ANSI/IEEE C37.

96-1988
(Revision of ANSI/IEEE C37.96-1976)

guide for ac
motor protection
 ANSI/IEEE C37.96-1988
(Revision of ANSI/IEEE C37.96-
1976)

An American National Standard

IEEE Guide for
AC Motor Protection

Sponsor
IEEE Power System Relaying Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society

Secretariat
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Approved June 9, 1988

IEEE Standards Board

Approved June 30, 1989

American National Standards Institute

© Copyright 1989 by

The lnstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, lnc

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,
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without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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 Foreword

(This Foreword is nota part of ANSI/IEEE C37.96-1988, IEEE Guide for AC Motor Protection.)

Since the original guide was issued in 1976 ANSI/IEEE C37.96-1988 incorporates a number of
changes. Sorne of the more significant changes were made in the sections dealing with phase
overcurrent protec tion, locked rotor protection, and additions to sections on variable speed motor
protection and motor protection using solid-state devices. Other changes were made to bring this guide
up-to-date and more in line with present-day requirements.
This guide was revised by the AC Motor Protection Guide Working Group, of the Rotating Machinery
Subcommittee, of the Power System Relaying Committee, of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. The
working group membership at the time of this revision was as follows:

G. C. Parr, Chairman
L. H. Coe K. J. F. Y. Tajaddodi
W. A Elmore Khunkhun J. W. Walton
R. J. Fernandez L.E.Landoll S. E.Zocholl
G. S. Ridge
R. C. Stein
The Standards Committee on Power Switchgear, C37, which reviewed and approved this guide had the
following personnel at the time of approval:

W. E. Laubach, Chairman
A. K. McCabe, Executive Vice-Chairman, High- Voltage Switchgear Standards
D. L. Swindler, Executive Vice-Chairman, lEC Activities
S. H. Telander, Executive Vice-Chairman, Low- Voltage Switchgear Standards
C. H. White, Secretary
M. B. Williams, Program Administrator
Organizatians Represented Name of Representative
Association of !ron and Steel Engineers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. M. Tillman
.......... G. R. Brandenberger (Alt)
Electric Light and Power Group............................................................... T. E. Bruck (Alt)
R. L. Capra
K. D. Hendrix
D. T. Weston
D. A Ditzler
J. H. Provanzana
D. E. Soffrin
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. C. Atkinson (Alt)
......... W. F. Hoenigmann
D. G. Kumbera (Alt)
D. M. Larson
H. W. Mikulecky
E. W. Schmunk
C. A Schwable
Sational Electrical Manufacturers Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. C. Burnett
......... T. L. Fromm
R. A McMaster
R. H. Miller
H. L. Miller (Alt)
C. A Schwable
Tennessee Valley Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. B. Rotton
.es . . . . . . . . of Agriculture- REA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. L. Bowles
. . .Department
es
. . . .Department
....... of the Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. M. Jones
es Department
...........
of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. W. Reif
......... R. L. Clark
es Department of the Navy. Naval Facilities Engineering Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. L. Frier
T. O'Grady
R. W. Seelbach (Alt)
Western Area Power Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. D. Birney
..........
 The following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this document for submission to
the IEEE Standards Board:
J. C. Appleyard S. E. Grier G.R.Nail
R. F. Arehart C. W. Griffin S. L. Nilsson
C. W. Barnett E. Guro R. W. Ohnesorge
R. W. Beckwith R. W. Haas G. C. Parr
E. A. Baumgartner R.E.Hart A. G. Phadke
J. J. Bonk M. Hiramkami A. C. Pierce
J. R. Boyle R. W. Hirtler A. Politis
B. Bozoki J. W. Ingleson J. W. Pope
W. D. Breingan R. H. Jones L. J. Powell
J. A. Bright E. W. Kalkstein G. D. Rockefeller
H. J. Calhoun T. L. Kaschaulk M. S. Sachdev
J. W. Chadwick D. K. Kaushaul E. T. Sage
D. M. Clark K. J. Khunkhun D. E. Sanford
D. H. Colwell W. C. Kotheimer L. Scharf
S. P. Conrad M. E. Kuczka H. S. Smith
J. Criss L.E.Landoll J. E. Stephens
D. C. Dawson J. R. Latham W. M. Strang
R. W. Dempsey H. Lee A. Sweetana
H. DiSante J. R. Linders R. P. Taylor
P. R. Drum G. J. Marieni J. R. Turley
L. L. Dvorak F. N. Meissner E. A. Udren
W. A. Elmore J. Miller D. R. Voltka
J. T. Emery R. J. Moran C. L. Wagner
E. J. Emmerling C. J. Mozina J. E. Waldron
W. E. Feero J. J. Murphy J. W. Walton
R. J. Fernandez T. J. Murray T. E. Wiedman
C. M. Gadsden K. K. Mustaphi S. E. Zocholl
A. T. Giuliante J. A. Zulaski

At the time this guide was approved, the IEEE Power System Relaying Committee had the following
membership:

D. R. Volzka, Chairman C. H. Griffin, Vice Chairman

J. R. Boyle, Secretary
J. C. Appleyard S. E. Grier S. L. Nilsson
R. F. Arehart E. Guro R. W. Ohnesorge
C. W. Barnett R. W. Haas G. C. Parr
R. W. Beckwith R.E.Hart A. G. Phadke
E. A. Baumgartner M. Hiramkami A. C. Pierce
J. J. Bonk R. W. Hirtler A. Politis
B. Bozoki J. W. Ingleson J. W. Pope
W. D. Breingan R. H. Jones L. J. Powell
J. A. Bright E. W. Kalkstein G. D. Rockefeller
H. J. Calhoun T. L. Kaschaulk M. S. Sachdev
J. W. Chadwick D. K. Kaushaul E. T. Sage
D. M. Clark K. J. Khunkhun D. E. Sanford
D. H. Colwell W. C. Kotheimer L. Scharf
S. P. Conrad M. E. Kuczka H. S. Smith
J. Criss L.E.Landoll J. E. Stephens
D. C. Dawson J. R. Latham W. M. Strang
R. W. Dempsey H. Lee A. Sweetana
H. DiSante J. R. Linders R. P. Taylor
P. R. Drum G. J. Marieni J. R. Turley
L. L. Dvorak F. N. Meissner E. A. Udren
W. A. Elmore J. Miller C. L. Wagner
E. J. Emmerling R. J. Moran J. E. Waldron
W. E. Feero C. J. Mozina J. W. Walton
R. J. Fernandez J. J. Murphy T. E. Weidman
C. M. Gadsden T. J. Murray S. E. Zocholl
A. T. Giuliante K. K. J. A. Zulaski
Mustaphi
G.R.Nail
 At the time this guide was approved, the Rotating Machinery Protection Subcommittee membership
was as follows:

G. R. Nail, Chairman R. J. Femandez, Vice Chairman/Secretary

R. F. Arehart K. J. Khunkhun M. S. Sachdev
M. S. Baldwin L. E. Landoll D. E. Sanford
B. Bozoki J. R. Latham W. M. Strang
C. H. Castro C. J. Mozina F. Y. Tajadodi
S. P. Conrad S. L. Nilsson C. L. Wagner
E. J. Emmerling G. C. Parr J. E. Waldron
E. Guro A. C. Pierce S. E.Zocholl

When this guide was approved on June 9, 1988 the IEEE Standards Board had the following
membership:

Donald C. Fleckenstein, Chairman Marco W. Migliaro, Vice Chairman

Andrew G. Salem, Secretary
Arthur A. Blaisdell John H. Horch L. Bruce McCiung
Fletcher J. Buckley Jack M. Kinn Donald T.
James M. Daly Frank D. Kirschner Michael* Richard
Stephen R. Dillon Frank C. Kitzantides E. Mosher
Eugene P. Fogarty Irving Kolodny L. John Rankine
Jay Forster* Joseph L. Koepfinger* Gary S. Robinson
Thomas L. Hannan Edward Lohse Frank L. Rose
Kenneth D. Hendrix John E. May, Helen M. Wood
Theodore W. Hissey, Jr Jr Karl H. Zaininger
Lawrence V. McCall Donald W. Zipse
*Member Emeritus
 Contents

SECTION PAGE
l. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
............. 9
1.1 General Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
............ 9
1.2 Motor Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
.......... 10
1.2.1 AC
1.3.1 lnduction Motors. . . . Control
Line-Interrupting . . . . . . . Devices
. . . . . . . .............................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Switchgear-Type Motor Controllers ............................................... 10
1.3.3 . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Effect of AC and DC Control Equipment ................................................ 11
1.4.1 Stator-Control Equipment ....................................................... 11
1.4.2 Field-Control Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
........ 14
1.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
.............
15
1.6 Applicable Documents in Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 Pullout Protection .................................................................... 15
2.1.1 lnduction-Motor Stalling ........................................................ 15
2.1.2 Synchronous-Motor Pullout ...................................................... 15
2.1.3 Electrical Quantities Available for Detection ...................................... 15
2.1.4 Protective Devices .............................................................. 15
2.2 . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1 General ........................................................................ 16
2.2.2 Motor Overloading .......................................................... ·. . . . 16
2.2.3 National Electrical Code (NEC) Requirements for Motor Protective
Devices and OSHA .............................................................. 16
2.2.4 Inadequate Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.6 Unusual Ambient Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.7 . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.8 High and Low Voltage and Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.9 .Overtemperature
........ Thermal Protective Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.10 . . . . . 23
Current-Sensing
2.3 Rotor Thermal Protection Type
. . . Devices
. . . . . . . . ...................................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
...
2.4 . . . . . . . . 27
.2.4.1
. . . . .General
. . . 27 Considerations ......................................................... 27
2.4.2 Effects of System and Motor Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.3 . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.4 Phase-Overcurrent Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.5 . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.4.6 Negative-Sequence Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4.7 . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5 Rotor-Fault Ground-Fault ProtectionProtection ........................................................ 32
................................................................
2.5.1 Induction-Motor Protection 32
..................................................... 32
2.6 2.5.2 Synchronous-Motor Protection 34
...................................................
2.6.1 General ........................................................................ 34
2.6.2 Antifriction (Ball, Roller) Bearings ............................................... 35
2.6.3 Fluid-Film (Sleeve) Bearings ..................................................... 35
2.6.4 Bearing Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.5 . . . . . . . . 35
2.7 Abnormal . . . . Power
. . . . . 35
Supply Conditions .................................................... 36
SECfiON PAGE

2.7.1 Abnorrnal Voltage ............................................................. 36

2.7.2 Abnorrnal Frequency .......................................................... 40
2.8 Abnorrnal Operating Conditions ....................................................... 40
2.8.1 Incornplete-Starting-Sequence Protection ........................................ 40
2.8.2 Out-of-Phase Re-Energization Protection ........................................ 40
2.9 Surge Protection ..................................................................... 41
2.10 Motors or Motor Controls L'sed in Class lE Nuclear Exposure ........................... 41

3. Motor-Protection Specifications ............................................................ 41

3.1 General Considerations .............................................................. 41
3.2 Motor-Protection Tables .............................................................. 41
3.3 Variable-Speed Motor-Protection Table ................................................ 49

4. Setting and .djustrnent of Protective Devices ............................................... 51

4.1 General Discussion ................................................................... 51
4.2 Protective Device Settings ............................................................ 51
4.2.1 Device 13-Synchronous-Speed Device .......................................... 51
4.2.2 Device 21-Distance (Irnpedance) Relay ........................................ 51
4.2.3 Device 26- Field Therrnal Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.4 . . . . . . . 52
4.2.5 Device 27- Undervoltage Relay ................................................. 52
4.2.6 Device 40- Field Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.7 . . . . . . 53
4.2.8 Device 46-Reverse-Phase or Phase-Balance Current Relay .......................
4.2.9 53
4.2.10 Device 47 -Phase-Sequence Voltage Relay .......................................
4.2.11 53
4.2.12 Device 48- Incornplete Sequence Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.13 . . . . . . 54
4.2.14 Device 49- Machín e Therrnal Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.15 . . . . . . . . 54
4.2.16 Device 50/51-Fuses and Overcurrent Devices ................................... 55
4.2.17 Device 53-Exciter or DC Generator Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 60
5. Bibliography ............................................................................. 61
5.1 Induction Motors, General ............................................................ 61
5.2 Synchronous Motors, General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 . . . . . . . . . 62
5.4 Variable Speed Applications .......................................................... 63
5.5 Protective Relays and Settings, General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.6 . . . . . . . 64
5.7 Protection, Therrnal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8 . . . . . . . . . 65
5.9 Protection, Fault. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .67. . . 65

F!Gl'RES

Fig 1 Three-Wire Control Circuit with Loss of Voltage Protection ...............................

Fig 2 11
Fig 3 Three-Wire Control Circuit with Tirne-Delay Loss of Voltage Protection .................... 11
Fig 4 Two-Wire Control Circuit with Loss of Voltage Release ................................... 12
Fig 5 Typical Brush-Type Synchronous-Motor Control .........................................
Fig 6 13
Fig 7 Typical Brushless-Type Synchronous-Motor Control ......................................
14
FIGURES P:\GE

Fig 8 Locked-Rotor Protection with Time-Overcurrent Supervised by a Speed Switch or a

Distance Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 9 . . . . . ·)·)
Fig 10 Distance Relay Used for Locked-Rotor Protection ....................................... ·)·)
Locked-Rotor Protection with Time-Overcurrent Supervised by a High Dropout
Fig 11 lnstantaneous Overcurrent ........................................................... 2:3
Fig 12 Toroidal (CT) Current Transformer; Cable Sheath Grounding ............................
Fig 13 29
Fig 14 Bus Ground Protection by Current Transformer and Overcurrent ........................ :30
Bus Ground Protection by Distribution Transformer and Overvoltage Relay ............... :30
Fig 15 Ground-Detection Relaying for Ungrounded System or lligh Resistance Grounded
Fig 16 System ............................................................................. :30
Fig 17 Differential Protection of Motors (a) Wye-Connected Motor (b) Delta-Connected Motor ....
Fig 18 31
Fig 19 Flux-Balancing Current Differential Scheme ...........................................
Fig 20 31
Fig 21 Differential Protection of Split-Phase Wye-Connected Motor ............................. 32
Fig 22 Alternate Method for Split-Phase Differential Protection ................................ 32
Fig 23 Sensitive Differential Protection with Directional Ground Relay ..........................
Fig 24 32
Fig 25 Wound-Rotor Motor Rotor Ground Protection .......................................... 33
Fig 26 Ground-Detection Lamps ............................................................. 33
Fig 27 AC Ground Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 28 . . . . . . . 34
Fig 29 DC Ground Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig 30 . . . . . . . 34
Fig 31 Current in Motor Windings with One Phase Open Circuited; Wye-Connected Motor . . . . . . . .
Fig 32 38
Fig 33 Connection of Sequence Networks for Ope'n-Phase Condition ............................ 38
Sequence Currents for Open-Phase Supply to Motor ....................................
38
Fig 34
Low-Voltage Motor Controller ......................................................... 42
Fig 35
Class El High-Voltage Motor Controller ................................................ 43
Fig 36
Class E2 High-Voltage Motor Controller ................................................ 43
Fig 37
Low-Voltage Power Circuit-Breaker with Series Trip Device .............................. 44
Fig 38
Low-Voltage Power Circuit-Breaker with Protective Relays .............................. 45
Fig 39
Power Circuit-Breaker Motor Controller, Typical Protection .............................
Fig 40
46
TABLES

Table Low-Voltage Combination Starter Comprised of Either a Molded-Case Air Circuit

Breaker or Fused Disconnect and a Magnetic Contactar with an Overload Relay ........ 42
Table 2 High-Voltage Class E Motor Controller ............................................... 43
Table 3 Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker, Manual or Electrically Operated, with Series
Trip Device ....................................................................... 44
Table 4 Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker, with Protective Relays and Electrical Tripping
in Addition to or in Place of Series Overcurrent Devices ..............................
Table 5 45
Table 6 Power Circuit Breaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 7 . . . . . . 47
Table 8 Field- Excitation Protection for all Synchronous Motor Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table 9 . . 47
Table 10 Device Designations and Functions ................................................. 48
Variable Speed Motor Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 An American National Standard
IEEE Guide for
AC Motor
Protection

l. Introduction (3) Section 4 presents a discussion of the var

ious factors that must be considered in
1.1 General Fonnat. This application guide for determining the setting of each relay or
the relay protection of squirrel-cage and wound device. Whenever it is applicable, a
rotor induction motors and synchronous motors discus sion is given on the desirability of
presents a review of the generally accepted forros using a device to actuate an alarm or a
of motor protection and summarizes the use of trip.
relays and devices, singly and in combination, so
the user may select the necessary equipment to 1.2 Motor Description
obtain adequate motor protection. This guide is 1.2.1 Induction Motors. The primary (stator)
con cerned primarily with the protection of three winding of an induction motor is connected to the
phase integral horsepower motors and variable power line. The winding in the secondary (rotor)
speed motors where specifically indicated. slots is not connected to any power lines, but
This guide does not purport to detail the pro receives its current by means ofinduction. Energy
tective requirements of all motors in every situa is transferred to the rotor by means of the mag
tion. Its recommendations are of a general netic field. Depending upon the type of power
nature, designed to cover the usual or typical supply, the stator winding is a polyphase winding
motor installations. Sufficient background (usually three-phase, seldom two-phase) or a
material on objectives, application, and setting single-phase winding. The rotor winding is de
philosophy is presented. However, to enable the signed as either a polyphase winding (usually a
user to evalu ate the need for various forros of three-phase) or a squirrel-cage winding. In the
protection and to select and properly apply wound rotor induction motor, the conductors of
suitable equipment, for most situations the rotor winding are insulated and are brought
( 1 Section 2 presents a brief description ofthe out to slip rings, which are connected to a starting
) damaging effect on a motor of abnormal or control device. In the squirrel-cage induction
voltage, current, temperature, and incor motor, the conductors of the rotor are not insu
rect operation conditions or procedures. A lated but consist of bare conductors set into the
clear understanding of the electrical and slots. These conductors are connected together
mechanical response of the motor to these solidly by a ring at each end.
abnormalities will greatly assist the user in 1.2.2 Synchronous Motors. Polyphase motors
evaluating the need for, and the means of, have stators and stator windings (armature wind
obtaining adequate motor protection in ings) similar to those of induction motors. The
any specific situation. rotor of the synchronous motor however differs
(2) Section 3 presents detailed recommenda considerably from that of the induction motor.
tions in a series of tables and diagrams The rotor has potes, usually salient, correspond
showing good engineering practice. The ing to the number of stator winding potes. The
tables and diagrams are classified accord potes are wound with many turns or wire, and a
ing to type of switching, normal source direct current is circulated through the winding
volt age, and motor and circuit ratings; to create alternately north and south magnetic
they show the combinations of devices flux potes.
normally applied for the associated The direct current (de) excitation m ay be ap
protective func tion. For a complete listing plied to the field windings through brush rigging
of all device designations (both ANSI and and slip rings or by means of a brushless excita
NEMA) used in this guide see Table 7. tion system consisting of an ac exciter, rectifier,

