratios?

1. 2 quarts to 7 gallons
2. 5 dollars to 25 cents
3. 4 meters to 3 kilograms

26
Problem:
If two full time employees accomplish 20 tasks in a week, how many such tasks will
5 employees accomplish in a week?

2 : 5 = 20 : n

2 × n = 5 × 20
n = 50 tasks

This answer is obtained by knowing about proportions and how they are used.
You can set up proportions by using ratios. Remember, ratios are
comparing similar things. In the problem above, the first ratio is comparing employees
and the second is comparing tasks.

A proportion is a statement of the equality of two ratios.

Example: 6:3=2:1 or 6/3=2/1 or 2

are ways to write the proportion expressed as: 6 is to 3 as 2 is to 1

Example: 2:8=1:4 or 2/8=1/4 or2 1

are ways to write the proportion expressed as: 2 is to 8 as 1 is to 4

Notes about proportions:

If any three terms in a proportion are given, the fourth may be found. Given the
proportion:

a:b=c:d or a/b=c/d

and using the principals of manipulating equations , we observe that

a = (b × c) / d and c = (a × d) / b
b = (a × d) / c and d = (b × c) / a

27
An easy way to remember this is to say that in a proportion:

The product of the means is equal to the product of the extremes.

It is important to remember that to use the proportion, the ratios must be equal
to each other and must remain constant.

28
Exercise 6.1
A. Find the missing term.
1. x : 9 = 7: 3 x = ___________

2. 5: n = 30 : 90 n = ___________

3. 18 : 30 = y : 35 y = ___________

4. = 14 : a a = ___________

B. Answer what is asked.

1. Find the value of x in 16 : 8 = x : 5

2. Find the value of x in 25 : 15 = 10 : x

3. A pipe transfers 236 gallons of fuel to the tank of a ship in 2 hours. How
long will it take to fill the tank of the ship that holds 4543 gallons?

4. An I-beam 12 feet long weighs 52 pounds. How much does an I-beam of

the same width weigh if it is 18 feet long?

5. A Java book is comprised of two sections core and advanced Java in the

ratio 7:2. How much of each type of content will be needed to make a

book of 450 pages?

6. 30 girls and boys have planned for a picnic. There is a ratio of 3 girls to 7

boys. How many boys are there?

7. 12 miles is approximately equal to 6 km. How many km are equal to 18

miles? How many miles are equal to 42 km?

29
Exercise 6.2
Solve the following problems.
1. Mika spends 5 hours in a 2-week in studying her lesson. How many hours does
she study in a month?

2. The office secretary can type 120 words per 5 minutes. How many words she
can type in an hour?

3. In a shipment of 400 parts, 14 are found to be defective. How many defective

parts should be expected in a shipment of 1000?

4. Joseph drives 125 miles in 2 1/2 hours. At the same rate, how far will he be able
to travel in 6 hours?

5. A piece of cable 8.5 cm long weighs 52 grams. What will be a 10-cm length of the
same cable weigh?

6. Four kids shared some candies in the ratio of 2:3:4:5. What was the total
number of candies if the 2nd kid got 42 candies?

30
Exercise 6.3
Solve the following problems in ratio and proportion.

1. The ages of Erwin and Ruby are in the ratio of 9:5. Ruby is 16 younger then than
Erwin. How old is Ruby and Erwin.

2. A farmer has enough cattle to feed 250 hens for 30 days. If he buys 150 more hens,
how long would the same amount of feed the total hens?

3. A lady bought 40 toys each cost P 15, how many toys can she buy at P8.00 each from
the same amount?

4. A group of pupils hire a bus, at a fixed price to go on a field trip. Initially 32

pupils were due to go on the trip at a cost of P 250/ head but on that day there were
40 pupils on the bus. How much should the pupil pay/ head?

31
 Perimeter, Area and Volume
`
Perimeter is the sum of the measures of lengths of the sides of a polygon.

1. Square P = 4s

2. Rectangle P = 2L + 2W
W
L

3. Parallelogram P = 2b + 2s

s
a

4. Triangle P=a+b+c a b

5. Circle C = 2 ∏r r

32
Area of a figure is the total number of square units covering its surface.

1. Square

A = square of the side

S2
s
2. Rectangle

A = length X width
w

L
3. Parallelogram

A = bh
b

4. Triangle

h A = ½ bh

b
5. Trapezoid b1

A = h (b1 + b2)
h
2
b2

33
 Volume of a solid is the number of cubic units a object can hold. The most
common objects for which volume is measured are the rectangular solids, cubes,
cylindrical solids, cones and spheres.

