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Simulation Design of Impulse Voltage Generator

HIMALAYAL - SHANGHAI - CHINA

I. Design Purpose

1. To understand the working principle of impulse voltage generator and

insulation impulse test content;
2. To learn how to design the impulse voltage generator and use simulation
software Matlab;
3. To learn how to analyze the efficiency and waveform parameters of charging
circuit.
II. Design Requirements
1. To design a set of impulse voltage generator and generate impulse voltage
wave
Impulse waveform parameters:
wave front time 2.0us
Half-peak value time 36us
Test object voltage 110kV
2. Please refer to the regulation High Voltage Test Techniques (edited by Tsinghua
University)

III. Design Tasks

1. Draw the schematic diagram of circuit

High-efficiency symmetric charging circuit is chosen, which is shown in Fig.1 and
2.

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Fig.1 Charging circuit of generator

Fig.2 Discharging circuit of generator

2. Determine component parameters
2.1 Select the rated voltage
The voltage of lightning impulse test for 110kVproduct is illustrated in Tab.1
(according to GB311.1-1997 )
Tab.1 Lightning withstand voltage of 110kV product

Rated lightning impulse (internal and Chopped lightning impulse

external insulation) withstand voltage withstand voltage (peak
(peak value)/kV value)/kV
Busbar
HV
PT, reactors in HV electric support Internal
power
parallel, CT equipment insulator, insulation
cable
bushing
450 850 450 450 530
550 550 450 450 530

The data in the Tab.1 are withstand voltage. Both breakdown voltage and
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flashover voltage are higher than test voltage, so the margin coefficient is taken
as 1.3. The insulation ageing will happen to impulse voltage generator if used for
a long time. Therefore, ageing coefficient should be 1.1. Assume that the
efficiency of impulse voltage generator is 85%, nominal voltage of impulse
voltage generator should be higher than

U1=550×1.3 ×1.1 /0.85kV=925.3kV

2.2 Select the impulse capacitance

If high-power power transformer test, cable test and current transformer test are
not taken into account, the capacitance of insulator is estimated at 500pF based
on to ground stray capacitance, high voltage lead and sphere gap capacitance.
Then the capacitance of capacitive divider is about 600pF and the total load
capacitance is in the following:
C2=100+500+600=1200pF
If the impulse capacitance is estimated according to 10 times of load capacitance,
the needed impulse capacitance is as follows:
C1=10C2=12000pF
2.3 Select the capacity
A suitable capacitor is chosen from a series of made-in-China impulse capacitors,
that is, MY220-0.1 ceramic shell high-voltage impulse capacitor, details of which
is shown in Tab.2
Tab.2
Model Operating Test Capacitance Size Weight Shell
voltage voltage
MY220-0.1 220kV 264kV 0.1μF φ635× 361 Ceramic
shell
ι845

The five stages of this capacitor are in series and the nominal voltage can reach
1100kV, which basically meets the above-mentioned requirements. Each stage is
composed of two reactors in series and make impulse capacitance:
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C1=0.1/5=0.02μF

This value is more than 10C2 so that voltage efficiency is not very low.
2.4 Main parameters of impulse voltage generator

Nominal voltage U1 =220  5  1100k

Impulse capacitance C1  0.02  F

Nominal energy Wn  C1U12 / 2  0.02  F  (1100kV ) 2 / 2  12.1kJ

2.5 Calculation of wave front resistance and discharging resistance

When the capacitance of test object is 100pF and load total capacitance is 1200pF,
the wave front time is as follows:
T f  2.0  s  3.24 R f  C1C 2 / (C1  C 2 )
 3.24 R f  0.02  F  0.0012  F / (0.0212  F )

R f  545.26 ，per stage resistance rf  R f / 5  109.1

Given the influence of circuit inductance,

T f  2.33R f  C1C2 / (C1  C2 )

R f  758.22 ，per stage resistance rf  R f / 5  151.6 。

Half-peak value time Tt  0.693Rt (C1  C2 )

36  s  0.693 Rt  0.0212  F

Rt  2451 ，per stage resistance rt  Rt / 5  490

2.6 Select the charging resistance and protective resistance

C ( R  rf )  (10 ~ 20)Crt → R  20  490  151.6  9648

Make charging resistance R = 10kΩ ; each charging resistor can withstand 110kV

voltage. If protective resistance r is 50 times of charging resistance, protective

resistance r is 500 k .

Estimation of charging time

It is hard to precisely analyze the charging time due to the adoption of double

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voltage charging circuit. Charge to 0.9 times of voltage via calculation method of
simple rectifying charging:
Tcharge = 15(ro + r + nR/2)×nC

ro = r → Tcharge=8s

Given that it takes a little longer time for double voltage circuit to charge,
charging time should be taken 10s.
2.7 Select the power transformer (PT)

Increase safety coefficient to 3.0，the capacity double voltage charging circuit:

PT capacity = 3.0×2×Wn/Tcharge
= 3.0  2 12.1kJ /10s
=7.26kVA

PT voltage = 1.1 55kV / 2  42.8kV

Hence, domestic test power transformer is selected. The model is YD-10/100;

rated voltage is 100kV; rated capacity is 10kVA.
2.8 Select the silicon stack
In order to shorten the charging time, 10% of voltage is increased for charge
transformer. Therefore, the reversal voltage of silicon stack

= 55kV 1.1  55kV  115.5kV .

The rated current of silicon stack is calculated via average current. The efficient
value of current is more than the average value.

I n  7.26kVA / (55kV / 2)  0.187 A

The rated current of silicon stack should be 0.2A. 2DL-150/0.2 is chosen to form
each rectifier.
2.9 Select the diameter of sphere gap
The discharging voltage of  250mm sphere gap is 112kV when the gap
distance is 40mm. Six couples of  250mmcopper balls are chosen.
3.0 Matlab simulation test
(1) Complete simulation circuit diagram.
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The circuit diagram of impulse voltage generator with symmetric charging

high-efficiency circuit is shown in Fig.3. All components are set according to
above parameters. The 220kV AC power supply is used; as for sphere gap, trigger
switch is simulated; trigger signals are sent out by the step signal. The ode45
algorithm is used for calculation. In theory, the waveform is supposed to be
simulated. However, the simulation time is too long and expected waveform is
not obtained. Later, ode23tb algorithm is used. One oscillating sine wave occurs,
which does not meet the requirements.

Fig.3 Simulink initial simulation circuit diagram of impulse voltage generator

（2）Simplify the circuit diagram simulation

The simplified equivalent charging circuit shown in Fig.4 is used. Fig.7 shows the
equivalent discharging circuit. The initial voltage of C1 is set total voltage 1100kV
of five stages in series while ode45 algorithm is adopted to obtain the initial
voltage of C2. The obtained impulse waveform is shown in Fig. 5.
Charging process simulation:

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Fig.4 Equivalent charging circuit

Fig.5 Charging waveform of 1st stage capacitance

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Fig.6 Charging waveform of 5th stage capacitance

Based on the last stage charging waveform, charging time of impulse voltage
generator is about 10s, which is consistent with theoretical analysis.

Fig.7 Equivalent charging circuit

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5
x 10

6
Uc2/V

1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t/s -5
x 10

Fig.8 Impulse voltage simulation waveform

1. Calculation of simulation waveform parameters of impulse voltage
generator
The efficiency of actual impulse voltage generator:
983
= =89.4%
1100
Theoretical efficiency   C1 / (C1  C2 )  0.02 / 0.0212  94.3%

Hence, the selected capacitance is suitable.

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