9
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE Gl"IDE FOR

and control equipment (mounted on the rotating tive package. Although a detailed re\iew of such
element). devices is beyond the scope of this guide, a sum
To start a synchronous motor, it is normally mary of their application and limitations is
necessary to have a number of bars embedded in essential.
the face of each pole, short circuited at each end 1.3.1.1 Low-Voltage Magnetic Contactor
to form a squirrel cage (called amortisseur or with Circuit Breaker or Fuses (Up to 600 V).
damper winding) similar to that found in the These controllers consist of a magnetic contactar
induction motor. Furthermore, the field winding used for starting or stopping the motor. The con
must be disconnected from the de supply and troller is equipped with thermal overload and
shorted, usually through an appropriate starting loss ofvoltage protection. Loss ofvoltage
and field discharge resistor during starting (that protection is inherent with magnetic contactors
is, the synchronous motor is normally started as when used with integral control supply and
an induction motor). three-wire con trol circuits. Loss of voltage
The differences between control and motor protection in this context connotes that the
protection of the synchronous motor as coro supply power is inter rupted and the
pared to the induction motor are related to the disconnection is maintained. The voltage must
rotor construction. Since the de excitation is usu fall sufficiently to permit the contac tar to open
ally a necessity for synchronous operation, and and break the seal-in circuit and may not protect
synchronous operation is fundamental to the the motor against undervoltage oper ation.
synchronous motor, protection against loss of Short-circuit protection may be provided either
field and loss of synchronism should be by the magnetic trip of the circuit breaker or by
provided. During starting, the control equipment fuses. The circuit breaker may also serve as the
generally is required to ensure automatically disconnecting means, whereas in fused start ers
and accu rately that the rotor speed has reached a separate disconnecting means is required.
a proper value before the de excitation is 1.3.1.2 NEMA Class El High-Voltage
applied. The syn chronous motor rotor thermal Motor Controllers (2200 V- 4800 V). Standards
capability and its allowable stall time are for these motor controllers are given in
generally much less than for an induction motor, ANSI/NEMA ICS 2-1983 [9]1, .324. The
and special protection for the damper winding ratings are listed in
must be provided. ANSI/NEMA ICS 2-1983 [9], Table 2-324-2. These
However, since the synchronous motor's controllers consist of a medium-voltage magnetic
stator, bearings, and enclosure variations are contactar used for starting and stopping the
essentially the same as the induction motor, motor with thermal overload and undervoltage
protection schemes for these parts are basically protection similar to that listed for the low
1.3 Switching and Control. All motors require voltage units. In addition, however, fault protec
the following functions to be incorporated in their tion is provided by instantaneous overcurrent
control and switching equipment: relays. Other relaying is added as described in
( 1) Stator disconnection means Section 2.
(2) Stator fault-interrupting devices 1.3.1.3 NEMA Class E2 High-Voltage
(3) Stator switching means Motor Controllers (2200 V -4800 V). These
In addition, a synchronous motor must have motor con trollers are similar to Class El
sorne means of field switching. controllers described in 1.3.1.2 except that the
In this section the general types of stator and short-circuit protective relays are omitted and
field interrupting and control devices are de fault interrupt ing fuses are added.
scribed. These devices have been primarily 1.3.2 Switchgear-Type Motor Controllers. In
speci fied with the protection of the motor in switchgear-type motor controllers all stator-dis
mind. In sorne cases, the question of connecting, fault-interrupting, and switching func
interruption to pro duction is a very vital tions are done by the power circuit breaker.
consideration to the user and protection of Standards are available covering the application
certain motors may be secon dary. In this case and limitations of ac power circuit breakers for
see 2.7.1.1.1 and 2.7.1.1.2. these
circuitfunctions.
breakers For
for example, ANSI
full-voltage C37.16-1980
motor starting
1.3.1 Altemating Current (AC) Line-Inter and running duty of three-phase, 60 Hz 40 oc rise
rupting Control Devices. Since the protective
device generally provides only for the detection of 1 ThP numhPrs in braekets eorrPspond to those ofthe rPfPr
an abnormality, it is necessary to consider the t>net>s in !.Pi.
interrupting device in selecting the overall protec-

10
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

motors, whereas ANSI C37.16-1980 [2), covers acts as a generator for a short period of time
the limitations relating to repetitive duty and and
normal maintenance. ANSI C37.06-1987 [ 1] therefore tends to maintain its ac terminal volt
shows the number of operations for various age for a considerably longer period than an
operating conditions that can be performed induction motor. See 2.7.1.1 for information on
before mainte nance is required. the protection of the motor for this condition.
1.3.3 Field Switching Equipment. All synchro 1.4.1.2 Three-Wire Control with Time-
nous motors are equipped with sorne forro offield Delay Loss ofVoltage Protection. When it is
application equipment. For brushless synchronous desired to ensure that the motor will continue
motors, an ac power supply to a rotating trans to operate
former or a de supply to the ac exciter is used. during voltage dips or outages of short duration,
The control of this power supply must be inte the control circuit shown in Fig 2 should be used.
grated with the stator control. The equipment This is referred to as three-wire control with time
that rectifies ac power to the field is contained on
Fig 1
the rotating element. For the smaller motors, con
Three-Wire Control Circuit with
tactors are used to switch the power supply to the
Loss of Voltage Protection
field. For the larger ratings, field circuit breakers
(Field Control Not Shown)
may be needed.
THREE- PHASE
1.4 Effect of AC and DC Control Equipment. SUPPLY SOURCE

Since the supply of electrical energy to the stator

of either a synchronous or induction motor and
the field of a synchronous motor can use any one Oll
of a variety of ac or de circuits and devices, there OL2
OL3
are too many variations to cover each in detail.
Sorne examples of stator control schematics are M
shown in the simplified circuits ofFigs 1, 2, and 3.
1.4.1 Stator Control Equipment. Protection
OL3
from extremely low or complete loss of line volt
age is an inherent feature of the nonlatched-in FUSE M
type of alternating-current motor controllers.
These devices are not designed to release at any
STOP PB
specific leve! of voltage. A measure of protection
against low-line voltage is available because the
contactors are maintained closed by potential
taken directly from the motor line or from a con
trol transformer. The line contactors must close Fig2
at 85% of rated line voltage, according to ANSI/ Three-Wire Control Circuit with Time-Delay
NEMA ICS 2-1983 [9], 110.41 (b) while the Loss of Voltage Protection
drop out point is not defined and may vary from
20% to 70% of rated voltage. If a severe voltage THREE-PHASE
SUPPLY SOURCE
dip or complete loss of line voltage should occur
while a motor is running, the line contactar will
drop open.
1.4.1.1 Three-Wire Control with Loss of UV Oll
RES OL2
Voltage Protection. When the circuit shown in RECT UV OL3
Fig 1 is used, the contactar is maintained through
an auxiliary contact in parallel with the start M
pushbutton. If the contactar should open due to
low-line voltage, the coil circuit is broken by the
auxiliary control contact, and the motor cannot OL3

restart until the start pushbutton is operated.

This type of protection is referred to as three-wire uv
control with loss of voltage protection. During a
condition of low-line voltage, a synchronous
motor

11
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUDE FOR

time-delay undervoltage relay that maintains a Synchronous motors would probably pull out of
sealing contact for a definite period after a volt step if restored automatically, therefore, the
age failure. scheme in Fig 3 is not recommended for them.
1.4.1.3 Two-W'll'e Control. When the auxil 1.4.1.4 Circuit-Breaker Control. When cir
iary control contact M of Fig 1 is omitted, the cuit breakers are used for motor control, no
start-stop pushbutton replaced with a toggle or inherent tripping occurs for low (or zero) line
latched switch anda knife switch, pressure switch, volt age. These devices are latched in and must
or other type of maintained contact sensing be tripped by operating a specific device or
device, the two-wire control of Fig 3 results. contact.
With this scheme, the line contactor opens on 1.4.2 Field-Control Equipment. Switching
any low volt age below the dropout value to the field of a synchronous motor is complicated
disconnect the motor. The motor automatically by the fact that the field may be any of
restarts when sufficient voltage is restored to (1) A brush-type field (that is, one supplied
close the line contactor. This arrangement is power through slip rings on the shaft and
referred to as two wire control with loss ofvoltage associated brushes) that derives its direct
release. This two wire control arrangement has current from
(a) A shaft-driven de exciter
the disadvantage that severa! motors on the same (b) A separate motor-generator set
power system will attempt to restart (e) A separate static rectifier
simultaneously when volt age is restored. Such (2) A brushless type field that requires
a strain on a system may depress the voltage to (a) Direct-current excitation for the field
the point where the motors would never be able of a rotating ac exciter
to accelerate to full speed. In addition, unexpected (b) Alternating-current excitation for the
automatic restarting after restoration of voltage primary of a rotating transformer
may be a safety hazard. Generally, the field application circuit must
When the two-wire control is used, overload ( 1 Provide a discharge path for the alternat
relays with automatic reset should not be ) ing current induced in the motor field
applied. When the automatic reset overload during starting. This circuit may require
relays are installed in this arrangement, an opening of the field-discharge-resistor cir
overload causes the motor to shut down, but cuit when excitation is applied to the motor
the motor is re started when the relays reset. field.
The cycle could continue until the motor is (2) Apply field at a suitable rate (95%-99%)
and (with sorne equipment) ata
favorable
Fig 3 position of the rotor poles with respect to
Two-Wire Control Circuit with the rotating flux.
(3) Automatically remove field on impending
Loss of Voltage Release pullout.
(4) Automaticallyresynchronize upon restora
tion of favorable conditions, or provide
THREE-PHASE shutdown, whichever is desired.
SUPPLY SOURCE CONTROL 1.4.2.1 Brush-Type. A typical low-voltage
brush-type synchronous motor control is shown
. -+-_T_R_'F"" Oll in Fig 4. The details of operation varies with the
OL2 particular equipment supplied by different manu
OL3 facturers and with different motor applications.
The general sequence of operation is as follows:
Closure ofthe start pushbutton energizes the line
M
contactor coil M, connecting the motor stator to
M the ac line and sealing-in around the pushbutton.
The motor accelerates asan induction motor with
STOP its field connected across its starting (and dis
O k'!
ll FUSE +
010
PRESSURE
SWITCH
charging) resistor. A thermal relay 26F for
ETC damper winding protection is in series with this
1

L--/\
...
.
resistor. Should the motor fail to start and
START-STOP accelerate, the relay operates to open the line-
PB
(MAINTAINEDl contactor coil cir cuit. This protection is
discussed in ,;:!.3. lt is fre-
12
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

Ll

L2

L3

41

TDC-TIME-DELAY CLOSE
TOO-TIME-DELAY OPEN
*CONTACTS ARE "MAKE-BEFORE-BREAK"
<••l OTHER PROTECTIVE DEVICES

Fig4
Typical Brush-Type Synchronous-Motor Control

quently important that the field be applied at the 1.4.2.2 Brushless Type. In the brushless
proper speed and at a favorable position of the type synchronous-motor control, the motor field
rotor with respect to the rotating flux in the and the field application circuit are mounted on
machine. To accomplish this, coordination is the motor rotor. Alternating current is still re
required between the field application or syn quired for the line contactor and for the exciter
chronizing relay 56 de and an ac holding coil field. These circuits are, in general, similar to
56 ac. When the line contactor M closes, its auxil those for the brush-type motor and need not be
iary contact energizes the closing coil56 de, which repeated. A typical control circuit, inherent in a
energizes the timing relay 2 and opens the field brushless-type motor and mounted with the
contactor 41 coil circuit. The timing relay is used rotating equipment, is shown in Fig 5 and oper
to prevent the application offield until the proper ates as follows: The purpose of the control
time. When the timer reaches its actuating posi circuit is to keep the rectifier SCRl from firing
tion, the field application relay closing coil 56 de until the induced field-current frequency is very
is de-energized, leaving the operation of this low, repre senting a close approach to
relay dependent upon the variable ac voltage synchronous speed, then to fire the rectifier
signa! appearing across the starting resistor as SCRl at the proper time, and thus apply
detected by the holding coil 56 ac. This relay will excitation to the synchronous motor field. At
drop out when the time interval between half the same time, the field-discharge resistor is
waves of the rectified induced field current removed from the circuit. This is done by the
exceeds the relay setting. This occurs at 94%- firing characteristic of rectifier SCR2. This
98% of synchronous speed, at which time its frequency sensitive part of the control circuit
contacts will close, ener gizing the field contactor ensures that the field excitation is applied at the
41. proper pull-in speed for successful

13
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GCIDE FOR

CONTACTS IN AC
CONTROL CIRCUITS

AC
SOURCE ----t 1--
+---.......,-'

1
'------4 ---+---- - -- ---
_1 EXCITER CIRCUIT

MOTOR FIELO EXCITATION ANO CONTROL MOUNTEO

ON SHAFT.

Fig5
Typical Brushless-Type Synchronous-Motor Control

1.5 References. This guide shall be used in con [7] ANSI/IEEE C62.92-1987, IEEE Guide for
junction with the following publications: Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical
Utility Systems, Part I - Introduction.
[1] ANSI C37.06.1987, American National Stan
dard Preferred Ratings and Related Required [8] ANSI/NEMA ICS 1-1983, General Standards
Capabilities for AC High-Voltage Circuit for Industrial Control and Systems.4
Breakers on a Symmetrical Current Basis.2
[9] ANSI/NEMA ICS 2-1983, Industrial Control
[2] ANSI C37.16-1980, American National Stan Devices, Controllers, and Assemblies.
dard Recommendations for Low-Voltage Power
[10] ANSI/NFPA 20-1987, Centrifugal Fire
Circuit Breakers and AC Power Circuit Protec Pumps. 5
tors, Preferred Ratings, Related Requirements and
Application. [11] ANSI/NFPA 70-1987, National Electrical
Code.
[3] ANSI C50.41-1982, American National Stan
dard Polyphase Induction Motors for Power [12] 29 CFR, eh XVII, part 1910, OSHA.6
Generating Stations.
[13] NEMA MG1-1987, Motors and Generators.
[4] ANSI/IEEE C37.2-1987, IEEE Standard Elec
trical Power System Device Function Numbers. 3 [14] NEMA MG10-1983, Energy Management
Guide for Selection and Use of Polyphase Motors.
[5] ANSI/IEEE C37.13-1981, IEEE Standard for
Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in
Enclosures. 4 ANSI/NEMA publications are available from the National
[6] ANSI/IEEE C37.101-1985, IEEE Guide for Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 2101 L. Street,
NW, Washington, DC 20037, or from the Sales Department,
Generator Ground Protection. American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New
York, NY 10018.
5 ANSIINFPA publications are available from the Sales
2 ANSI publications are available from the Sales Depart Department of the Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch
ment, American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, Park, Quincy, MA 02269, or from the Sales Department, Amer
New York, NY 10018. ican National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York,
3ANSI/IEEE publications are available from the IEEE NY 10018.
Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, PO Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 6 This publication is available from the Superintendent of
08855-1331, or from the Sales Department, American National Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. 20402.

14
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

[15] BOOTHMAN, D. R., ELGAR, E. C., REHDER, ofsynchronism ifthe pulsations occur atan
R. H, and WOODALL, R. J. Thermal Tracking unfa
-A Rational Approach to Motor Protection. vorable period relative to the natural frequency of
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and the rotor with respect to the power system.
Systems, vol PAS-93, Sep/Oct 1974, pp 1335- A prevalent cause of loss of synchronism is a
1344. fault occuring on the supply system. Fault clear
ing time, fault location, fault type, and system
[ 16] IEEE REPORT. Transient Response oj Cur
configuration are significant factors relating to
rent Transjormers. Power System Relaying Com the stability ofthe motor. Fast fault clearing, mul
mittee, July 6, 1973.
tiple ties, and remoteness of faults favor stability.
[ 17] RAMSAUR, O. Performance of Three-phase, double line-to-ground, line-to-line,
Overcurrent Relays on Cold Load Restoration. and line-to-ground faults have a decreasing effect
1952 PEA Relay Committee Proceedings. on stability in the order listed.
Underexcitation of the machine is a distinct
[18] ROCKEFELLER, G. D. Relaying CT -
cause of out-of-step operation. This may be
A
Source of Vital Information and caused by incorrect tripping of the field breaker
eor con tactor) or by opening or short
Misinformation. Georgia lnstitute ofTechnology,
circuiting of the field circuit. When loss of
Atlanta, GA. Con ference on Protective Relaying,
synchronism epullout) of a synchronous motor
1973.
occurs and the condition is not detected and the
[19] SHULMAN, J. M., ELMORE, W. A., and motor is not separated from the system on the
BAILEY, K. D. Motor Starting Protection by first pole slippage, field excitation must be
lmped ance Sensing. IEEE Transaction on disconnected and the field connected to the
Power Appa ratus and Systems, vol PAS-97, discharge resistor immediately. This minimizes
no 5, Sep/Oct 1978, pp 1689- 1695. the current that flows until the motor can be
isolated.
1.6 Applicable Documents in Preparation 2.1.3 Electrical Quantities Available for De
7
tection. For a synchronous motor, loss of syn
chronism is a gradually evolving phenomenon
rather than an instantaneous occurrence. During
2. Motor Protection Requirements the initial phase of pullout, stator current in
creases, terminal voltage decreases, and a
2.1 Pullout Protection voltage is induced in the rotor circuit at the
2.1.1 Induction-Motor Stalling. An induction slip fre quency. Power flow into the motor
motor stalls when the load torque exceeds the increases until approximately a 90° angle is
breakdown torque and causes its speed to de reached between the equivalent maching voltage
crease to zero or to sorne stable operating point and the system volt age. At approximately the
well below rated speed. This produces motor 180° point, current is maximum and lags the
cur rent equal to or approaching locked-rotor system voltage by the angle of the total
current. impedance between the motor and the system
2.1.2 Synchronous-Motor Pullout. When a syn emcluding the stator resistance and transient
chronous motor loses synchronism with the sys reactance of the motor). Also at this point, the
tem to which it is connected, it is out of step. This direction of power flow reverses, with the motor
occurs when the following actions take place mass supplying energy to the sys tem. When
singly or in combination: resistance is significant, this reversa} occurs
e 1) Excessive load is applied to the shaft prior to the 180° point. The reactive flow for
e2) The supply voltage is reduced excessively virtually the full slip-cycle is into the motor, but
(3) The motor excitation is too low m ay be out of the motor for a small part of the
Torque pulsations applied to the shaft of a syn slip cycle, depending upon the machine
chronous motor are also a possible cause of loss excitation.
2.1.4 Protective Devices. Out-of step
detection devices for synchronous motors
7 When the following document is completed, approved and usually operate on the stator power-factor
published, it will become a part ofthis listing: IEEE Standards angle or alternating current in the field.
Project PC62.21 (in preparation) Application Guide for Surge lmpedance-type devices are available for
Protective Equipment on AC Rotating Machinery.
detecting loss of field, and they may also be set