1. Cube
V= s3

2. Rectangular Prism

H V = L wh
w
L
3. Cylinder

r H V = ∏r2h

4. Cone
V = 1 /3 ∏r 2 h
h
r

5. Sphere

V = 4/3 ∏ r 3

34
Exercise 7. 1

Find the perimeter of the following.

1. s = 20 cm ( quadrilateral)

2. a = 10 cm; b = 8 cm , c = 12 cm

3. l = 5 cm ; w = 0.5 cm all angle measure 90.

4. s = 12 cm ( regular polygon with 5 sides)

5. b = 6 cm , s = 8 cm

6. Find the perimeter of rectangle whose length is 16 cm and a width of 12 cm.

35
Exercise 7.2
Find the area of the following figure.

1. A trapezoid has an area of 460 cm2, if base is 10 cm and 15 cm, find its height.

2. The area of parallelogram is 98 cm2, find the height if its base is twice the height.

3. The circumference of the circle is 54 m, what is the diameter and area of the
circle.

4. Find the height of the triangle whose base is 14 cm and have the area 580 cm 2.

5. The front of a doghouse is shaped like triangle with the base of 1.5 m and each
of the sides measures 3.5 m. Find the area of the doghouse’s front.

6. A rectangular hall has an area of 60 square meters. It its length is 10 meters,

what is its width?

36
Exercise 7.3
Solve the volume following problem.

1. What is the volume of a regular cylinder whose base has radius of 3 cm and has

height of 14 cm?

2. Find out the volume of a cube with the dimensions 2m × 3m × 6m.

3. A cylinder has a radius of 3 inches and a height of 14 inches. What is the volume

of this cylinder?

4. If the volume of cylinder is 450 cm3 and it has height of 7 cm, find its radius.

5. The base of the cone is 68 cm2, what is the height of the cone if its volume is 530

cm3?

6. A portion of a spacecraft is shaped like a right circular cylinder. Its diameter is

3.8 m and its height is 7.4 m. Find its volume.

37
Exercise 7.4

Illustrate and solve the following problems.

1. The sphere has 15 cm in diameter, find its volume.

2. The circumference of the circle is 34 m, what is the diameter and area of the circle.

3. The rectangular prism has the given dimension 30 cm by 25 cm by 15 cm, find its
volume.

4. A Trapezoid has an area of 560 cm2, if base is 12 cm and 15 cm, find its height.

5. The area of the base of rectangular pyramid is 69 cm2, if altitude is 14 cm, find its

volume.

6. A right cylindrical ice cream container is 50 cm high and the diameter of its base

is 30 cm. Find the volume of the container.

38
 Angles

An angle is formed by two rays with a common endpoint. The endpoint is called
the vertex of the angle, and the rays are sides of the angle.
Side x
vertex
) z

There are also pairs of angles which are classified because of the relationship that exists
between them. They are:

1. Complementary angles - these are angles whose sum is equal to 90 o

2. Supplementary angles - these are angles whose sum is equal to 180 o.

3. Adjacent angles = these are angles that are on the same plane, have a common
side, and do not overlap.

4. Vertical Angles – these are opposite angles formed by two intersecting lines.
Vertical angles are always congruent.

5. Linear pair two angles form a linear pair if they are adjacent, and the sum of the
angles is 180 o.

39
Exercise 8.1
1. Answer the following:

1 2
4
3 6
5 8
7

a) Name 4 corresponding angles

_______________________ ________________________
_______________________ ________________________

b) Name 2 alternate interior angles

_______________________ _______________________

c) Name 2 alternate exterior angles

_______________________ _______________________

d) Name 4 vertical angles

_______________________ _______________________
_______________________ _______________________
e) Name 8 supplementary angles
_______________________ ______________________
_______________________ ______________________
_______________________ ______________________
_______________________ ______________________

2. If , find the measurement of all the angles.

1. ___________ 5. ___________

2. ___________ 6. ___________

3. ___________ 7. ___________

4. ___________

40
 LINEAR EQUATION

An equation is a statement that two quantities are equal. An algebraic equation

in the variable x is a statement that two algebraic expressions in x are equal. The two
expressions are called members of the equation. The variable in an equation is called
the unknown. When the variable in equation is replaced by a specific number, the
resulting statement may be either true or false. If it is true, then that number is called
the solution (or the root) of the equation. The set of all solutions is called the solution
set of the equation.

