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Optical Sources

This document discusses different light sources used for fiber optic communications, including laser diodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It describes the key characteristics of lasers and LEDs, such as lasers producing coherent light beams while LEDs produce incoherent beams. The document also discusses factors that determine the selection of a light source for a fiber, including the fiber's geometry, attenuation, and modal characteristics as well as the source's power, spectral width, and modulation ability. It provides details on the structure and operation of LEDs and lasers.

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MuhamadIstikhori
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68 views

Optical Sources

This document discusses different light sources used for fiber optic communications, including laser diodes and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It describes the key characteristics of lasers and LEDs, such as lasers producing coherent light beams while LEDs produce incoherent beams. The document also discusses factors that determine the selection of a light source for a fiber, including the fiber's geometry, attenuation, and modal characteristics as well as the source's power, spectral width, and modulation ability. It provides details on the structure and operation of LEDs and lasers.

Uploaded by

MuhamadIstikhori
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Optical Sources

Light Sources for fiber optic


• Two major light sources for fiber optic communications:
• Laser diodes
• Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
• These heterojunction-structure semiconductor have :
• Adequate output power
• Power output can be modulated by varying input current
• High efficiency
• The dimensions are compatible with optical fiber
LED vs Laser
• The optical output from an LED is incoherent, whereas that from
laser diodes is coherent
• The coherent is produced in an optical resonant cavity, therefore :
• Highly monochromatic
• Beam is very directional
Fiber and Source Characteristics
• Characteristics of the fiber to determine an optical source :
• Geometry
• Attenuation
• Group delay (bandwidth)
• Modal characteristics
• Factors of an optical source to be selected :
• Power
• Spectral width
• Radiation pattern
• modulation
Energy bands
•
Energy bands
• Doping (adding impurities
from V elements, such as P,
As, Sb) can increase
conduction.
• The current is carried
(negative) electrons → n-
type material
Energy bands

• Doping (adding impurities


from III elements) can
increase conduction.
• The current is carried
(negative) electrons → p-
type material
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Material
• Intrinsic material → A material containing no impurities
• Thermal generation → the process produces free electron-hole pairs because
of thermal vibrations of the crystal atoms
• Recombination → the opposite of the generation
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Material
• Extrinsic material → small quantities of chemical impurities into a crystal
• Electrical conductivity is proportional to the carrier concentration
• Two types of charge carriers :
• Majority carriers → electrons in n-type material or holes in p-type material
• Minority carriers → holes in n-type material or electrons in p-type material
PN Junctions
• The depletion region has no mobile
carriers since its electrons and holes
are locked into covalent bond
structure
PN Junctions
Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
• For bit rates less than approximately 100 to 200 Mb/s
• Multimode fiber
• Less complex than laser diodes
• Less expensive fabrication than laser diodes
LED Structures
• LED for fiber transmission applications must have :
• A high radiance output
• A fast emission response time
• A high quantum efficiency
Double-hetero structure
configuration
• The carriers and optical
field are confined in the
central active layer
• The band-gap differences
of adjacent layers confine
the charge carriers
Basic LED configurations
LED Spectral patterns
Internal Quantum Efficiency
• Carriers injection provide an excess of electrons and holes
• The fraction of electron-hole pairs that recombine radiatively.
• Internal quantum efficiency 𝜂0 is the ratio of the radiative recombination rate
to the total recombination rate
Laser Diodes
• The emitted radiation has spatial and temporal coherence
• The output radiation is highly monochromatic
• The light beam is very directional
Laser transition processes
Fabry-Perot resonator cavity
Threshold conditions

• Optical output vs. drive


current
Quiz
• See EMAS!

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