15
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUDE FUR

Devices used in the field circuit usually consist The temperature leve! at which an insulation
of a current transformer (ct) with an ac relay on system should be protected is subject to engineer
its secondary. When the machine is operating ing judgement and applicable standards. (For
synchronously, there is no ac component of field limits established by motor industry, see the fol
current, and therefore no relay current. If the lowing sections of NEMA MG1-1987 [13], 12.41.
machine is out of step with the system, a current 12.42, and 12.52. For induction motors see NEMA
of slip frequency exists; if it is of sufficient MG1-1987 [13], 20.40. For synchronous motors
magni tude, the relay picks up. During the see NEMA MG1-1987 [13],
starting period, either this relay must be 21.40.
blocked or the current transformer must be so It should be kept in mind that deriving in
located that no current flows in it at that time. creased output at the price of higher tempera
This scheme is not adaptable to motors with a tures for any given motor means accepting a
brushless excitation scheme. For such a scheme, shorter life. However, when motors are used in
a power-factor relay may be used. See 4.2.12. essential or critica! service, such as fire pumps
For very large synchronous motors or synchro or boiler-feed pumps, it is often desirable that
nous condensers, a loss-of-field relay, is often the operator be given time to correct an
used to detect var flow into the machine. Acci overload condition before a motor is stopped.
dental tripping of the field breaker (or contactor) Such service may require the motor to run
or loss of field current can be accurately detected overloaded for pro longed periods in situations
by this device (see 4.2.5). There have also been where the overload does not exceed the
successful applications of field current devices breakdown torque rating of the motor. In these
operating from a field current shunt and of cases, the cost of reduced motor life, due to
notching relays that count pole slips based upon the overload conditions, must be weighed
power reversals. against the expense and damage that would
result from a service interruption or a
2.2 Stator Winding Protection potential motor burnout.
2.2.1 General. Deterioration of the electrical 2.2.2 Motor Overloading. Overloads can
insulating system of stator windings is a common pro duce stator temperature rises in excess
cause of reduced motor life and failure. This may ofplanned thermal limits of the winding
result from numerous causes; such as, subjecting insulation system. However, in all cases of
the insulation to moisture, excessive dielectric operation that result in overtemperature, time is
stress, and mechanical or thermal damage. an important factor. The heat storage capacity
The physical and dielectric properties of an of an induction motor is relatively large. Slight
insulation system deteriorate with age, and like overloading for short peri ods of time does not
other chemical activity, the process is accelerated result in damaging tempera ture excursions
by an elevation in temperature. A rule of thumb because the extra heat is stored in the mass
has been developed from tests and experience to ofthe conductor, core, and structural members.
indicate that the life of an insulation system is In contrast, for locked-rotor conditions, the rate
approximately halved for each 10 oc incremental of temperature increase is very rapid due to the
increase (the range of 7 °C-12 oc is indicated for large currents. Since very little heat is
modern insulation systems) of winding tempera transmitted, in this short time interval, from the
ture and approximately doubled for each 10 oc conductors to the more massive parts of the
decrease. Thus, insulation life is related to the motor, the heat storage capacity appears to be
length of time the insulation is maintained at a small, and thermal limits of the winding insula
given temperature. tion may be reached within seconds.
In practice, winding failures resulting from die 2.2.3 National Electrical Code (NEC)
lectric breakdown are usually attributed to condi Require ments for Motor Protective Devices
tions such as impulse or switching surge voltage, and OSHA. ANSI!NFPA 70-1987 [11] has as its
moisture, penetration or conducting contami purpose the practica! safeguarding of persons,
nants, or mechanical stress such as vibration or buildings, and their contents from hazards
distortion forces, which occur during starting. arising from the use of electricity. It contains
Regardless of the reason associated with the fail provisions considered necessary for safety. Its
ure, the effect of elevated temperature is to reduce scope includes the elec tric conductors and
the ability of the insulation to withstand electrical equipment installed, for example, within or on
or mechanical abuse. public or private buildings. industrial substations,
and mobile homes. It does not cover installations

16
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

dation for safe practice is adopted by most of the fied in ANSI/NFPA 70-1987 [ 11] Articles 430-32,
states, cities, and towns in the United States as to be rated or selected to trip at no more than
the governing electrical code and is enforced by 125% of rated full-load current for motors with a
the local or state approval authority. marked temperature rise not over 40 oc or with a
OSHA, 29 CFR, chapter XVII, part 1910 is service factor not less than 1.15 and not higher
concerned with all establishments engaged in than 115% of full-load current rating for all other
the manufacture of products for interstate motors.
commerce. Part 1910 (Subpart S-Electrical of For continuous duty motors having a thermal
the regulation) has essentially adopted ANSI/ protector integral with the motor, ANSI/NFPA
NFPA 70-1987 [11] and incorporates its require 70-1987 [11], Articles 430-32 specifies that the
ments for electrical installations. The edition of thermal protector shall be approved for use with
ANSI/NFPA 70 (NEC) adopted by OSHA is not the motor that it protects on the basis that it will
generally the same as that enforced by local prevent dangerous overheating of the motor due
authority. to overload and failure to start. For motors rated
With the adoption of the NEC in the public and more than 1 hp, in addition to protecting against
private sector, even though excluding installa excessive temperature, the thermal protector is
tions under the exclusive control of electric utili specified to limit the combination of motor and
ties when used in connection with the generation, protector toan ultimate trip current not exceed
transmission, and distribution of electric energy, ing 170%, 156%, and 140% of motor full-load
the NEC essentially represents requirements for current rating where full-load current is not
practically all residential, commercial, and indus exceeding 9 A, between 9.1 Ato 20 A, and above
trial installations. For this reason, NEC require 20 A, respectively.
ments as applying to motors and motor circuits Other overload protection recognized by ANSI!
are NFPA 70-1987 [11], Articles 430-32(a) (4) in
included. volves the use of embedded temperature detec
The NEC specifies overload devices used to tors used in conjuction with intermediate
pro tect motors, motor-control apparatus and devices that cause motor current to be
motor branch-circuit conductors against excessive interrupted.
heat ing due to overload and failure to start. See 2.2.4 Inadequate Ventilation. Inadequate ven
ANSI/NFPA 70-1987 [11], Article 430,Part C. tilation results from a reduction of coolant flow to
The NEC further specifies devices intended to the motor parts from which heat is to be removed.
protect the motor, motor-control apparatus, and Motors operated with clogged or partially clogged
branch-circuit conductors against overcurrents ventilating passageways may have restricted air
due to short circuits and grounds. See ANSI/ flow and thus run hot. Similarly, screens, filters,
NFPA 70-1987 [11], Article 430, Part D. or devices in the motor air stream may become
In motor branch circuits, it is customary to clogged and reduce coolant flow. With ventilation
provide for these functions separately where the blocked, a motor operating even at no-load may
running overload protective device protects be subject to destructively high temperatures.
against motor overloads and locked rotor and Ventilation inadequacy can be detected by air
the overcurrent protective device, as a flow, pressure, or devices sensing the temperature
separate device, provides protection against of the motor winding, and alarming or tripping
short circuits action can be initiated.
and ground faults.
The NEC specifies maximum current rating or 2.2.5 Unusual Ambient Conditions. Motors
setting in relation to motor nameplate full-load and controls, rated
are ordinarily such for
as separate
use in a overload
maximumdevices,
ambient
current for the motor running overload protec no higher than 40 oc and, conversely, in areas
tive device since the requirement includes the where the ambient temperature at the motor or
need to monitor the maximum continuous the overload device, or both, exceeds or is
motor branch-circuit current. Of the severa} appre ciably lower than this may require special
means rec ognized for providing motor consid eration as described in the following.
running overload protection, the two basic Considering the effect on the motor, when its
approaches in common use are a separate ventilating medium increases in temperature, the
overcurrent device that is responsive to motor motor winding temperature increases by an equal
current and a thermal pro tector integral with amount. The effect on a motor operating in a
the motor. (See ANSI/NFPA 70-1987 [11], Art, higher than rated ambient temperature, even
430-32.)
17
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

though within rated load, can subject the wind In motors of the totally enclosed, heat-ex
ings to overtemperature similar to that resulting changer type, which are cooled by internal
when the motor is overloaded in a normal recir
ambient. culation of water-cooled air, overheating of the
The motor rating may have to be appropriately motor can occur because of higher than normal
reduced for operation in such high ambients. Loss water temperature or restricted water flow. By
of life can occur anytime equipment is operated monitoring the temperature ofthe air discharged
outside its design specifications. For operation from the heat exchanger, excessive temperature
under specific abnormal operating conditions of the recirculated air can be detected. In sorne
special studies should be conducted or informa cases, it may be practical to monitor the flow or
tion on loss of life should be obtained from the temperature of the water through the heat
roan ufacturer. exchanger. For these applications,
Illustrative of locations that may involve higher considerations should be given to whether a
than normal ambient temperature are motors in failure of sorne other component such as a
direct sunlight during a hot summer day or in separately driven fan, which may remain
boiler rooms. Additionally, excessive motor tem undetected, must be monitored in addition to
perature may result if the discharge air is misdi the water. Various types of detectors are
rected so asto reenter the inlet ports. This can be available that may be used for visual instru
caused by installing motors too close to a wall or mentation, signaling, or shutdown.
to each other. 2.2.6 High and Low Voltage and Frequency.
Motors installed at high altitudes operate in According to NEMA MG1-1987 [13], 20.45
an atmosphere of lower than normal air density motors are generally expected to operate
with successfully under running conditions at rated
reduced ventilation effectiveness, again resulting load with a variation of ± 10% of rated voltage, ±
in a higher than normal temperature rise unless 5% of rated frequency, or a combination of the
the motor rating is reduced. two provided the sum of the absolute values of
Motors designed for special applications, such the deviations
as sealed motors on submersible pumps that have does not exceed 10% and the
their rotor in the path of the fluid being pumped, frequencyvariation does not exceed ± 5%. For
involve unusual ambient conditions that require synchronous motors, rated excitation current is
special consideration in selecting and setting to be maintained.
thermal devices and should be evaluated on an Variation in voltage or frequency, or both,
individual basis. usu ally results in an increase in stator winding
When the ambient temperature is considerably tem perature over that expected at rated
lower than the nominal 40 oc, it would appear nameplate conditions. Within the defined limits,
that a motor could be loaded beyond its rating. the increase in operating temperature is
This is not necessarily true. Other permissible since it is characteristically of short
considerations besides the thermal limitations of duration and thus is considered as not
motor compo nents must be made. Mechanical damaging to the insulation.
parts, such as shafts and bearings, must be The motor can be protected against such over
suited for increased loading. Margins on loads by devices that sense line current but
pullout torque may be cut dangerously close. otherwise are independent of frequency. Direct
Thus it is not recommended that motors be winding temperature sensing devices also give
loaded beyond their rating in lower than pro tection from overheating dueto the abnormal
normal ambients without careful investigation. volt age and frequency.
In the case of separate overload devices, such The selection and application of overload pro
as thermal overload relays, the effective heater tection devices must be related to the higher
rating is reduced when located in an ambient than rated current, which can occur at the
higher than 40 oc and, conversely, increased in extremes if the motor is to be permitted to
lower ambient temperatures. When the operate at rated load over the range ofvoltage
tempera and frequencyvari ations. The overload
ture at the control is the same as at the motor, the protection devices can be set for 115% of rated
proper relationship is generally obtained. Should current to prevent nuisance tripping for most
the temperature at the control and motor be dif motors. The minimum tripping value of the
ferent, special consideration must be given when overload protection should factor in this extra
selecting the protective relay setting or by specify current.

18
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

than normal temperature rises at rated condition and the winding is without benefit of the
to compensate for the adverse operating con ventila tion normally produced by rotation of
ditions. the rotor. The temperature rise of the windings
Motors may be operated from solid state or is propor tional to the square of the current
other types ofvariable frequency or variable volt multiplied by the time, I2 t, neglecting slight
age, or both, power supplies for adjustable-speed heat loss from the windings. Overtemperature
drive applications. For these applications, the from this cause can
motors should be individually evaluated for these be prevented by sensing the line current magni
conditions and appropriately designed so that the tude and interrupting the power when the cur
maximum temperature rise over its expected rent value is excessive. Since motors require and
operating range does not exceed values accept can tolerate high currents for a short time during
able to the insulation system used. In these appli acceleration, sorne time delay must be incorpo
cations stator thermal protection is generally rated in the current-sensing device, or provision
obtained by devices that sense winding tempera must be made in the protective device to sense
ture rather than motor current alone. motor winding temperature and also line-current
2.2.7 Locked Rotor or Failure to Accelerate. magnitude. Otherwise, the current-sensing device
Failure of a motor to accelerate when its stator is must be shunted out during the starting period.
energized may be caused by many things includ To provide protection for locked rotor, the pro
ing mechanical failure of the motor or load bear tective devices must be set to disconnect before
ings, low supply voltage, or an open circuit in one the motor stator insulation suffers thermal dam
phase of a three-phase voltage supply. When a age or the rotor conductors melt or suffer damage
motor stator winding is energized with the rotor due to repeated stress and deformation.
stationary, the motor performs like a transformer Depending on the design, a motor may be
with resistance-loaded secondary windings. Typi stator limited or rotor limited during locked-
cally, stator winding currents may range from rotor con ditions. In high horsepower designs,
three to seven or more times rated full-load value frequently rotor heating is the limiting factor.
depending on motor design and supply system The motor manufacturer can furnish the
impedance. The motor controller must be capable allowable locked rotor time only after the
of interrupting locked-rotor current. See Fig 6 for motor design is com pleted. This is usually
a typical example of starting current and locked given as a time at rated locked-rotor current
rotor time. starting from either rated ambient temperature
Another factor is that heating in the stator or rated operating temper ature. It also can be
winding is 10to 50 or more times rated conditions given as part of the motor time-current curve.
Starting times vary depending on motor
design and load torque characteristics. Times
Fig 6 may vary
Typical Motor Starting and Capability CUIVes from < 2 s to > 20 s and must be determined
(Applies for a Particular Motor Terminal for
Voltage and for Cold Start) each application. Overload relays applied to detect
the locked-rotor conditions must be able to carry
full starting current for the entire starting period
THERMAL
ADDITIONAL
without operating. Although the starting current
)N LdTY
INFORMATI ON
MAY BE SHOWN
does drop off near full speed, this effect is nor
mally neglected providing sorne margin of safety
from relay operation during starting.
Care must be exercised in applying
overcurrent relays for locked-rotor conditions.
The starting current characteristic, as usually
plotted, is a
trace of current versus time. The overcurrent
relay characteristic, as usually plotted, is a
collec tion of points describing the operating
time of the relay with a fixed continuous
current applied. If
CURRENT the two characteristic curves are superimposed,
the overcurrent characteristic may be at all points

19
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

Proper application of this inforrnation allows a before the time-overcurrent relay operates.
satisfactory setting to be chosen. If, upon energization, the motor fails to
The starting current of an induction motor accelerate, the rnho relay will rernain
nearly equals locked-rotor rnagnitude but has a picked up and the motor will be tripped
lesser heating effect. This occurs because rotor when the time-overcurrent relay operates
resistan ce is a function of slip and decreases dur (see Figs 8, 9, and 27). Although a
ing acceleration. When at rest the rotor is swept single-phase rnho relay works, in practice
by the rotating field set up by stator current. a three-phase relay
The is used.
field travels at synchronous speed relative to the A time overvoltage relay device 59 rnay
stationary rotor and induces a voltage at line fre be used instead of the time overcurrent
quency. At line frequency the reactance of the relay to implernent this scherne since volt
rotor cage causes the current to flow at the outer age and current are proportional under
edge of the bars occupying only approximately locked-rotor conditions. The use of a time
one third of the conductor cross-sectional area. overvoltage relay is dependent on sufficient
For this condition the apparent resistance is at a voltage drop through the source impedance
rnaximurn as is the corresponding I 2 R heating. due to the starting current inrush and is
When the rotor accelerates the rotor conductors therefore limited to relatively high imped
catch up with the stator field. The conductors are ance sources (see [18]). It is set similar to
then subjected to the low-slip frequency and the the time overcurrent relay to obtain ther
current can occupy more of the conductor area. rnal protection of the motor for a locked
For this condition the apparent resistance can rotor condition. For sorne applications
decrease as rnuch as two thirds at rated slip as however, the time rnargin between the reset
does the corresponding heating. Consquently, for of the rnho relay and pick-up of the time
sorne large induction rnotors, with low starting overvoltage relay rnay be inadequate to
voltage or with high inertia drives, the starting perrnit the use ofthis relay. Adequate rnar
time rnay exceed the allowable locked-rotor time gin is more apt to be obtained using a time
without excessively heating the rotor. This condi overcurrent relay because of the decreas
tion is shown in Fig 7 with one rnethod of ing current characteristic ofthe motor as it
showing the accelerating time limit for three (3) accelerates for normal start-up.
different starting voltages. The lower ends of the For sorne applications where the
curves are the locked-rotor time points. operating time ofthe time overcurrent
For this case an overcurrent relay set to coor relay is approx imately the sarne as the
dinate with the locked-rotor therrnal limit trips start-up time of the motor, it is possible
on starting current. that an instanta neous overcurrent relay
For these applications four approaches are can be used instead ofthe rnho relay (see
possible:
( 1 Inelude a motor zero-speed switch that Fig 10). For rnost high inertia drive
) supervises an additional overload relay set rnotors, this scherne has lirnited
for locked-rotor protection. As soon as the application. This is because ofthe
motor begins to rotate, the locked-rotor difficulty in setting the instantaneous
relay is incapacitated leaving the overload overcurent relay sufficiently low to pick-
protection to the longer time starting duty up reliably on start-up and still reset to
relay. When the design is such that the prevent tripping before the time
starting time exceeds the allowable locked overcurrent relay times out. The
rotor time, a zero-speed switch should be problern is cornpounded where starting-
specified with the motor, rather than after current characteristic ofthe motor varíes
the installation of the motor. See Fig 8. with the systern operating voltage for
(2) Apply a distance (rnho type) relay device, abnorrnal operating conditions.
21 to supervise the tirne-overcurrent relay This does not pose a problern however
device 51, which has been set within the with the rnho relay application because
therrnal limit of the motor for a locked (4) the irnpedance characteristic on start-up
rotor condition. For a successful start-up is approximately the sarne regardless of
of the motor, the rnho relay will pick up the voltage at the motor terrninals.
when the motor is energized, but will pre Use a relay with independent
vent unnecessary tripping by resetting adjustrnents of locked rotor and running
characteristics that tracks ternperature

20
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

A,B, ANO C ARE THE

300 ACCELERATION THERMAL LIMIT
CURVES AT lOO%, 90%, ANO
80% VOLTAGE, RESPECTIVELY.
200

100

80

60
50
40
Cl)
o 30
z
o
u
loJ
Cl) 20
o
loJ
:E
¡::
10
8

6
5
4

o 100 200 300 400 500 600 % CURRENT

Fig 7
Typical Time-Current and Thennal Limit Curves

For brush-type synchronous motors, one induction motors and the damper winding of syn
method for locked-rotor protection used is chronous motors equals the kinetic energy
a device 26F, shown in Fig 4. The effective stored in the rotating parts at synchronous
ratio of the coupling transformer varies speed.
with the frequency of the discharge current In repeated starting and intermittent operation
so that the tripping time is short for a such as jogging, inching, or spotting, the running
locked-rotor start but much larger for a period is short so that very little heat is carried
normal start. away by the cooling air induced by rotor rotation.
The operator can manually monitor the Repeated starts can build up temperatures to
starting operation to provide additional dangerously high values in either stator or rotor
protection during starting. windings, or both, unless enough time is provided
2.2.8 Frequent Starting or Intennittent Oper to allow the heat to be dissipated.
ation. During start-up, the minimum losses or lnduction motors and synchronous motors are
heat energy developed in the rotor winding of usually designed for the starting conditions indi
cated in NEMA MG1-1987 [13], 12.50, 20.43, and
21
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

21.43. These standards provide for two starts in

T51 T51
succession, coasting to reset between starts with
ALARM+-t1: 21 ALARM
the motor initially at ambient temperature, and
for one start when the motor is at a temperature
TRIP
not exceeding its rated load operating tempera
ture. This assumes that the applied voltage, load
torque during acceleration, method of starting,
and load WK 2 are all within values for which
the motor was designed. The application and
protec tion of motors having abnormal starting
condi tions must be coordinated with the
motor manufacturer.
Repetitive intermittent operation of the motor
SAFE STALL
TIME types mentioned also can cause mechanical stress
TIMEr LR ing of the stator winding coil ends and of the
12 (SPEED damper or rotor winding end connections. NEMA
SWITH) PU MG1-1987 [13], Article 12.50 recommends min
imizing the number of starts to maximize the life
of the motor. For automatic operation (and in
IFL CURRENT ILR
sorne cases, manual operation) with a remote
control device, it may be necessary to provide a
fixed-time interval between starts or limit the
number or starts within a period oftime to ensure
Fig8 safe operation.
Locked-Rotor Protection with Time-Overcurrent Information on repetitive start-stop cycling of
Supervised by a Speed Switch ora Distance Relay motors can be found in NEMA MGl0-1983 [14].

Fig9
Distance Relay Used for Locked-Rotor Protection

..:..