Types of Equations
An identity equation is an equation that holds for all permissible values of the quantities
involved.
Example:

x2  16  ( x  4)( x  4)
5(6  x)  30  5 x

A conditional equation is an equation that holds only for some particular values of real
numbers.
Examples:
1. 2x + 8 = 0 is true if x = -4
2. x2 – 4x – 5 = 0 is true if x = 5 or x = -1

Equivalent equations are equations that have the same solution set.

Examples:
3x – 5 = 0 3x = 15 x =5

41
Linear Equations an equation of the form
ax  b  0
where a and b are real numbers and a is not equal to ), or any equation equivalent to an
equation of this form is called a linear equation

Examples:
2x  5  0
3(x  2)  4 x  7
3 / x 3  6 / x  4

Solving equations

To solve a linear equation the following properties are applied:

1. Addition property of equality. Add the same number or expression to both

members of the equation

2. Multiplication property of equality. Multiply the same number or expression to

both sides of the equation.

Steps in Solving a Linear Equation.

1. Transpose all terms involving the unknown to the left member or side of the
equation and all other terms to the right side of the equation.

2. Simplify both members.

3. Divide both members by the numerical coefficient of the unknown.

4. Check by substituting the result to the original equation.

5. If fractions are involved, multiply both members of the equation by the LCD of
the fractions.

42
Literal equation
An equation may contain more one variable or it may contain symbols, such as p,
r and t in simple interest formula. An equation of this type is called a literal equation.

Example:
In the maturity value equation of a simple interest A = P (1 + rt), to solve P,
divide both side of the equation by 1+ rt, then we have

P= A
1+ rt

Word Problems
In many applications in mathematics, the problems are stated verbally. They are
called word problems. This gives relationship between known and unknown quantities
to be determined.

Steps in solving word problems.

1. Read the problems carefully so that to understand it.

2. Determine to quantities that are known and those that are unknown. Use a
variable to represent the unknown.
3. Write the numerical facts known about the variable.
4. Form an equation base on step 3.
5. Solve the equation obtained in steps 4.
6. Verify the answer whether it is reasonable.

43
Exercise 9.1

Solve for the unknown variable.

1. 2 x  6  8 x  14

2. 11  3 x  19  2 x

3. 4(3  2 x)  3  5 x

4. 3( x  12)  16  8 x

5. 2(8  y )  3 y  14

6. 5( x  4)  12  8  3(2 x  11)

44
Exercise 9.2

Solve for the unknown variable.

2n  7 4  n
1. 
3 4

3 p 1 p 1
2.  0
6 4

3x 5
3.  3
x2 x

3 2
4. 
x  4 3x  2

3x  10 3( x  2)
5. x4
2 4

45
Exercise 9.3

Solve the following problem.

1. The sum of two numbers is 94, and the larger is 5 less than twice the smaller
number. Find the numbers

2. The sum of two numbers is 36. If the larger is divided by the smaller, the
quotient is 2 and the remainder is 3.

3. Esther Grey is years older than her brother Johann, and 5 years from now the
sum of their ages will be 63 years. How old is each now?

4. Patricia Ruth has P 6,000 invested at 5%. How much would she had to invested
at 6% so that her total interest per year would be equal to P 320?

46
Exercise 9.4
Solve each of the following word problems.
1. Find three consecutive integers whose sum is 75.

2. The sum of three numbers is 138. The second number is 5 more than the
smallest and the third is 10 more than the smallest. Find the numbers.

3. Erika is 5 years older than Daniella. The sum of their ages is 31 years. How much
old is each one of them?

4. How much salt must be added to 15 kilograms of 6% salt solution to increase the
concentration to 10 %?

5. How long will it take Mylene and Tine, together to finish a dress which Mylene
can finish alone in 5 days and Tine, alone in 8 days

47
References:

Arellano, E., Go, B., Camarista, G., Villalon, J. (2010)., Fundamental of Mathematics 1,
printed by Lorimar Publishing Inc., Philippines
Alexander, Daniel C. and Koeberlein, Gerlayn M., (2012)., Geometry, published by Anvil
Publishing Inc.
Philippines.
Leithold, Louis. (2012). College Algebra and Trigonometry, published by Pearson Education Ltd.,
Singapore.
Mijares, Catalina D. (2008)., College Algebra Revised Edition., published by Cacho Hermanos,
Inc.
Philippines.
Owen, George E. (2012)., Fundamentals of Scientific Mathematics., published by Dover
Publication:
USA.

48