21 21

21
21

22
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

The temperature sensing capability of thermal

ALARM..........r: protectors depends on their location with respect
50
to the motor windings. The protectors should be
RIP installed within or on the motor frame in such a
manner that the temperature at the device
changes in proportion to the winding tempera
ture, and they should be matched to the motor's
insulation class.
2.2.9.1 Control Circuit Devices Sensing
Motor Temperature Only. Devices of this type
consist of a thermal element and circuit inter
SAFE STALL rupting means. In sorne forros, the element is
TIME cali brated to trip at a fixed temperature value
and in other forros the trip temperature
decreases as the rate of temperature rise
increases. The device may automatically reset
upon cooling after oper ating to shut down the
motor. These devices are usually connected
IFL 0.851LR ILR
electrically in the control cir cuit of the
magnetic motor controller that inter rupts the
CURRENT
motor line current.
Various thermal elements are used including
bimetal snap-acting elements, thermocouples,
Fig 10
resistance coils, semiconductor materials such
Locked-Rotor Protection with as thermistors with either negative or positive
Time-Overcurrent Supervised by a tem perature coefficients, and liquid or gas-
High Dropout Instantaneous Overcurrent filled assemblies.
Operation of the various types depends upon
the transfer of heat from the motor winding to
2.2.9 Overtemperture Thermal Protective the thermal element. Since heat flow is involved,
Devices. There are two main classes of these the temperature difference between the thermal
devices (see 2.2.3). One is a linebreak type, which element and the winding, for a given element
interrupts load current directly. The second is a mass and installation, is related to the rate of
control circuit system using detector devices, temperature change and increases with the wind
which interrupt the motor current through its ing heating rate.
controller. For running overload conditions, the rate of
Thermal protectors are intended to limit temperature change of the winding is generally
motor slow, and the temperature difference between
winding temperature and motor current to prede the winding and thermal element is a minimum.
termined values during abnormal motor operat Here, thermal element temperture varíes
ing conditions. This prevents premature motor directly with and easily tracks winding
insulation failure. temperature. When the winding raises the
Abnormal conditions that can result in over element to its operating tem perature, the motor
heating include overload, stalling, failure to start, is shut down.
high ambient temperature, restricted motor venti For locked rotor, the rate of increase in
lation, reduced speed operation, frequent starting winding temperature depends on the motor
or jogging, high- or low-line voltage or design. Bime tallic temperature sensors usually
frequency, mechanical failure of the driven load, are not capable of adequately following winding
improper installation, and unbalanced line temperature on locked rotor and so are used in
voltage or single phasing. Current sensing alone conjuction with supplementary overload
cannot detect sorne of these conditions such as devices. With the sup plementary overload
restricted venti lation. Temperature sensing device and either manual or automatic
alone may be inadequate, for example, with restarting, the motor cutoff is by the
frequent starting supplemetary overload device detecting the high
or jogging. For sorne conditions a coordinated overcurrent on the first few cycles of a stalled
arrangement of curent and temperature sensing condition and initiating a timing action, which

23
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

winding temperature at cutoff usually increases sive to stator winding temperature do not limit
on successive restarts until the thermostat oper the higher rotor temperature to a safe value, and
ating temperature is reached. At this point, the additional means such as thermal overload relays
thermostat trips and assumes control, keeping the sensing stator current are recommended. In the
motor de-energized until the windings have latter, the mass of the thermal element and its
cooled manner of installation determines the tempera
to the reset temperature of the thermostat and ture lag between the element and the winding.
the cycling process can be repeated. The forro Carefully installed thermal elements of small
of bimetallic temperature sensors that also mass that reduce this temperature lag and
respond to rate of temperature rise may provide designs that respond to rate of temperature rise
effective locked-rotor protection when increase the range of rate of heating of the stator
properly coordi nated with the motor thermal winding over which protection may be obtained.
characteristic. Either system is capable of 2.2.9.2 Linebreak Devices Sensing Motor
providing safe winding protection for manual Temperature and Curent. Devices of this type
and automatic restarting on both running carry the full motor current through their
overloads and locked rotor. electri
Sensors such as thermistors, which undergo a cal contacts and interrupt line current directly
change in resistance with temperature, can be on operation. They are available, because of
small in size and installed directly on or buried physical size limitations, on motors from
in the stator winding. These devices can track subfractional horsepower sizes through 5 hp
the winding temperature on locked rotor as single phase and approximately 10 hp three
well as running overload for sorne motors but phase. They consist of a temperature-sensitive
for larger element and heater(s) in addition to the
motors may be inadequate on locked rotor. The contacts and are designed to operate at
resistance change provides a signal to circuitry approximately the same temperature as that
whose output is in series with the control circuit established for the maximum limiting
of a magnetic motor contactor used to interrupt insulation temperature for the winding.
the motor current. The output may be a thyristor Motor current flow through the heater raises
or it may actuate an electromechanical relay. The the temperature ofthe thermal element to
resistance sensors may be one of three types. approx imately the winding temperature. When
One type of sensor uses a positive temperature the wind ing reaches its maximum allowable
coefficient thermistor, which exhibits a large temperature, the thermal element reaches its
abrupt increase in resistance ata particular operating tem perature, and opens its electric
design temperature. This change in resistance circuit to shut down the motor. Locating the
occurring at what is known asan anomaly point protector adjacent to or in the stator winding
is inherent in the material and remains minimizes the heating required by current in
constant once the sensor is manufactured. the protector and further provides optimum
Sensors are produced with anomaly points at correlation of protector and winding
different temperatures to meet application temperatures.
requirements. Approval by Underwriters Laboratories is
Another sensor type uses a resistor, which has related to their use with specific motors for
an approximately linear increase in resistance which thermal protectors are designed, based on
with temperature. The sensor assumes a specific tests of the motor and protector combination.
value of resistan ce corresponding to each These motors are designated thermally
desired value of response or operating protected. Both manual-reset and automatic-
temperature. It is used in a circuit that is reset types are avail able, with the latter
calibrated to a specific designed to provide motor protection even
resistan when continuously cycling with the motor
ce. stalled or running. Devices responsive to
A third type is a negative temperature coeffi current only may be unable to protect against
cient
(2) ofHave
resistance
statorssensor,
havingwhich is used with
an extremely cir
rapid automatic restarting.
rate of temperature rise. 2.2.9.3 Control Circuit Devices Sensing
In the former, the rotor reaches its limiting Motor Temperature and Current. In this type of
temperature value before the stator reaches its motor protective device, resistance temperature
allowable limit. In these motors, sensors detector (rtd) located between stator coil sides
respon- are used in a control circuit responsive to both

24
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

increases the rtd, which when combined with is no overshoot or lag as normally found in a
motor current, provides protection against locked thermal overload type relay.
rotor, repeated starts, overload, or inadequate NEMA T frame motors may require special
cooling. Other devices allow either quantity to con sideration as described in 2.2.10.3.
produce operation. Thermal protection for larger motors is often
provided using switchgear-type protective relays.
2.2.10 Current-Sensing Type Devices. The These relays are of three general types:
recommendations given in ANSI!NFPA 70-1987 e 1) Thermal overload relays edevice 49)
( 11] for motor overload protection using separate incor porating bimetallic elements
overcurrent eoverload) protective devices are connected in current transformer
referred to in 2.2.3. secondaries, thus re sponding to motor
The most commonly used device for protection e2) Temperature
current. relays operating from search
of integral horsepower motors at operating coils or resistance temperature detectors
over loads is a thermal overload relay. It built into the motor.
simulates the temperature condition in the (3) Resistance capacitance (RC)timing circuits
motor winding by means of current in a heating energized by current transformers in the
element, which var ies with the motor current. motor leads or combination relays utilizing
In the event of a cur rent of sufficient RC timing circuits and resistance tempera
magnitude and duration to cause excessive ture detectors built into the motor (see
heating of the motor winding, the heating (15]).
element causes a control circuit contact to open Overload relays having the same current rat
the contactar or circuit breaker in the motor ings are available with different time-current
circuit. Proper operation is dependent on the characteristics to approximate the motor heating
temperature rise of the windings and heat curves of rotating machines with different ther
dissipation of the motor being similar to that of mal limitations. As motor heating curves vary
the relay. A heavily overloaded motor should be substantially, it is desirable to obtain the motor
quickly removed from its power source. A heating characteristics for large or special motors
slightly overloaded motor may carry its load for from the manufacturer and plot the relay and
a consid erable length of time before motor curves to check the protection obtained.
dangerously high temperatures are reached. Supplementing the thermal relay (device 49),
Overload relays are designed to have with other relays, such as a long-time overcurrent
characteristics with this inverse relay (device 51), may be necessary to obtain
current-time relationship. complete protection. Relays available with adjust
In one common type of relay, the heating ele able curve shapes allow the heating curve of the
ment causes heating and deflection of a bimetallic motor to be matched very closely.
element to actuate the contact. This type of relay Temperature sensors are useful in supplement
may be arranged for either manual or automatic ing thermal-overload relays by sensing winding
reset and may have its trip current adjustable temperatures in larger machines. A description of
over a limited range, typically ± 10%. temperature sensors is included in 2.2.9.1, 2.2.9.3,
In another type, the heating element causes and (15].
the A time-overcurrent relay can be used to detect
melting of an eutectic solder, which releases a an overload by alarming only for moderate
latch to open the control circuit contacts. This overloads.
type of relay requires manual reset and is not 2.2.10.1 Protection Afforded by Thermal
ordinarily adjustable. Overload Relays. Most induction motors are
A third type, the thermal induction relay, util protected against damage from unbalanced volt
izes the flux produced by a coil carrying the ages, running overload, and either a single- or
motor current to induce a current in a short three-phase stalled condition by properly selected
circuited secondary that heats an element to trip thermal overload relays (device 49) in each phase.
the unit. However, the rotor heating in sorne larger induc
A fourth type is a capacitar charge type where tion motors and all synchronous motors is more
motor line current is sensed by separately fur critical. Such machines may warrant the added
nished current transformers and converted into investment in control to sense single-phasing or
voltage signals by current-to-voltage transducers. voltage unbalance, such as a phase-balance cur
These voltage signals are fed into overload logic rent relay (device 46) or negative-sequence
that produces an alarm or trip output. Time ver

25
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

voltage relay (device 47) to provide specific pro The ambient-compensated type of relay pre
tection against rotor overheating. Additional vents nuisance tripping dueto high relay ambient
relaying is described in 2.7.1.3. The NEC requires temperature. Whether this is achieved without
one thermal element per phase for the protection sacrifice of motor insualtion life depends on the
of all three-phase motors unless protected by motor-winding temperature profile over several
other approved means. years. In an abnormally low motor ambient
After tripping, the relay must cool befare it can temperature, the compensated relay allows the
be reset, and this provides time for the motor motor to carry only the rated current of the relay
winding to cool. Because of its smaller mass, the and therefore protects the motor for inadvertent
relay-cooling characteristic is normally somewhat overload, which might be possible without
faster than that ofthe motor. Ifthe overload per ambient
sists and the relay is reset either normally or compensation. With proper considerations of
automatically at frequent intervals, it is possible motor and load mechanical characteristics, it
for the motor winding to attain an excessive may not be necessary to use compensated relays
temperature. For this reason, when an overload when relay and motor are in the same ambient.
relay trips, a check should be made to see whether 2.2.10.3 Special Application Problems. For
an abnormal condition exists, such as an overload certain duty cycles, such as crane applications, it
or phase failure of the power supply. The relay may be difficult to obtain protection at operating
should not be reset repeatedly if the overload overloads and still permit the motor to perform
condition persists. useful work within its thermal capabilities on a
For the same reason, relays that reset automat short-time basis. In sorne instances, the difference
ically should not be used with two-wire control or between the thermal time constants of the motor
with a circuit such that the motor would be re and the conventional thermal overload relay can
started automatically after an overload trip. result in premature relay operation. Special con
Automatic reset should be used only with three sideration must be given such applications. Both
wire control to prevent restarting until a start overcurrent devices and temperature sensors may
button or equivalent device is manually actuated. be necessary. For the type of duty cycles encoun
Thermal overload relays operated by motor tered on machine tools however thermal overload
current do not protect motors against overheat relays have been successfully used. For high iner
ing due to inadequate ventilation. tia and other loads requiring a long accelerating
2.2.10.2 Ambient Temperature Effects and time, a thermal overload relay selected to protect
Ambient-Compensated Types. General and spe the motor at operating overloads may operate
cial-purpose motors and industrial control equip during the accelerating cycle or even after the
ment are rated for use in a maximum ambient of motor has reached rated speed. Again, special
40 oc. When the normal temperatures at the con consideration must be given such applications.
trol and motor are different, in general, a heater Generally speaking, directly-heated type ther
may be used that differs by one size for each mal overload relays designed for long accelerating
approximate 15 oc difference in temperature, but time application have proven to be the most suit
the control manufacturers' recommendations able protective devices for small motors. Other
should be obtained because of the different methods to obtain protection are described in
ambient temperature sensitivities that overload 2.2.7 (see ANSI/NEMA ICS 1-1983 (8]).4
relays exhibit. When the relay ambient is higher ANSI/NEMA ICS2-1983 (9], pt 222 includes
than the motor, a higher rated heater is used and both definitions and the recommended nomen
vice versa. clature for expressing the performance charac
The ambient-compensated type of thermal teristics. Overload relays are classified in accord
overload relay has essentially the same minimum ance with the response times at a fixed multiple
operating current and time-current characteris tics of the current ratings. For example, a Class 20
regardless of its ambient temperature. Thus, it overload relay can be expected to operate in not
allows the motor to carry its rated load regard more
to sixthan 20 its
times s atassigned
a current current
value corresponding
rating in an
less of changes in relay ambient temperature. For ambient temperature of 40 oc while a Class 30
essential drives, this prevents the motor from relay can be expected to exhibit an operating
being shut down when carrying its normal load, time of not more than 30 s at the same overcur
even though the relay ambient temperature may rent multiple and ambient temperature.
be abnormally high. Solid-state relays are inher Overload relays with lower response times or
ently compensated for ambient variations. for long start ing applications are available to
meet the protec-

26
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

tive requirements imposed by the wide variety The methods outlined in 2.2.7 or the use of a
of motor designs. long time stator overcurrent relay can provide
In most applications, general and special pur rotor protection or squirrel-cage thermal protec
pose NEMA T frame motors may be considered to tion. There are also other devices available, such
be protected at operating overloads when NEMA as the damper-winding thermal relay e device 26)
Class 20 overload relays are used for this listed in Table 5.
function. Both general purpose and special While running, excessive temperatures in
purpose motors assembled in NEMA U frame parts of the rotor of either synchronous or
sizes can usually be induction motors can result from excessive
protected by the NEMA Class 30 relay, but Class 20 unbalance (negative sequence) currents. There
overload relays should be applied unless individ is no allow ance for any unbalance in motor
ual motor data confrrms suitability of Class 30. starting stan dards. Negative sequence currents
Overcurrent devices for the protection of her reduce the available starting torque. This
metic and other definite purpose motors are usu lengthens the accelerating time and further
ally selected by the man ufacturer of the contributes to motor overheating (see 2.4.4 and
combined 2.7.1.3).
equipment rather than by the user, and equip Operation of synchronous motors drawing
ment warranties can be voided by alterations. reactive power from the system can result in
Sorne overload relays allow independent locked overheating in parts of the rotor that do not nor
rotor and running overload protection adjust mally carry current. Sorne loss-of-field relays
2.3 Rotor Thermal Protection. Rotor thermal (device 40) can detect this phenomenon.
protection for synchronous motors logically in 2.4 Stator Fault Protection
eludes both the insulated exciting field winding 2.4.1 General Consideration. The current flow
and the uninsulated starting damper or cage ing to a fault within a motor can vary greatly in
winding. The field winding is not normally tem magnitude. The main factors that affect the mag
perature monitored during rotation. However, if nitude of fault currents are the source motor
desired, the field winding temperature can be feeder and grounding impedances; the type of
determined for brush-type motors by the rise-of fault (phase or ground); and the location of the
resistance method; an accurate evaluation of the fault in the motor winding.
rotor hot-running resistance may be obtained In the case ofhigh-magnitude short-circuit cur
using the brush voltage and field current. An rents, immediate isolation of the faulted motor is
allowance for brush voltage drop may be made for always necessary. However, when the fault cur
improved accuracy. Another method of obtaining rent is only a few amperes and the motor is a
the field winding voltage uses soft metallic points critica} one, an alarm without immediate tripping
momentarily touched to the slip ring to measure is sometimes justified.
voltage directly and thus avoid measuring brush 2.4.2 Effects of System and Motor Character
voltage drop. istics. On systems of low source impedance
The damper winding of a synchronous motor or (high fault current) there is little difficulty for
the cage winding of a squirrel-cage motor per protec tive relays to distinguish between load,
forms the function of starting the load and thus starting, and short-circuit currents. On systems
must be protected against damage. During stalled grounded through a resistance or impedance,
conditions, such as locked rotor, dangerously high the ground fault current is approximately equal
damper-winding temperatures m ay be reached in to the pre fault voltage to ground at the point
a few seconds. Excessive temperature can of fault divided by the grounding or neutral
damage the damper-winding material, thereby impedance. In a solidly grounded system the
changing its physical characteristics. Repeated maximum ground-fault current is of the same
excessive thermal stresses can cause the winding order of mag nitude as the three-phase fault
bars and short-circuiting end rings or the brazed current, assuming zero-fault impedance.
joints between them to crack (see 2.2.8). Interna} faults in motors are usually line to
For most synchronous machines, the allowable ground, or line to line with or without involving
stall time of the rotor is too short to use a stator ground. Three-phase faults that do not involve
winding temperature-sensing device to provide ground are most likely to occur near the line ter
protection of both rotor and stator. This type minals. Faults may also occur from turn to turn in
machine is typically damper-winding temperature the same phase, or between parallel windings in
limited. the same phase of a multiple winding. Certain

27
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUDE FOR

types of faults are more likely to occur than oth relay is applied. Time-overcurrent (TOC) relays
ers due to the motor design and the application. are available with time-current characteristics
A short circuit in a wye-connected motor can be suitable for coordination with motor starting
(1) Near the line end characteristics and thermal limits.
(2) Near the middle A TOC relay can usually be set to provide the
(3) Near the neutral end of the winding desired stator and rotor protection and still per
In the first case the voltage across the faulted mit the rotor to accelerate to running speed with
portion of the winding is the full voltage of the out an undesired trip. Normally the TOC relay is
system. With the fault near the neutral end, the connected to trip directly but when desirable it
voltage across the faulted portion of the winding may be supervised by a high dropout (HDO)
is quite small. The corresponding short circuit IOC relay (see Fig 10). The IOC relay allows
currents are high at the line end and are tripping for severe faults but permits an alarm
extremely small or essentially zero for faults only for moderate overloads or minor faults.
near the wind ing neutral. The HDO unit is required to drop out quickly
In a delta-connected machine on a grounded below locked rotor current, preventing an
neutral system, sensitive ground-fault protection undesired trip dur ing start-up by the TOC
can be obtained for the entire winding, since all relay. This latter scheme allows a more sensitive
portions of the winding are at a mínimum of setting of the TOC relay without fear of an
50% of line-to-neutral voltage above ground undesired trip due to a slight overload.
potential. In providing protection over the entire Two time-overcurrent relays, with different
range of fault current, tripping should not be time-current characteristics, have occasionally
permitted to occur under normal operating been applied to obtain a better match to the
conditions. Proba bly the most important of motor thermallimits during start-up and locked
these conditions is motor starting. Starting rotor.
current is commonly approximately six times For wound-rotor induction motors where start
normal full load. How ever, it may be lower or ing currents are quite low, the use of time-over
very much higher for a particular motor design. current relays gives substantially improved
This initial inrush cur rent contains a direct- protection for short circuits in the ranges imme
current component to which diately above the starting current.
sorne protective devices are responsive. 2.4.4 Negative-Sequence Protection. Negative
Current transformer performance is highly sequence current is contributed by the motor or
influential in relaying system behavior and can be system during an unbalanced voltage condition
estimated by methods described in [16], or [18]. (for example, open-phase, single-phase faults, or
2.4.3 Phase-Overcurrent Protection. Motor cir unbalanced load) or when there are shorted
cuits complying with ANSI/NFPA 70-1987 [ turns in the stator winding. These negative
11] are required to have one overcurrent unit sequence currents induce double line-frequency
(series tripping device, protective relay, or fuse) currents that flow in the damper or rotor parts.
in each phase conductor or other approved The magnitude of the double line-frequency cur
means. When fuses are used, the consequences rent depends upon the location of the fault,
of unbalanced operation and backfeeding of number of turns shorted, mutual induction, and
faults following a blown fuse must be system and motor impedance. The danger to the
considered. rotor parts is a function of the unbalance in the
Instantaneous overcurrent relays (IOC) (device stator current (see 2.7.1.3).
50) are used to detect motor supply cable faults 2.4.5 Ground-Fault Protection. On solidly
and also severe stator faults. They may be con grounded systems, phase overcurrent relays,
nected to trip directly or through a short time direct-acting trip devices, and fuses afford a cer
delay to coordinate with the asymmetrical start tain measure of ground-fault protection. For
ing current when set just above the locked-rotor motors where greater sensitivity to ground faults
current (see Figs 36 and 37). Instantaneous is required, ground relays should be used.
relays can be used for phase protection if the Ground relays can be connected residually or to
motor kilovoltampere (kVA) is less than halfthe a ground sensor by using a toroidal current
supply transformer kilovoltampere (kVA) (as a transformer that encircles all three-phase
proaches the fault current, differential relays
conductors.
should be used.
2.4.5.1 Residually Connected Ground Relay.
When a more sensitive setting than allowed by
Figure 31 (b) shows a residually connected ground
an IOC is required, a time overcurrent (TOC)
time overcurrent relay (device 51N). Theoretically

28
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

the device 51N relay only operates on the zero SOURCE SIOE SOURCE SIOE
sequence current due to ground faults. In prac
tice, however, current may flow through this
residual circuit dueto the unequal outputs ofthe
phase current transformers. This may be due to CT
the unequal burdens on the current CT
transformers,
difference in the current transformer
characteris
tics caused by variations in manufacturing, or
current transformer saturation caused by high
motor starting currents. Because these unbal
anced currents are present, it often becomes
necessary to use time-delay residual relays so that Fig 11
undesired tripping on starting does not occur Toroidal (CT) Current Transformer;
with sensitive current settings on the relay. If Cable Sheath Grounding
instantaneous residually connected relays (device
50N) are used, they may trip due to the false
residual that may occur during motor starting or utilizing a plunger or induction-disk relay; ap
from feedback for an external fault unless they proximately 1 A primary current pick-up can be
are set fairly high. Where a large ground-fault cur achieved with sensitive relays. The latter may
rent exists, this presents no problem but where have to be time delayed to prevent operation due
high-impedance grounding is used, they may be of to zero-sequence cable capacitance current flow
little value. False residual current can be decreased during externa} ground faults.
markedly by increasing residual burden through When surge-protection or lighting arresters
the use of a lower tap value or by adding a series are connected at the motor terminals, the
resistance. However, the former also increases sensitivity of the toroidal current-transformer
sensitivity to ground-fault currents. Lower phase ground-pro tective scheme should be
burden, as for example, through the use of solid considered. The relay must be made insensitive
state phase relays, also reduces the false residual to the capacitar inrush current or to the arrester
current. power follow current. The relay must not pick
The combination of three-phase relays and one up on these transient currents, or alternatively
residually connected ground relay connected to a short-time delay must be used.
three current transformers is often used to pro 2.4.6 System-Ground Protection. Where a
vide phase- and ground-fault protection shown group of motors is supplied from a transformer
in Fig 31(b). having a grounded neutral connection, ground
2.4.5.2 Ground Sensor Relay. Figure 32 illus fault currents may be detected in the ground-to
trates a method of obtaining sensitive ground neutral connection of the transformer.
fault protection with instantaneous overcurrent A current transformer with time-delay over
relays (device 50G). The toroidal current trans current relay, (device 51G), is inserted in the neu
former encircles all three-phase conductors. This tral conductor for direct- and resistance-grounded
arrangement allows all positive- and negative systems. This relay must coordinate with the
sequence currents, including their de components, ground relays in each feeder to avoid tripping the
to be cancelled out, so that only ground-fault cur entire bus for a fault in one feeder (see Fig 12).
rent appears in the relay. Figure 11 shows the A distribution transformer with a secondary
proper method of grounding the cable sheath loading resistor and an overvoltage relay (device
when using a toroidal current transformer. 59G) is employed between the supplytransformer
Selection ofthe optimum toroidal current neutral and ground to provide sensitive high
trans former ratio and quality is important. resistance ground protection (see Fig 13).
For minimum primary current pick-up, the Since the loading resistance reflected into the
current transformer exciting impedance (as neutral is multiplied by the square of the trans
indicated by the excitation or saturation curve) former ratio, fault currents are limited to a very
and relay impedance should be matched. few amperes. Hence, the relay may be used for
Therefore, the lowest primary current pick-up alarm or tripping. However, tripping is usually
value may not occur at the lowest current recommended to avoid the possibility of a second
transformer ratio for a given relay burden.

29
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

PHASE RELAYS
NOT SHOWN

51G THREE
VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMERS

CURRENT
LIMITING
RESISTOR

Fig 12
Bus Ground Protection by Current
Transformer and Overcurrent
59 G

Fig 14
Ground-Detection Relaying for Ungrounded
System or High Resistance Grounded System

Care should be exercised in sizing the resistor

in accordance with established grounding prac
tice (see ANSI/IEEE C37.10 1-1985 ( 6] and
ANSI/ IEEE C62.92-1987 (7], and in selecting a
[]]59G
voltage relay that is insensitive to third
harmonics.
LOAD RESISTOR
2.4.7 Differential Protection. Differential
relay protection is a scheme in which the current
enter ing a winding is matched against that
coming out ofthe winding. These relays detect
Fig 13 low-magnitude
Bus Ground Protection by Distribution fault currents during normal loads and do not
Transformer and Overvoltage Relay trip falsely during high-magnitude externa! faults,
or during starting periods. Differential relays
cannot detect turn-to-turn faults in the same
ground causing an interphase fault. When high winding.
resistance neutral grounding is used, the sensitiv Connections for differential protection of a
ity of the system ground relaying must be wye connected motor are shown in Fig 15(a).
commensurate. The relay responds to the percentage
Ungrounded or delta-connected systems should difference between the incoming and outgoing
have line-to-line voltage-rated voltage transform current values. Current transformers should
ers, with primaries wye-connected and grounded have matched characteristics and should not be
(see Fig 14). The secondaries are connected used for any other purpose without a careful
broken-delta across which a loading resistor is check of the effect of current transformer
connected in parallel with a voltage relay (device performance. Three current transformers are
59G). Single-point grounding of the secondary located within the switchgear so as to include
should be used. the motor cables within the protection zone.
The other three cur rent transformers are

30
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

52

(o)
tr- < 87
131

l
.,;-

>--1-r-- -

M
'¡ L_( c

Fig 16
(b)
Flux-Balancing Current Differential Scheme

Fig 15
Differential Protection of Motors located in the switchgear, which, in turn, requires
(a) Wye-Connected Motor that neutralleads also be routed to the switchgear.
(b) Delta-Connected Motor One method ofproviding differential protection
for a split-winding motor and its feeder cable
using line-current transformers of twice the ratio
out ofthe motor. This must be specified when the of the neutral current transformers is shown in
motor is purchased. Fig 17.
Figure 15 shows common connections for dif An alternative method is shown in Fig 18.
ferential protection of a wye- and a delta-con This arrangement includes a differential relay
nected motor. The motor feeder cables and the (device
breaker, where possible, are also included within 87) connected as shown in Fig 15, anda second
the protected zone. set of time overcurrent relays (device 51) con
Figure 16 illustrates the flux-balancing prirnary nected as shown. This scheme requires a total of
current differential protective scheme. Both ends twelve transformers and six relays, but provides
of each motor winding serve as the prirnary wind approximately twice the sensitivity of that
ing of the current transformers. This scheme can shown in Fig 17.
be used for both wye- and delta-connected motors. Figure 19 illustrates an extra-sensitive differen
The differential relay (device 87) sees the differ tial ground-fault protection scheme. The product
ence or internal fault current. Extremely sensitive type relay (device 87N) receives its polarizing
phase and ground protection can be obtained by signal from a current transformer connected in
using only an overcurrent relay. Where the the system neutral. Voltage polarization is also
through type current transformer is located at possible by using a set ofwye-broken-delta voltage
the motor, as is the usual case, this scheme transformers. The product type relay (device 87N)
requires that other devices be applied for the can be used when the available ground-fault cur
protection of the motor feeder cable. The cables rent is limited to a very low value and is used as
from the switch gear to the motor cannot be an alternative to the toroidal current transformer
included in the dif ferential zone unless the with relay (device 50G) scheme when the toroidal
current transformers are current transformer does not accomodate the

31
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

TO CURRENT TRANSFORMER
IN SYSTEM NEIITRAL
OR TO Y-IROKEN t:. POT TRANS

87-1
M

LINE CT RATIO. 1
MOTOR CT RATIO 1
L .J
8'7-N

Fig 17
Differential Protection of Split-Phase
Wye-Connected Motor
Fig 19
Sensitive Differential Protection with
Directional Ground Relay

cable space requirements. The product-type relay

is directional, and this must be considered in the
connection of the relay. It is ehosen because of its
sensitivity, not because of its directional char
acteristic.

3 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 2.5 Rotor-Fault Protection (see 2.7.1.3)

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
2.5.1 lnduction-Motor Protection. Because of
the construction of squirrel-cage induction
.1-'",._, .,,/'--_.
3 SPLIT WINOING CURRENT
BALANCE RELAYS ANO
motors, protection of the rotor circuit is not
'r---:=----"' 6 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS considered a necessity. Wound rotor motors may
be protected for slip-ring and rotor flashover to
ground by the circuit in Fig 20. This protection is
not effective at or near synchronous speed since
the rotor induced potential is greatly reduced.
Many wound-rotor
installations depend on the stator instantaneous
3 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS overcurrent device to provide rotor flashover pro
tection. The reliability depends on system imped
ance and motor parameters.
the field supply and rotor circuit operate
Fig 18 above ground, one rotor ground does not
Altemate Method for Split-Phase require imme diate tripping, and indication-only
Differential Protection is permissible as in Fig 21. Two common
methods of ground

32
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

THREE
VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMERS

X CURAENT RELAY X
SECONDARY

OR
X VOLTAO: REUIY X

f .. f X X

- Fig 20
Wound-Rotor Motor Rotor Ground Protection

(t)
GN O):
r'l
1 1
1'
-
1 1
OC FIELD SYNCHRONOUS
SUPPLY ----11• ..'v-t. 'l- ...,.:,,, NOTOR FIELD
WINDIN6
:
1

r'l 1
'1
1
tNEG GNO)

-------.-------- ---- '----

:..)
(-)

Fig 21
Ground-Detection Lamps

protection are shown in Figs 22 and 23. The no longer at zero and it could operate. While
sensi tivity of these circuits is reduced when a start ing, high alternating-current rotor-winding
ground poten tia) exists, making it desirable to
connection appears near the center of the rotor connect the detection circuit across the de field
winding or the supply source. supply rather than the rotor winding. This will
One method for overcoming this is shown in also ensure that the source is free of ground
Fig 23. Without the varistor, a ground fault at connections prior to
the center of the field winding still results in a synchronization.
zero voltage at the device 64F relay. With the A second ground results in a short circuit in
varistor in the circuit there is still a point in the part ofthe rotor winding. This unbalances the air
field wind ing that results in zero voltage to gap fluxes and magnetic fields causing local
device 64F relay. However, any change in the heat ing of the rotor and excessive vibration,
field voltage moves the zero point because of and pos sibly disastrous rubbing between the
the varistor's nonlinear characteristic so the stator and rotor.
33
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

41
1+1---T----------------------- -----

DC FIELD : :JSYNCHROhOUS
SUPPLY 1
MOTOR FIELO
l WINOIN6

(-) ---L----------- ------

41

43 43
L...----iA'---.- 1----JI·
TEST

Fig 22
AC Ground Detection

41
(+1-r-------- ------------ ----

VARISTOR

SYNCHRONOUS
DC FIEL D MOTOR FIELD
SUPPLY WIHOING

1-)-L-------- ---- ----

'"1 ----

&4F

Fig 23
DC Ground Detection

Short-circuit protective devices located in the 2.6 Bearing Protection

rotor circuit are generally not used. When a 2.6.1 General. Bearings are designed to min
short circuit occurs at the slip rings, the stator imize friction between stationary and moving
power factor relay or the loss-of-field relay is parts, and may be of journal or thrust types for
expected to trip the motor. Low magnitude radial or axialloads, respectively. In general, anti
faults in the exci ter power supply system are friction bearings are used on smaller motors, and
often cleared by its fluid-film bearings are used on larger motors, par
own overload protection. ticularly at high speeds.

34
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

2.6.2 Antifriction (Hall, Roller) Bearings. (2) Excessive radialloading dueto

Ball and roller bearings transmit the rotor (a) Misalignment of shaft and bearings of
weight by direct contact with rolling action, and motor
have low (b) Misalignment of coupling between
starting friction. Failure of this type of bearing motor and load
usually takes the forro of fatigue cracks on the (e) Improper fit of bearing
surfaces of the races and rolling parts, leading to (d) Bent motor shaft
spalling or peeling; destruction of the bearing fol (e) Unbalanced rotor
lows relatively quickly. Vibration detection may (f) Tight belt or chain drive
be applicable, although regular audio and visual (3) Excessive axial or thrust loading due to
inspection forestalls serious conditions. (a) Improper leveling
Temperature sensing similar to that described (b) Improper axial alignment with respect
in 2.2.9.1 can also be applied to bearings to pro to magnetic center
tect against catastrophic damage even though the (e) Improper axial alignment of driven
bearing itself may not be protected. equipment reflected through double
Overheating may be caused by helical gear drive
overlubrication or underlubrication and (4) Rough bearing surfaces due to
overloading, but thermal protection is not (a) Fatigue cracks
practicable dueto the difficulty of locating (b) Abrasive particles
heat-sensing devices in the proper places. (e) Shaft currents
2.6.3 Fluid-Film (Sleeve) Bearings. Sleeve (5) Loose bolts in the bearing cap
bearings transmit the rotor weight by a thin film (6) Phase current unbalance and harmonics
of lubricant that reduces the coefficient of fric causing
tion. The shaft diameter is smaller than the inside (a) Vibration
of the bearing so that the shaft tends to líe eccen (b) Heating of rotor structure
trically. Lubricant is supplied at the point of 2.6.5 Protection. To minimize damage caused
great est clearance and is literally pumped into by bearing failure, protective devices should be
the wedge-shaped space between shaft and used to sound an alarm or de-energize the motor.
bearing by the rotation of the shaft, thereby Bearing protective devices responsive to one or
establishing a hydrodynamic pressure that more of the following conditions may be
supports the shaft. ( 1 Low oil level in reservo ir: (device 71)
included:
When the film of lubricant is destroyed, friction ) Ievel switch
losses rise rapidly, and metal-to-metal contact is (2) Low oil pressure: (device 63) pressure
likely to occur. Conditions leading to film failure switch
are reduced lubricant viscosity, falling speed, (3) Reduced oil flow: (device 80) flow switch
increased loading, or particles in the lubricant ( 4) High temperature: (device 38) thermocou
larger than the mínimum film thickness. Since an ples or resistance temperature detector
increase in temperature reduces viscosity, these ( 5 Rate of temperature rise
conditions tend to be cumulative and bearing ) Vibration (used on motors with antifriction
failure is accelerated. The rate oftemperature rise (6) bearings in place of thermal devices)
depends on the severity ofthe fault condition and The low-oil-level, low-pressure, and reduced-oil
thermal capacity of the bearing. flow devices should indicate the extent of the
2.6.4 Bearing Failure. Bearing failure may be reduction in level, pressure, or flow, sounding an
due to one or more of the following causes: alarm for relatively minor reductions and causing
2.6.4.1 Lubricant Problems motor shutdown for large reductions.
( 1) Incorrect grade or viscosity of lubricant Prelubricating and postlubricating periods may
(2) Inadequate cooling of bearing or lubricant, be employed in the start sequence of larger
or both motors, with a monitoring timer to check that
(3) Deterioration, saponification, or frothing of satisfactory lubricating conditions have been
oil establíshed before starting the motor.
(4) Abrasive partides in lubrication system High-bearing-temperature protection is the
2.6.4.2 Mechanical
(a) Stuck oil ringsProblems most difficult to apply effectively. A tip-sensitive
(b) Lubricant pump failure temperature-responsive device, either in the bear
(e) Low lubricant reservo ir ing babbitt or in the lubricating oil flowing from
(d) level the bearing, is generally utilized. Large motor
Fractured oil pipe
35
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

bearings are usually monitored by either a resist three-phase overcurrent. The protection described
ance temperature detector or thermocouple de in 2.2 and 2.3 may adequately protect against this
vice used in conjuction with a complete multiunit source of damage.
monitoring system for automatic high-tempera When selecting undervoltage protection for
ture detection and direct reading of all bearing large induction and synchronous motors, the
temperatures. selection should differentiate between
The choice of alarm versus trip function as the undervoltage oflong time duration entailing
response to temperature rise depends on the possible thermal damage and undervoltage of
availability of personnel attending the motor and short-time duration (O cycles to 15 cycles). The
the service requirement. The rate of temperature latter condition should, there fore, be evaluated
rise of bearings indicates the extent and type of in regard to mechanical or sta bility effects.
bearing malfunction. A slow rise in temperature 2.7.1.1.1 Undervoltage of Long Time
indicates a less serious malfunction than a fast Duration. Too low a voltage at the terminals of a
rise. When a high-temperature rise is slow, motor while the motor is being started may pre
sound ing an alarm only may be satisfactory. vent it from reaching its rated speed, resulting in
When a high-temperature rise is rapid, the excessive heating of the rotor and stator wind
motor should be shut down immediately. One ings. In the case of a synchronous motor, the
type of device provides an alarm at a lower motor may not reach sufficient speed to enable it
temperature fol lowed by a shutdown of the to pull into synchronism when the field in applied.
motor at a higher temperature. An alarm or Low voltage encountered while the motor is
shutdown based on a rate-of-temperature-rise running results in higher than normal operating
device is the best protec tion for the high- currents, and in the case of induction motors
temperature conditions. results in increased heating of the stator winding
A word of caution: the bearing may be des and rotor. In the case of synchronous motors, low
troyed before the high-temperature relays can voltage results in higher stator currents with
operate to shut down the motor. However, increased heating of the stator with the possibility
opera tion of the protective device will save the of the motor pulling out of synchronism.
journal, and prevent the rotor from rubbing on In the case of some synchronous motors, the de
the stator laminations. field supply is obtained by rectifying the ac volt
Vibration detectors that react to displacement, age from the same source as the stator supply.
acceleration, or impulse, if used, should be When the ac supply voltage is low, that means the
mounted with the sensitive axis to coincide with de voltage is also low or the field is weaker, tend
the direction of displacement. Such devices are ing to make the synchronous motor less stable.
usually deactivated during start-up or shutdown. In the case of low voltage during starting or
during running conditions, sorne means of under
2.7 Abnonnal Power Supply Conditions voltage protection should be u sed if the overheat
2.7.1 Abnonnal Voltage. Operating voltages ing caused by undervoltage is not adequately
that deviate from rated voltages more than the protected against by other relays or devices.
toleran ce given in ANSI and NEMA induction The action of the undervoltage device depends
and sychronous motor standards (see NEMA upon the service that the protected motor is pro
MG1- 1987 [13)) will subject the motors to viding. Sorne motors are classified as essential
hazards for which special forms of protection may and should not be removed from service by relays
be required. In the present context, abnormal that do not protect the system from the effect of
voltage encom passes a
(1) Undervoltage fault on the motor or its associated circuit. Quite
(2) Overvoltage often the undervoltage condition is caused by
(3) Unbalanced voltage and phase failure sorne abnormality in the power-supply system
2.7.1.1 Undervoltage Protection. A large that requires the continued operation ofthe
induction motor rotating at essentially rated speed motor so the system may recover even though
or a large synchronous motor with fixed excita the motor may be forced to operate at an
tion may be approximated at steady-state condi overtemperature or at reduced capability.
tions as a constant kilovoltampere device for a Power-plant station service is a major area
given shaft load, and therefore current variations where this condition may exist. During a system
follow voltage variations inversely. Balanced disturbance that reduces voltage, the system may
three phase undervoltage is accompanied by separate and completely collapse upon additional
balanced loss of generation capacity, which can happen if

36
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

motors drop out on undervoltage. The successful In the case of synchronous motors,
recovery ofthe system depends upon maintaining reverse
each unit at maximum possible capability. In this power relays (device 32) might also be
case, the fans, pumps, etc, that serve the unit used to detect this condition. Studies
must remain in operation even though the voltage should be performed to determine the
is reduced below a normally designated safe maximum safe transfer time and
value. Recovery can then be accomplished by (2) mínimum load shed requirements.
suitable operator action. The transfer must be slow enough so that
2.7.1.1.2 Undervoltage of Short Duration the generated voltage due to the magnetic
(Voltage Dips). Often voltage dips last for only 5 flux trapped by the rotor will have decayed
to 15 cycles (60 Hz base), and in most cases no to a low value. Ordinarily, if one open
harm is done to induction motors if they are circuit time constant on induction motors
allowed to stay on the line. If motors are automat and two open-circuit time constants on
ically disconnected during these dips, expensive synchronous motors has elapsed, safe trans
shutdowns can be experienced. In applying pro fer may be accomplished. Alternatively, a
tection for such installations, the relaying should transfer can normally be safely made if
be no faster nor more sensitive than needed. motor residual voltage is less or approxi
In the case of large synchronous motors mately 25% of rated. The transfer voltage
supply ing critica] process loads, it is usually should be
Automatic determined
transfer by studies.
switches can be provided
desirable to run stability studies, taking into with in-phase monitors that prevent retransfer to
account the total inertia of motor and driven the normal source until both sources are syn
load, the duration of the voltage dip, and the chronized. Automatic transfer switches can also
characteristics of the motor. Such a study is be provided with accessory controls that discon
most helpful in selecting the protective nect motors prior to transfer and reconnect them
equipment that will permit holding the motor on after transfer when the residual voltage has been
the line, and for determining the limiting substantially reduced. Motor loads above 50 hp
voltage dip conditions. with relatively low-load inertia in relation to
Consideration must also be given to the condi torque requirements, such as pumps and com
tion in which the supply voltage is removed by a pressors, may require special controls.
breaker or switch remote from a motor. Such a If safe transfer cannot be accomplished, sorne
condition might involve the reclosure of the nor provision must be made to trip the local breaker
mal supply ora transfer from normal supply toan and restart the motor when the supply voltage is
alternate supply. normal (see 2.8.2 for further information ).
Safe transfer of a motor to an alternate power 2.7.1.1.3 General Comments. When a
supply can be accomplished if such a transfer is motor is not considered essential, the undervolt
done very quickly (on synchronous motors, this age device may be connected to trip the appro
time is approximtely six cycles and assuming priate contactar or breaker where tripping is
there is little lnitial phase displacement between allowed. A time delay should be included to allow
the two power supplies), or after a specific time faults or system disturbances to clear befare trip
delay. Transfer can be dangerous in the interme ping the breaker. The time delay depends upon
diate time. Either of the following criteria will and should coordinate with the time to clear or
provide safe transfer: isolate system faults by backup relay operations.
(1) The transfer must be fast enough so that The type of undervoltage device used depends
the generated voltage due to the magnetic upon the type of motor control. High-voltage
flux trapped is sufficiently close in phase power circuit breakers require an undervoltage
relationship to the voltage of the alternate relay and potential transformer for the sensing
supplyvoltage, that the disturbance created and tripping signal. These are applied on circuits
by out-of-phase connection is within toler with voltages of 2.4 kV -13.8
ance limits with respect to transient shaft kV.
torque, and transient current flow. Under Low-voltage air circuit breakers up to 600 V
voltage relays cannot be relied upon in this alternating current can be equipped with time
instan ce since the motor may generate suf delay undervoltage tripping attachments if used
ficient voltage to prevent the relay from alone.
dropping out. Underfrequency relaying In switchgear assemblies, an undervoltage
(device 81) may be used in this application, relay anda shunt trip device with de or
depending upon the system configuration. capacitar trip can be provided to protect for

37
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

Motor contactors do not provide adequate

undervoltage protection beca use of the low value
of voltage at which dropout occurs. A more com
plete discussion of the effect of the motor con
lo

lb
---
---
OPEN
CIRCUIT

troller is included in 1.4. M

2.7.1.2 Overvoltage Protection. Operation
of induction and synchronous motors on moder
le-
ate overvoltage within the tolerance of motor
standards is not generally considered to be injur
ious. Overvoltage causes an increase in iron Fig 24
losses in the machine. Since iron losses, and also Current in Motor W'mdings with One Phase
copper losses, contribute to the temperature rise Open Circuited; Wye-Connected Motor
of the stator winding, then operation at any
given cur rent, but at higher voltage, causes an
increase in winding temperature. Therefore,
overcurrent de vices with their distinct current POSITIVE
pickup leve! per mit a higher winding SEQUEN
CE
temperature to occur on overvoltage than at NETWORK

rated voltage. Only a device that senses winding y

temperature can adequately protect against such

z,
an abnormal operating condition.
When starting with overvoltage, the locked
rotor current is higher than rated starting cur
rent in somewhat greater than direct proportion
to the increase in voltage. The locked-rotor relay
protects the motor against thermal damage when
y
the voltage is not more than 10% above rated volt
age at the time of start.
2.7.1.3 Unbalance Protection and Phase NEGATIVE SEQUENCE NETWORK
Failure. Unbalanced voltage and phase failure
are similar phenomena, differing only in degree of '----v-"
SOURCE OPEN MOTOR
unbalance. While unbalanced phase voltages or PHASE
currents are readily identified, it is the negative
sequence component (see [20]) that actually jeop Fig 25
ardizes the motor. Hence simple unbalance mea Connection of Sequence Networks for
surements may not provide the degree of motor Open-Phase Condition
protection required.
When the voltages supplied to an operating
motor become unbalanced, the positive-sequence
current remains substantially unchanged, and a
negative sequence current flows dueto the unbal POSITIVE NEGATIVE TOTAL
SEQUENCE SEQUENCE CURRENT
ance. If for éxample, the nature of the un balance

y
le 1 lb1
is an open circuit in any phase, a negative
sequence current flows that is equal and opposite
to the previous load current in that phase. The
loo
combination of positive- and negative-sequence
currents produces theoretical phase currents of
lo= lo0 t lo 1t 101 OIOPEN CIRCUIT IN o-PHASEI
approximately 1.7 times the previous load in each •

sound phase and zero current in the open phase. lb • 100 t o 1I 01 t ol 01 = -jVJ
This is illustrated in Figs 24, 25, and 26. Due to lo,
additional motor losses, the actual value of motor
phase current in each sound phase is closer to
twice the previous load current.
Fig 26
Three-phase voltages will still be observed at
Sequence Currents for Open-Phase
the motor terminals with one supply phase open.
Supply to Motor

38
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

The actual magnitudes depend on the motor under these circumstances is similar to that in a
shaft load and on whether any other loads or three-phase failure to start, except that the line
capacitors are connected in parallel. current is slightly lower (approximately 0.9times
When a synchronous motor is running at rated the normal three-phase locked-rotor current).
load and then one supply phase is lost, the motor Unbalance protection must sense damaging
will probably pull out of step and must be removed conditions without responding to conditions for
from service. However, if the motor is lightly which the protective equipment is not intended
loaded and continues running synchronously, to operate. Several classes of relays are used to
there will be extra losses as a result of the asym pro vide unbalance protection.
metry in line current, and destruction of the Phase-balance relays (device 46) compare the
damper winding may result. relative magnitudes of the phase currents. When
When an induction motor loses one phase, its the magnitudes differ by a given amount, the relay
slip increases, but it usually does not stall unless operates. When an open circuit occurs on the load
the resulting single-phase supply voltage is below or source side of the current transformer supply
normal or the shaft load is more than 80% of full ing the relay, sufficient unbalance should exist to
load. The losses increase significantly when make it operate. Phase balance relays are avail
loaded near or above its rating. With either type able with 1.0 A sensitivity and operate if one
motor, single phasing is a hazardous condition, phase of the supply to the motor opens with the
and steps should be taken (preferably by relay load on the motor prior to the open in excess of
action) to de-energize the motor. approximately 0.6 A in the relay. Caution must be
A small-voltage unbalance produces a large exercised in current transformer selection to
negative-sequence current flow in either a ascertain with older phase-balance relays that the
synchronous or induction motor. The per-unit thermal capability of the relay is not exceeded at
negative-sequence impedance of either is approxi maximum load.
mately equal to the reciproca! of the rated voltage Phase-balance relays without additional time
per-unit locked-rotor current. When, for example, delay beyond what the available relays inherently
a motor has a locked-rotor current of six times provide may cause unnecessary tripping of large
rated, it has a negative-sequence impedance of motors during phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase
approximately 0.167 on the motor rated input disturbances remotely located on the power sys
kilovoltampere base. When voltages having 0.05 tem. In as muchas the clearing time ofthe relays
per-unit negative-sequence component are applied on a power system are generally quite short in
to the motor, negative-sequence currents of 0.30 comparison with the required clearing time of
per unit flow in the windings. Thus, a 5% voltage phase-balance relays on the motor, a timing relay
unbalance produces a stator negative-sequence can be used without degrading the protection of
current of 30% of full-load current. The severity of the motor. Relay coordination is usually easier to
this condition is indicated by the fact that with attain with inverse-time relay characteristics than
this extra current, the motor may experiance a with separate fixed time delays.
40'¡o- 50% increase in temperature rise. Negative-sequence current relays (device 46)
The increase in loss is largely in the rotor. respond to the negative-sequence component of
egative-sequence phase currents produce a flux the phase currents. The instantaneous version of
that rotates in a direction opposite to the rotor this relay provides excellent sensitivity. Because
rotation. This flux cuts the rotor bars at a very of this, it will operate undesirably on the motor
high speed and generates a pronounced voltage contribution to unbalanced faults on the supply
resulting in a large rotor current. In addition, the system and therefore must trip through a timer
120 Hz nature of the induced current produces a or be directionally supervised.
marked skin effect in the rotor bars, greatly The application of phase-balance and negative
increasing rotor resistance. Rotor heating is sub sequence overcurrent relays (and neutral over
stantial for minor voltage unbalance. Excessive current relays (device 51N)) should consider
heating may occur with phase current less than current-transformer characteristics under high
the rated current of the motor. current conditions. Excessive current-
\Vhen a three-phase induction or synchronous transformer burdens result in current
motor is energized and one supply phase is open, transformers saturat ing during fault conditions.
the motor will not start. Under these conditions, it Heavy motor starting currents can also cause
overheats rapidly and is destroyed unless correc current-transformer saturation, especially when
tive action is taken to de-energize it. The heating the starting current has a large asymmetrical de
component. This de

39
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

resulting from motor inrush may last for a voltage and frequency exceeds the standard tol
signifi erances (see 2.2.6). Protection against this type of
cant period of time eompared to an asymmetrical operation is usually allocated to the thermal pro
fault current condition. This is because of the tective equipment, but more refined protection
much greater inductance/resistance L/R of the is possible using a frequency-sensitive relay or a
total circuit when starting a motor. volt per hertz relay, which measures the actual
Phase current-transformer saturation usually abnormality.
is not the same between phases and result in
false negative- or zero-sequence currents. 2.8 Abnonnal Operating Conditions
Hence, this needs to be considered when 2.8.1 Incomplete-Starting-Sequence Protec
applying these types of relays. Unequal tion. An incomplete-sequence relay e device 48) is
saturation is also encouraged by unequal a relay that returns the equipment to the normal
burdens on the three-current trans formers. or off position and locks it out if the normal start
Phase unbalance relays usually have ing, operating, or stopping sequence is not prop
considerable variation in the burden between the erly completed within a predetermined time.
three phases, and any unsymmetrical conditions Incomplete-starting-sequence protection can be
such as single-phase ammeters and ammeter provided by an adjustable definite-time relay fur
selector switches can cause relay misoperation nished on electrically operated reduced-voltage,
due to unequal saturation. and sorne full-voltage, motor starters to protect
Current-transformer saturation is minimized the machine and starting reactor, autotrans
by keeping burdens low e especially the de former, or resistan ce against prolonged operation
resistive component), by using high-ratio at subnormal speed. The stator overload relays do
current trans formers, and by selecting current not provide such protection.
transformers with a high knee point esaturation) 2.8.2 Out-of-Phase Re-Energization Protec
voltage. Even these may be insufficient for the tion. Induction motors designed for across-the
sustained de in sorne motor inrush currents. In line starting have the ability to withstand the
such cases desen sitizing the relay with respect mechanical forces developed by normal currents
to current or in creasing operating time, or both, during starting at rated voltage. Abnormally high
may be necessary. Negative-sequence voltge or inrush currents can be produced in a motor when
reverse-phase re lays respond to single phasing, it is re-energized soon after a power interruption,
to unbalanced volt age, or to reversed phase and the possibility of damage should be assessed.
sequence. For motor protection these relays Inrush currents under such conditions can be
must sense the same volt age supplying the as muchas 2.5 times the magnitude ofthe normal
motor. They are particularly applicable to a locked-rotor currents for which the motor is
bus with substantial static load along with the designed, depending on the degree of saturation
motor load. For an aH-motor load, the negative- of the motor magnetic paths, the system imped
sequence voltage relay may not, depending ance, and the resultant voltage at the instant of
on the motor characteristics, operate for single re-energization.
phasing at light load. Where motors constitute High-speed automatic reclosure of a single
only a small proportion of the total load, feeder to an industrial plant can produce abnor
single phasing of the total load is recognized by mally high inrush currents and transient shaft
this relay even with no shaft load irrespective of torques in the motors served by the feeder dueto
motor characteristics. In general, only the the high resultant voltage impressed on the motors
motor loads should be tripped when source by out-of-phase re-energization. The currents and
single torques are a function of the number, size, and
phasing or excessive unbalance is recognized. type of motors and loads on the industrial system
2.7.2 Abnonnal Frequency. Frequency in ex and the elapsed time before the motors are re
cess of rated frequency but not in excess of 5% energized. For the latter conditon, the time can
over the rated frequency without a vary widely depending upon the types of relays
corresponding voltage rise is not considered to and breakers used and the reclosing scheme. If a
be a hazardous condition for synchronous or single feeder must trip and reclose, this time will
induction motors, provided the driven vary from approximately 15 cycles to 60 cycles
equipment does not overload the motors at the ( 60 Hz base). In the case of a transfer to an alter
higher frequency. nate source, simultaneous signals can be given to
At decreased frequency without a correspond trip one breaker and close another. The dead time
ing voltage reduction, the flux requirements of a

40
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

would, therefore, be the difference between the mum service reliability, safety, and protection of
tripping and closing times and could vary between equipment ata reasonable cost. It is essential that
5 cycles and 1O cycles. Reclosure following dead the operating characteristics ofthe chosen motor
times in the broader range of 5 cycles to 90 cycles, protection system be coordinated with those of
or when the alternate power source may not be the supply and, if necessary, the process or load
essentially in phase with the primary power involved if selective operation of the protective
source should be considered only after careful and control devices is to be achieved.
investigation. See 2.7.1.1.2 and ANSI C50.41- In large motor installations it may be
1982 [3), Section 15. Studies must be made for necessary to consult the motor manufacturer to
specific cases to determine if the motor breaker establish clearly such requirements as service
must be tripped or if the motor can be re- factor, duty cycle, frequency of starts, WK 2 of
energized with the feeder. As a general rule, if the rotating parts, acceleration time, cooling,
dead time exceeds six cycles on a synchronous bearing lubrication supply, mechanical stress
motor, a study should be made. and vibration limits, and rotor and stator heating
rates, and the effects of surge protectors and
2.9 Surge Protection. Rotating machines pre power-factor-correction capacitors, if used.
sent special problems in surge protection. The In the event ofmotor failure, subsequent repair,
in sulation of the stator winding of ac rotating and reinstallation the existing motor protection
ma chines has a relatively low impulse strength. should be reviewed in light of any shop
The highest test voltage it must withstand is modifica tions (inferior or superior) to the
simply the crest of the 1 min high-potential design of the machine. Such modifications may
test, which affect heating and winding insulation
has a root-mean-square (rms) value of twice the characteristics and include added protection
rated (line-to-line) voltage plus 1000 V. Also, devices such as rtd. When con sidering
the steep-front characteristic oflightning or replacement of older design machines with
switching produced surges may damage the turn emes of newer design, closer manufacturing
insulation evencan
to a value that though the withstood
be safely magnitudebyofthe
the tolerances dueto tighter design margins resulting
e
m or conductor-to-ground) insulation. from computer-aided motor design may require
The relatively low impulse strength of motors review of existing protection schemes.
indicates their need for surge-protective equip Selection of the specific protection schemes
ment even though they may be connected to should be based
( 1 Motor on the following
horsepower factors:
rating and type
exposed overhead line(s) through apparatus ) Supply characteristics-voltage, phases,
(transformers, regulators, reactors, or cables) (2) method of grounding, and available short
whose line side is adequately protected by a circuit current
surge-protective device. (3) Type of motor controller employed
Surge protection cannot be adequately covered (4) Operating characteristic and settings
in this guide.s of protective devices between the motor
In 5.8, [B124] through [B133] give starter and source supply
considerable insight into the problem. ( 5 Protective devices monitoring the driven
) machinery or load process-vibration,
2.10 Motors or Motor Controls Used in Class torque, and other mechanical limits
lE Nuclear Exposure. When necessary to apply (6) Function and nature of the process that
motors and their controls in Class 1 nuclear determines the importance of the drive
exposure in nuclear plants, reference should be (7) Environment of motor, associated switch
made to IEEE guides, ANSI guides, and Nuclear ing device, and protective devices
Regulatory Commision rules pertaining to this (8) Cost of protection scheme relative to that
subject. of the associated equipment
(9) Hot and cold permissible locked-rotor time
and permissible accelerating time
3. Motor-Protection Specifications ( 10) Time versus current curve during starting

3.1 General Considerations. The complete pro 3.2 Motor-Protection Tables. The purpose ofthis
tection scheme must be chosen to achieve opti- section is to summarize the devices available for
the protection of induction and synchronous
8 See footnote 7. motors employed in general applications. The

41
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

motor-starting equipment and associated protec Alternative protective devices are tabulated,
tive devices illustrated herein are not to be the use of which may be justifiable or preferable
regarded as a design specification or standard, depending upon the particular application consid
but rather as a guide for the selection of ered and the philosophy of opertion. Tables 1
adequate through 5 and Figs 27 through 33 cover devices
protection for any general induction or synchro
nous motor application.

FUSED DISCONNECT

GROUND RELAY

,- -
Ol

I IF S YSTEM IS

- - - - _1
OPTIONAL

Fig 27
Low-Voltage Motor Controller
(See Table 1)

Table 1
Low-Voltage Combination Starter Comprised of Either a
Molded-Case Air Cireuit Breaker or Fused Disconnect
and a Magnetic Contactor with an Overload Relay
(See Fig 27)
Ratings Range of Ratings
Continuous amperes 9- 2250
Utilization voltage 200- 575
Horsepower 1.5- 1600
Starter size 00- 9

NEMA
Types of protection Designation
Overload
Overload relay elements 3 OL
Short circuit
Circuit-breaker current trip elements 3 CB
Fu ses 3 Fl'
Undervoltage
Inherent with integral control supply and three-wire control
circuit
Ground fault ( when specified)
Ground relay with toroidal current transformer GP

42
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECfiON C37.96-1988

m=S m=S
._M 0 ::_R:TE
B ! R TE GROUND PROTECTION
GROUNO PROTECTION
(IF SYSTEM IS GROUNDED) (IF SYSTEM IS GROUNDED)

- -- i1 BC
1(PHASE
_J BALANCE)
3 OL 3 OL

3 oc

GP
RESIDUAL GROUND
(IF SYSTEM IS GROUNDED)

Fig 28 Fig 29
Class El High-Voltage Motor Controller Class E2 High-Voltage Motor Controller
(See Table 2) (See Table 2)

Table 2
High-Voltage Class E Motor Controller
(See Figs 28 and 29)

Class El Class E2
Ratings (Without Fuses) (With Fuses)
Utilization voltage 2300- 6600 2300- 6600
Horsepower o- 4500 o- 4500
*Symmetrical MVA interrupting capacity at 25- 75 160 - 570
normal utilization voltage

NEMA
Type of protection device Designation
Overload or locked rotor, or both
Thermal overload relay 3 01
Time overcurrent relay 1 oc
Instantaneous overcurrent relay plus time delay 1 TR/OC
Short circuit
Fuses, Class E2 3 FU
Instantaneous overcurrent relay Class El 3 oc
Ground fault
Time-overcurrent residual relay GP
Overcurrent relay with toroidal current transformer GP
Phase balance
Current balance relay (per motor) or BC
Negative-sequence voltage relay (per bus), or both
ündervoltage
Inherent with integral control supply and three-wire uv
control circuit when voltage falls sufficiently to permit
the contactor to open and break the seal-in circuit
Temperature
Temperature relay, operating from resistance sensor or OL
thermocouple in stator winding

'ANSI;NEMA ICS 2 (1983) [9], 324.

43
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

1 1 ¡-* -)! SO

1 - --L--
i i :JJñ
i ) )

r-1-- -1----T.--,
: ) ) ) :
52
U RCE
INTEGRALLY FUSED
1 1 ALTERNATE PROTEGTION
: : 50/51 ANO 27 ALL
L -- _ _J DIRECT
ACTING

rl--1--h
1 ) ) )
11 1
1
1
1 1
L _j

MAY INGLUDE
ALTERNATIVE DIRECT ACTING
PROTECTION 8N Zs 5
G
COMBINATION
PACKAGE

Fig 30
Low-Voltage Power Circuit-Breaker with
Series Trip Device
(See Table 3)

Table 3
Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker, Manual
or Electrically Operated, with Series Trip
Device (See Fig 30)
Ratings Range of Ratings
Continuous amperes o- 4000
Nominal voltage 240- 600
*Symmetrical amperes interrupting capacity 14 000 - 130
at maximum rated voltage 000
Manual operation not recommended where
interrupting duty exceeds 22 000 A
symmetrical

Standard Device NEMA

Type of stator protective device Quantity Function Number Designation
(all direct acting)
Overload
Static trip devices 3 51
Short circuit
Fu ses 3 FU
Static trip devices 3 50
Undervoltage
Time-delay undervoltage relay 27
Ground fault
Overcurent relay with toroidal current 50G
transformer (or
51G)
*See ANSI/IEEE C37.1:3-1981 [5] for application of integrally fused devices.

44
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

(a) (b)

Fig 31
Low-Voltage Power Cireuit-Breaker with
Protective Relays
(See Table 4)

Table 4
Low-Voltage Power Cireuit Breaker, with Protective Relays and
Electrical Tripping in Addition to or in Place of Series Overeurrent
Devices
(See Fig 31)
Ratings Range of Ratings
Continuous amperes o- 4000
Nominal voltage 240- 600
'Syrnmetrical amperes interrupting capacity 14 000 - 85 000
at maximum rated voltage

Standard Device NEMA

Type of stator protective devire Quantity Function Number Designation
Overload
Static trip devices 3 51
Thermal-overcurrent relay 3 49
Time-overcurrent relay 3 51
Short circuit
Fu ses 3 FU
Static trip devices :3 50
lnstantaneous overcurrent relay 2 or ;3 50
Ground fault
Time-overcurrent relay, residual connection 51N
Time-overcurrent relay with toroidal GP
current transformer
Undervoltage
Direct -acting time delay undervoltage relay 27

'See ANSI; IEEE C37.13-1981 [5] for application of integrally fused devices.
NOTE: Sele(·t at least one device under each category for which protection is desired.

45
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

3- THERMAL Q.JERLOAO
1-LOCKED ROTOR
3-1NSTANTANEOJS
OVERCURREN;

:_,q:.uN: u. .._
o:>RJTEC''Cl" iQR8 J;.,'
;::uRRE"-4T -qAfi.SFQR'JIER
ANJ I"'STA..... TAr";EOuS
'JwERCURREI".T RE AY

Fig 32
Power Circuit-Breaker Motor Controller,
Typical Protection
(See Table 5)

THERMAL OVERLOAú
CURRENT OVERLOAD
lNSTANTANEOUS
OVERCURRENT

OPERATING COIL

POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER

MOTOR CONTROLLER
COMPREHENSIVE PROTECT ION
FOR LARGE MOTORS

Fig 33
Power Circuit-Breaker Motor Controller Starter,
Comprehensive Protection for Large Motors
(See Table 5)

46
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

Table 5
Power Circuit Breaker
(See Figs 32 and 33)

Ratings Range of Ratings

Continuous amperes o- 3000
Nominal voltage 4160 - 13 800
Symmetrical amperes interrupting capacity at maximum 3500- 41000
rated voltage

Standard Device
Type of relay for stator protection Functíon Number
Overload
Thermal-overcurrent relay 2 or 3 49
Time-overcurrent relay 2 or 3 51
Temperature relay, operated from resistance 1 49
sensor or thermocouple in stator winding
Locked rotor
Damper winding thermal relay 26
Time-overcurrent relay with instantaneous attachment 50/51R
Short circuit
Time-overcurrent relay with instantaneous attachment 2 or 3 50/51
Instantaneous overcurrent relay 3 50
Percentage differential relay 3 87
Self-balancing primary current, differential relay 3 87
Ground fault
Time-overcurrent residual relay 51N
Instantaneous or tíme-overcurrent relay with ring current 50G or 51G
transformer
Phase balance
Current phase-balance relay 46
Negative sequence voltage relay 47
Undervoltage
Instantaneous undervoltage relay 27
Time undervoltage relay 27
Undervoltage and phase-sequence relay 27/47
Undervoltage supervised by phase-sequence relay 27/47
Underfrequency relay (where required) 81
Ancillary protectíon
Vibratíon limit relay 39
Bearing overtemperature/wear device 1 or 2 38
Ambíent temperature control devíce 1 23
Atmospheric condítion monitoring devíce 1 45
Zero speed/ overspeed device 1 12/14

NOTE: Select at least one device under each category for which protectíon is desíred.

Table 6
Field-Excitation Protection for All Synchronous Motor Controllers
Standard Device NEMA
Function Functíon Number Desígnatíon
Synchronous speed device 13
Field contactar or circuit breaker 41 FC
Field discharge resistor
Field-application relay 56
Power-factor relay ( out-of-step) 55 PF
Field-failure relay 40 FL
Excitation-check relay 53
lncomplete-sequence relay 48

"'OTE: More than one function can be combined in a single device for large or special
applications. Additional devices are sometimes required (see Table 7 for complete listing).

47
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GCIDE FOR

Table 7
Device Designations and Functions
Standard
Device
Function NEMA
Protective Function Number* Designation * •

Time-delay relay 2 TR
Overspeed device 12
Synchronous speed check (centrifuga! switch) or ac field 13 FR
current
Underspeed device 14
lmpedance relay 21
Temperature control device 23
Apparatus overheating detection device 26
Undervoltage, instantaneous, or inverse time relay 27 uv
Directional power relay 32
Bearing protecting device for overtemperature or wear 38
Mechanical condition monitor, vibration 39
Loss of field protection for synchronous motors 40 FL
Field contactar or circuit breaker 41 FC
Atmospheric condition monitor 45
Phase-balance current relay Phase- 46
sequence relay 47
Negative-sequence voltage relay
Incomplete-sequence relay 48
Thermal relay operated by motor current (replica), winding 49 OL
temperature or both ( also embedded detectors)
Overcurrent relay oc
lnstantaneous ocvercurrent relay 50
lnstantaneous overcurrent relay, ground 50G
Time-overcurrent relay 51
Time-overcurrent relay, ground 51G
Extreme overload protection for unloaded start of large 51R
synchronous motors (usually 1000 hp) setjust below pull-out
torque
Residually connected ground time-overcurrent relay 51N
Circuit breaker 52 CB
Main-line contactor M
Excitation-check relay for synchronous motors 53
Power-factor relay 55
Field application relay 56
Overvoltage relay, instantaneous or time delay 59 ov
Voltage or current-balance relay 60
Liquid or gas-pressure relay or vacuum relay 63
Ground-fault detection for current flowing from machine casing 64
or structure to ground
Ground-fault protective relay GP
Liquid or gas leve! relay 71
Phase angle measuring or out-of-step protective relay 78
Liquid or gas flow relay 80
Frequency relay, operated by above or below normal, or rate of 81
change of supply frequency
Lockout relay, manually or electrically reset 86
Differential protective relay, operated by phasor difference 87
between compared electrical quantities
Differential ground-fault protection extra sensitive detection relay 87N
Tripping or trip-free relay, operates to trip a circuit breaker, 94
contactor, or equipment and prevent immediate reclosure

*ANSI/IEEE C:37.2-1987 [4].

''ANSI;NEMA ICS 11983 [8].

used for stator and ancillary protection. Table 2-1983 [9] and the device designations of ANSI/
6 NEMA ICS 1-1983 [8] refers to ANSI/IEEE
covers motor field-excitation protection. Table 7 C37.2- 1987 [4].
lists selected device designations and functions. In all of the tables, functions may not be in dis
In [8] Tables 6 and 7 note that NEMA designa crete relays but in combination packages.
tion uses the terminology of ANSI/NEMA ICS

48
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

3.3 Variable-Speed Motor-Protection Table. The rely on contactors to accomplish speed change by
purpose of this section is to summarize the pro way of alteration of the winding configurations.
tection of multiple and variable-speed motors. Figure 34 details two alternatives of a two-speed
Table 8 in this section is not to be regarded as a motor protection. Wound-rotor slip recovery sys
standard or design specification, but should pro tems utilize the rotating transformer properties of
vide a guide to the selection of adequate protec a wound-rotor machine to provide regenerative
tion for multiple and variable-speed motors and energy recovery while controlling speed. The
their associated drive equipment. wound-rotor variable-speed motor appears as an
Table 8 outlines the general protection philoso induction machine and should be protected as
phies as related to the type of motor drive. Most such.
variable frequency drives employ transformer iso Table 9 and accompanying Fig 35 provide
lated frequency conversion circuitry to drive syn basic variable-speed motor-protection
chronous and induction motors and therefore guidelines on a subsystem basis. Protection is
appear as transformer loads on the electrical sys divided into three logical areas or zones of
tem to which they are connected. Multiple speed protection that are inherent to variable
motors contain multiple or tapped windings and frequency and regenerative feedback motor
drives.

Fig34
Two-Speed Motor Protection
(See Table 8)

INT ER L OC
- -- -
K
--....,
1

AC SPEED
SUPPLY CHANGING
CIRCUITRY

50/51 50/51 50/51 50/51

PROTECTION FLUX- BALANCING FLUX- BALANCING PHASE
GROUND DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME
SCHEME

ALTERNATE 2
FLUX BALANCING DIFFENTIAL
RELAY PROTECTION

49
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

Table 8
Variable Speed Motor Protection
(See Fig 34)

Motor Type Protection Philosophy

Variable Frequency Motor Orives Relay protection similar to transformer protection.

(Synchronous or Induction Machines) See the appropriate ANSI specifications for
transformer phase and ground fault protection
philosophies. Motor and electronic drive protection
should be generic to the drive package as
recommended by the motor manufacturer. *
In many cases, full-speed across-the-line starting or
run circuitry, or both, is employed that bypasses the
Isolation Supply Transformer or Converter Circuitry,
or both. While operating in this mode, the motor
should be protected as a typical Synchronous Machine
(SM) or Induction Machine (IM).

Multiple Speed Winding Multiple relay/CT protection or flux-balancing differ

(Synchronous.or Induction Machines) ential schemes (see Fig 39).

Wound Rotor Slip Relay protection identical to induction motor

Recovery Orives protection. Supplemental motor and
electronic drive (Induction Machines) protection
should be generic to the drive package as
recommended by the motor manufacturer. *

*The motor/drive manufacturer should be consulted for the protection interface requirements
between the motor/drive and the electrical power supply.

Fig 35
Variable Speed Motor Protection
(See Table 9)

SUPPLY BUS SUPPLY BUS

--- -------PR-OTE- 1
---------
1 - -- -
CT CONVERTER
ION Z ON E ,1
1 ISOLATION ISOLATION
1 SUPPLY SUPPLY 1
1 TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER ......_--+--'
1
--- ------ OTECTIO ONE2 ---

1 CONVERTER- REGENERATIVE 1
1 INVERTER SPEED CONTROL 1
CIRCUITRY INVERTER 1
1 L----.-------' CIRCUITRY
r-

s : ::T : :ONE 3 i = i. --

a
L_ _ ¡ OWRIM!
SCIM/ INDUCTION MOTOR/ 1 (LOW SPEEDS ONLY)
SM SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR L j

L1 WOUND ROTOR
DUCTI
M
1

50
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

Table 9
Variable Speed Motor Protection
(See Fig 35)

Protection Zone 1 Protection Zone 3 Protection Z<me 3

Apply typical transformer protection. Apply generic electronic drive Apply typical motor protection. Such
Such protection will include: pro tection. Such protection will protection will include:
include:
a. Differential relays a. Differential relays
b. Phase and ground time a. Differential relays b. Phase and ground time
overcurrent relays b. Phase and ground time overcurrent relays
c. Phase and ground instantaneous overcurrent relays c. Phase and ground instantaneous
current relays c. Phase and ground instantaneous current relays
d. Transformer neutral relays current relays d. V/Hz relaying ·
e. Sudden pressure relays d. Transformer neutral relays (if e. Thermal overload relays
f. Thermal overload sensors employed in converter circuitry) f. Negative sequence voltage. current
e. Thermal overload relays relays
f. OC overcurrent relays g. Overspeed protection relays
g. Voltage controlled overcurrent h. Speed switch or impedance relay
relays supervision of time-overcurrent
h. Motor speed protective circuitry relays
or devices, or both
i. Undervoltage/ overvoltage relays
j. Thyristor and thyristor gate
protective circutry or devices, or
both
k. Microprocessor or control system
protective circuitry or devices,
or both
\OTI-:S: ( 1) Sensing and relay circuitry must respond to the variable frequency ofvoltages and currents inherent in converter and
,peed control inverter circuitry.
1 1 Overall differential relaying can be employed to cover more than one zone of protection.

4. Setting and Adjustment of They are set to pick up after motor starting
Protective Devices conditions or motor current has stabilized. Cur
rent and centrifuga! relays are set to conditions
4.1 General Discussion. The purpose of a pro equivalent to 95% rated speed. Slip-frequency
tective relay setting is to provide optimal protec t relays are set at 1'X.- 5% slip depending on
ion of the equipment being protected. The setting motor application.
or adjustment, or both, of a protective relay 4.2.2 Device 21- Distance (lmpedance) Re
determines the magnitude of the significant lay. A distance relay is responsive to voltage,
quantity at which it operates. current, and the phase angle between them. lt
lany different types of protective relays are can have several characteristics on an R-X dia
a\·aiiable, and sorne relays protect for more than gram. Figure 36 shows an example using a mho
one circuit abnormality. The methods of selecting characteristic, but others can also be used. There
protective relay settings are detailed for the pro is a separate circle for each setting of the relay
tective relay functions as covered in Tables 1 and the relay can be used to detect a change in
through 6. impedance to verify rotor rotation. The circle is
the relay balance point and determines its reach.
4.2 Protective Device Settings. The device num By plotting the motor impedance curve on the
bers and definitions in this section are taken from R-X coordinates, a relay settting can be found
A.'\SI IEEE C37.2-1987 [4P, which crosses the motor impedance at any
4.2.1 Device 13-Synchronous-Speed Device. desired point.
A de\ice such as a centrifugal-speed switch, a slip The size ofthe impedance circle can be adjusted
frequency relay, a voltage relay, an undercurrent in very small steps, so it is possible to set the relay
relay. or any type of device that operates at at any desired value of starting current corre
approximately the synchronous speed of a ma sponding with any desired value of time during
chine. the starting period and consequently at any speed.

51
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUDE FOR

REACTANCE (X)

RELAY SETTING 6 7 8 f\l\..\.. s\'t.t.O

3.83 Q MOTOR GAINING
SPEED% OF
POINTS 1200 r/min
1 o
2 10
3 40
4 60
5 74
6 81
7 89
8 95
9 96.5

RESISTANCE ( R)

NOTE: Allowable locked rotor time lies between point 6 and point 7 which is 14 s for 100% voltage
and 26 s at 80% voltage. Long time-overcurrent relay will trip within these times.

Fig 36
Locked-Rotor Protection with lmpedance Relay

The distance relay is set to pick up each time the When the relay is of an instantaneous type, an
motor is started and resets as the motor acceler auxiliary relay is often used so that the time
ates as shown in Fig 36. delay is a fixed period after the relay contacts
When the motor fails to accelerate, the distance have reached the drop-out position.
relay stays picked up and allows a timing (time Instantaneous relays with timers set for very
overcurrent or time overvoltage) relay to trip the short time settings are often useful to enable
motor. The timing relay is set to trip the motor motors to stay in opera tion during voltage dips
within the locked-rotor thermal limit, which is without degrading the motor protection.
less than the acceleration time for a motor that The drop-out of the undervoltage relay is nor
requires the use of an impedance relay (see mally set at approximately 80% of normal
2.2.7). On the other hand, the distance relay voltage. For cases where voltage drop during
resets for successful starts before a trip can be starting is very great, it may be necessary to
initiated by the timing relay. adjust the relay drop-out to a lower value to
4.2.3 Device 26F - Field Thermal prevent operation during the starting period or
Device. actívate the relay by a timer after completion of
This device detects a thermal overload in the the starting period.
field, usually by measuring the current in the The timer setting, when used with an instan
field either directly or by way of the voltage taneous type undervoltage device, is normally
across a shunt. It is normally connected to an 2 s- 3 s. For cases where the clearing time of
alarm. The thermal time-constant of the device faults on the source circuits is exceptionally long,
should be selected to be as close to the thermal it may be necessary to increase this setting
time constant of the protected equipment as accordingly. In the case of high -speed tripping the
possible. undervoltage auxiliary timer might be set to as
4.2.4 Device 27 -Undervoltage Relay. A relay low as 0.1 s.
that operates when its input voltage is less than a For induction-type relays, where the time
predetermined value. delay is proportional to the degree of
This device provides an adjustable time delay so undervoltage, a time delay of 1.25 s- 2.0 s for
that momentary voltage dips can be prevented a reduction from normal to zero voltage is
from interrupting the supply source, as, for usually satisfactory. The relay automatically
example, the induction-type relays, which have a gives a longer time for a change in voltage
time delay that is inversely proportional to the from normal to sorne inter mediate voltage

52
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

Where synchronous motors are located on imum current tap is the most sensitive and is
supply circuits capable of automatic high-speed usually selected except when the continuous cur
reclosure, device 27 should be set to trip the rent rating of the tap is less than the motor con
motor-control circuit before the circuit is re tinuous current rating. Additional time delay
energized. If the rate of voltage decay is not fast may be required to avoid unnecessary tripping
enough to allow the device-27 relay to respond during starting caused by unbalanced currents
while the motors are disconnected, a high-speed resulting from unbalanced current-transformer
underfrequency relay set for 58.5 Hz will usually burdens. A device 46 relay applied toan
suffice. individual motor is a suitable substitute for the
4.2.5 Device 40 - Field Relay. A relay that third overcurrent unit as prescribed in
functions on a given or abnormally low value or ANSIINFPA 70-1987 [11], Table 430-37.
failure of machine field current, or on an exces 4.2.6.2 Negative-Sequence Current Relay.
sive value of the reactive component of armature These relays respond to the negative-sequence
current in an ac machine indicating abnormally component of the phase currents and are availa
low field excitation. ble in the instantaneous type and the inverse-time
To protect unloaded-start synchronous motors, type. When negative-sequence relays are used for
a de undercurrent relay can be connected in the device 46 function, an inverse-time overcur
series with the field and set below normal rent characteristic is usually used. These relays
operat ing field current. In sorne applications generally have an / 2 t =k type of characteristic.
a time delay undercurrent relay can be used to That is, their time of operation is inversely pro
ride through momentary changes in the flow of portional to the square of the negative-sequence
field current that can occur during system component in the three-phase current. This type
distur bances. of relay inherently lends itself to proper coordina
On brushless-excited-field, unity, and leading tion, even with many identical motors on one bus.
power-factor synchronous motors, a power relay Motor standards have not established values for
connected to measure vars into the motor may be k, however, a value of k = 40 has been used. A
applied. This device should be set to operate when negative sequence pick-up setting equal to 15% of
the var flow into the motor exceeds approxi motor full-load current ensures reasonable motor
mately 10% of rated kilovoltampere of the motor. protection. This will just trip at a 3% negative
lt should remove the field and trip the motor sequence bus voltage for a motor with a typical
breaker when it operates. 20% negative-sequence impedance. This threshold
On large synchronous motors, a relay is used condition will result in an increase in motor losses
that is also commonly used on synchronous gen approximately 10%-25% of normal full-load
erators. This is an impedance relay that operates losses of the motor (but are not related to motor
on an excessive value of var flow into an ac load).
machine, indicating abnormally low field excita 4.2.7 Device 47 - Phase-Sequence or
tion. Where an undervoltage unit is part of this Phase Balance Voltage Relay. A relay that
relay, its contacts should be shorted because loss functions upon a predetermined value of
of motor field may produce little voltage drop. polyphase volt age in the desired phase
4.2.6 Device 46 - Reverse-Phase or sequence, or when the polyphase voltages are
Phase Balance Current Relay. A relay that unbalanced, or when the negative phase-
functions when the polyphase currents are of sequence voltage exceeds a given amount.
reverse-phase sequence, or when the polyphase This device is similar in its function to that of
currents are unbalanced, or contain negative device 27 or 59, the single-phase voltage relays.
phase-sequence components above a given However, being a three-phase device it responds
amount. to the three-phase quantities ofthe supply
4.2.6.1 Phase-Balance Relay. This device system. A relay responsive to the positive- or
trips the motor-control equipment if the phase negative sequence component of the applied
currents become more unbalanced than the voltage satis fies this definition and most of the
design unbalance of the relay. This is approxi needs in this area. However, electromechanical
mately 15'Jú. It has a minimum operating current positive- or negative-sequence relays are
below which the relay will not close its contacts sensitive to line frequency, and hence the
regardless of the magnitude of the unbalanced setting should make allowance for the specific
currents. Sorne relays provide a fixed operating relay in question. This is not a significant
current value while others use current taps to problem when the relay is used mainly to
vary the minimum operating current. The min- prevent attempting to start the motor with one

53
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

sequence. A 90% setting is typical for a positive full-load current should be multiplied by the cor
sequence voltage realy. For a negative-sequence rection factor listed in Table 1O, and then this
voltage relay, 5% is a common setting. However, adjusted motor full-load current may be used to
it should not be assumed that any 47 device will choose the heater or coil from the relay manufac
prevent insulation deterioration during all possi turer's table.
ble unbalanced conditions (see 2.7.1.3 and 4.2.6.2). The manufacturers' recommendations for
A more common type of relay u sed for the 47 selec tion of a given continuous or short-time
device function is built on the principie of a three rating may differ from Table 10 and should be
phase induction motor. Such a relay has a torque given due consideration.
proportional to the area within the voltage tri Most thermal overload relays provided in the
angle. With balanced voltages this is proportional smaller size motor contactors have no adjustable
to the positive-sequence voltage squared. As such, element. The relay heaters or coils are listed to
the relay is usually set to close its high-voltage provide protection for motors having rated cur
contact to permit starting a motor at 90%-95% of rents within a specified current range.
rated value. The undervoltage contacts are usually Frequently, these ranges are specified so that
set to close at 80% of normal voltage. The control the relay will operate (ultimate trip point) at
action that is initiated by the undervoltage con 125% ofthe mínimum current and at 115% ofthe
tacts depends on the application. maximum current of the indicated range of the
When the three-phase voltages are not bal relay. When the actual motor full-load current is
anced, the area of the voltage triangle is no longer near the maximum of the listed range and an
proportional to the positive-sequence voltage operating point of at least 125% is desired, then
squared. The torque is now proportional to the the next higher rated coil or heater is required. In
difference between the positive-sequence and the such a case, the actual operating point may be
negative-sequence values squared. Thus a condi somewhat above the 125% of full-load current
tion with 90"" positive sequence and 10% negative desired. Where the overload is adjustable (com
sequence would result in an effective voltage of monly 10%) a trip setting can be obtained at any
89'\, of normal. desired value.
Usually an operating time setting of 2 s upon For relays available for large contactors or
complete loss ofvoltage is adequate for pur chased separately for circuit-breaker
annuncia tion orto initiate the desired shutdown controlled motors, the coils or heaters will be
procedure. provided in steps similar to those discussed
4.2.8 Device 48 - Incomplete Sequence above. However, they generally have a specified
Relay. A relay that generally returns the nominal value and an arrangement that changes
equipment to the normal, or off position, and the nominal value over a range from 80% to
locks it out when the normal starting, operating, 90% to a range of 110% - 120% ofthe nominal
or stopping se quence is not properly value. In this way, a continu ous range of
completed within a pre determined time. operating values is obtainable.
When the device is used for alarm purposes When a mínimum relay trip value has been
only, it should preferably be designated as selected (fixed, in the case of nonadjustable
device 48A ( alarm ). The time of this device relays, or set in the case of adjustable relay), it is
should be set for the normal starting time of the usually desirable to check a point on the relay
motor plus a safe time margin to ensure against curve to determine if the applied setting is rea
unnecessary tripping caused by electrical and sonably clase to the desired value. To
mechanical variables. accomplish this, the relay is tested at two values
4.2.9 Device 49 - Machine or
Transformer Table 10
Thermal Relay. A relay that functions when the Correction Factors for Motor Full Load Currents
temperature of a machine armature winding or
machine or power transformer exceeds a pre Time Rating of Motor* Correction Factor
determined value.
Continuous, 1.15 service factor l.O
4.2.9.1 Connected for Tripping. In setting Continuous, 1.0 service factor 0.9
thermal overload relays, it is desirable to allow the Short time, 60 min 0.8
motor to carry overloads of an amount and dura Short time, 30 min 0.75
Short time, 15 min 0.7
tion that will not damage it. For this reason, a Short time, 5 min 0.6
nominal pick-up (mínimum tripping current at
ultimate tripping time) of 115%-125% of motor *See NEMA MG1-1987 [13], 10.35.

54
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

rneasuring the time to trip frorn a cold (arnbient 4.2.10 Device 50/51 -Foses and Overcurrent
ternperature) start for each current. When tested Devices
at 200% of its current rating in a 40 oc arnbient, ( 1) Device 50 -Instantaneous Overcurrent
the relay shall trip in not more than 8 rnin. When or Rate-oj-Rise Relay. A relay that
tested at 600% of its current rating in a 40 oc functions instantaneously on an excessive
arnbient, a Class 20 relay shall trip in not more value of current or on an excessive rate
than 20 s and 30 s for a Class 30 relay. At of current
lower arnbient ternperatures, the tripping times rise.
will be longer. This function indicates a fault in the
4.2.9.2 Connected for Alano. The rnethod apparatus or circuit being protected.
of setting relays connected to provide an alarrn is (2) Device 51 - AC Time Overcurrent
similar in all respects to that used for relay con Relay.
nected to trip. However, it is irnportant to note A relay that functions when the ac input
that when relays are connected to give an alarrn, current exceeds a predeterrnined value and
the fact that an alarrn is given can only be effec in which the input current and operating
tive in preventing darnage ifthe alarrn is obtained time are inversely related through a sub
in time to take corrective action. The setting stantial portian of the performance range.
should not be greater than 110%-115% of motor 4.2.10.1 Foses. Fuses for rrwtor branch
full-load current. Sorne users set alarrn relays at cir cuit avercurrent protection rnust have
the full-load current rating of the motor, on the adequate interrupting abilities and also current
prernise that the normal load rnay be as low as ratings and performance characteristics that
75'\, of the rated load, and a load increase to the will allow the motor to start and still provide,
rated value indicates sorne sort of trouble that for all values of overcurrent, as rnuch
should be investigated. protection as possible for the motor, the motor
4.2.9.3 Relay Operated from Embedded De branch circuit conductors, the disconnecting
tectors. Relays that rneasure the actual winding rneans, and the motor con
temperature by rneans of ernbedded detectors are troller. These fault-current protective devices
preferred by sorne users for large rnotors. The are
temperature at which they should be set to oper in addition to the separate overcurrent devices
ate depends upon the class of motor insulation included for rrwtor running avercurrent (aver
and whether the relays are to trip or give an load) protection.
alarm. The motor rnanufacturer should be con Nontime-delay fuses with current ratings of
sulted for his recornrnendation regarding settings. 250%-300% of the motor full-load current value
They are frequently set for tripping at 5o below are usually required to allow the motor to start
the allowable continuous ternperature for the and perrnit normal protective device operation
type of insulation used. at operating overloads. The fusing ratio range
Embedded ternperature detectors are frequently rnay be reduced frorn 250% to 300%, to 200% to
used where rnotors rnust operate under adverse 250% of motor full-load current, thus providing
conditions such as widely varying load, arnbient irnproved fault-current protection, when
temperature, frequent starting, plugging, revers reduced voltage starting is used. For fuse
ing. or inadequate ventilation. Usually the ern ratings of 600 A or less, the fuse rating rnay
bedded ternperature detectors supplernent the be increased to 400% if required by motor
protection provided by a therrnal relay. Positive starting current. The time current
or negative-temperature coefficient therrnistors characteristics of the fuses rnust be properly
or thermal switches are also available that can correlated with the time-current charac teristics
be mounted on or attached to the stator winding of the overload relays so that the over load
for ternperature rneasurernent. Such devices so relays operate before the fuse in the range of
mounted are necessarily less responsive to wind operating overloads of the motor. Also, the fuse
ing ternperature changes than are ernbedded rnust operate before the overload relay trips and
resistance detectors. the contactar opens for values of fault current
Relays utilizing both ernbedded detectors and exceeding the interrupting ability of the contac
motor current in cornbination are available to tar. In the case of therrnal overload relays, the
users desiring this type of protection. The rnanu fuse clearing time characteristic should intersect
facturer should be consulted regarding their appli the overload relay time characteristic at currents
cation and setting. not rnuch greater than ten times the heater
rating to protect the heaters and overload

55
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE Gl"IDE FOR

current are usually required to allow the motor to

start and perrnit normal protective device opera
tion at operating overloads. The rnaxirnurn
fusing ratio should not exceed 225% of the
motor full load current. The tirne-current
characteristics of these fuses should also be
properly coordinated with the tirne-current
characteristics of the over load relays to obtain
the sarne type performance as described in the
previous paragraph. The cur rent ratings of
nontirne-delay and tirne-delay fuses should be
approxirnately equal to the motor full-load
current value when used as the sole
overcurrent device for protection against oper /SAFE STALL
TIMET
ating overloads and high-fault currents. Tirne LR --- TIME
delay fuses rnay be considered more acceptable 1
SO(IOC)
for this function over a wider range of arnbient
ternperatures due to their arnbient-ternperature
sensitivities and the increased response times of IFL CURRENT ILR 1.65
operating overloads. TO
For current-lirniting fuses, their current lirniting 1.87
capability should also be considered in rnaking a 1
LR
selection for circuits having high available short
circuit current. The interrupting ratings of all
fuses rnust be equal to or greater than the avail Fig 37
able short-circuit current at location. Typical Setting of 50/51 Overcurrent Relays
Current Iirniting fuses are sornetirnes applied
with a circuit breaker in a fused breaker
cornbina tion. This allows the circuit breaker to Since the inrush current is not too accurately
be applied to a systern with fault capability known and to allow for the pick-up tolerance of
greater than the breakers interrupting capability. the trip device, an additional 10%- 25% is
4.2.10.2 Characteristics of Fuses. With in usually added as a safety factor when settings
verse characteristics used it rnay be difficult to are calculated.
coordinate tirne-delay fuses with overload relays Sorne users prefer to set this high set instan
in the low fault-current range. The arnount of taneous relay by actual operation test. The usual
darnage on high fault currents, which rnay occur procedure is to set the relay so that it will trip on
to motor branch-circuit cornponents, is depen start-up and then gradually increase the setting
dent on the let-through energy of the fuse. The during successive starts until a setting is reached
srnaller the rating of the fuse the more current that prevents tripping for three to five starts.
lirniting is the fuse, and the lower the expected When this setting has been established, a 10%
darnage. rnargin in pick-up current or plunger calibration
4.2.10.3 Device 50 - Instantaneous Over is usually added as a safety factor. In using this
current (IOC) or Rate-of-Rise Relay. When the setting procedure, the number of motor starts
phase-fault current at the terrninals of a motor is within any time period should not exceed the
considerably larger than the starting current or motor rnanufacturer's recornrnendation. It should
the motor contribution to a fault, a high-set be recognized that this rnethod of establishing a
instantaneous trip unit can be set at 165%-187% setting rnay not detect a faulty relay and, as a
of locked-rotor currerit to trip directly (see result, rnay provide inadequate protection and
Fig 37). The general requirernent for using this possible rniscoordination with other devices.
instantaneous unit or separate instantaneous Where it is necessary to set a direct tripping
relay is that the setting be as low as possible yet instantaneous overcurrent (IOC) lower to pro
never operate during the starting period. Since vide adequate fault protection, an IOC trip can be
this type of relay rnay be susceptible to operation delayed with a short time delay, 6 to 15 cycles, to
on de offset, the inrush current value is rnultiplied prevent operation on the asyrnmetrical starting
by a factor as high as 1.5 to account for the current as shown in Fig 38. Static IOC relays are
asymmetrical current value that rnay be obtained.

56
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

50(HOO) 1 1
WITH TIME DELAY FL LR

A - ALLOWABLE HEATING
CURVE
50 8 - STARTING
6TOI5 { CURRENT
C - 51- LONG TIME
1 1LR OC
FL
D - DEFINTE TIME
CURRENT (X IFL)
SET 120% FL

E - INVERSE INST
Fig 38 50
Typical Setting at 50/51 Overcurrent Relays
with Separate Time Delayed lnstantaneous
Fig 39
Complete Overcurrent Protection
available with this inverseness built into the char Characteristics
acteristic and thus eliminate the need for the
timer described above (see Fig 39).
An IOC relay can also be used to supervise a TOC relay times out if the motor accelerates and
time-overcurrent relay (see Fig 40). See 4.2.10.7 the start current reduces from its LR value. With
for setting of the time-overcurrent relay. This this scheme the time overcurrent relay performs
scheme is to allow the time-overcurrent relay an alarm function for overloads since the instan
(TOC) to trip for faults and serious overloads, but taneous unit blocks tripping once the motor is
to allow the TOC to alarm only for small over running (see 2.2.7 for additional information on
loads. Typically, the IOC is a high drop-out-type high-enertia drive motor).
unit set 175%- 200% of full-load current. 4.2.10.4 Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Whatever the setting, consideration should be 4.2.10.4.1 Low-Voltage Power Circuit
given to the drop-out to pick up ratio of the Breakers (LVPCB). Where motors are controlled
IOC. It must be high enough so that the unit by LVPCB, it is recommended that the circuit
will drop out on decreasing current above the breaker overcurrent trip device long-time pick-up
full-load current. be no less than 115% ofthe motor rated full-load
On high inertia drive motors or other motors current, oras recommended in ANSI C37.16-1980
with low-starting voltage, the motor starting time [2], Table 6. With the easily adjustable trip char
may be equal to or exceed the allowable locked acteristics available on LVPCB, in long-time
rotor time. lt is unlikely that a TOC relay can be delay, short-time delay and instantaneous
set to provide start-up protection without trip tripping, these circuit breakers provide adequate
ping during normal start-up. In certain cases, an motor overload protection. The instantaneous
IOC with a high drop-out to pick up ratio may be trip setting should be set between 10 and 12
employed to supervise the TOC relay. The IOC times the full-load cur rent rating of the motor
relay is set at approximately 85% of the motor's since it is usual to assume that the locked-rotor
locked-rotor current (see Fig 10). The drop-out to current is 6 to 8 times full load rating and that
pick up ratio must be high enough to ensure that the motor inrush current approaches twice the
the instantaneous relay will drop out before the locked-rotor current.

57
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96-1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

ground-fault protection in each conductor and

the combination must be specifically approved
for the purpose.
4.2.10.6 Device 50G -
Instantaneous Ground·Current Relay
4.2.10.6.1 Ground·Sensor Relay. This
relay, which is energized by current from a
toroi dal or doughnut current-transformer
around the three supply conductors toa motor, is
intended to
provide very sensitive ground-current protection
for motors. Since the three-phase currents in the
TIMETLR primary of the current transformer add to zero,
the relay is responsive only to ground-fault cur
rent (see Fig 32).
Mínimum primary current pick-up occurs
when the current transformer exciting
impedance and relay impedance are matched.
The current trans former exciting curve and
relay instructions pro vide the information
needed to approach this optimum match. The
CURRENT(X IFL)
lowest relay tap does not, in general, give the
lowest primary current pick-up for
electromechanical relays. Low-energy devices
such as solid-state relays generally have lowest
Fig40
primary pick-up on the lowest tap.
Typical Setting of 50/51 when 50 Supervises 51
4.2.10.6.2 Ground-Fault (Flashover) Re
lay. For the fast tripping of wound-rotor-induc
tion motors when a flashover from slip rings to
4.2.10.4.2 Motor Circuit Protectors. ground has occurred, device 50 or device 59 is
Motor circuit protector (MCP) is an industry used. The device consists of a low-current instan
name that has been applied to molded case taneous overcurrent relay, a set ofwye-delta volt
circuit breakers having special instantaneous age transformers, and a resistor. The voltage
trips only and de transformers are selected so that their wye- or
signed primarily for motor short-circuit protec high-voltage windings are rated equal to or some
tion. According to ANSI/NFPA 70-1987 [11], what greater than the slip-ring voltage. The neu
tral is solidly grounded and the phase leads are
Article 430-52, an instantaneous trip circuit
connected to the slip-ring leads. The relay and
breaker should be used only if adjustable, if part
resistor are connected in series across the open
of a combination controller having motor running
overload and also short-circuit and ground-fault comer of the delta secondaries (see Fig 20). The
protection in each conductor, and the combina resistor value is selected so that with the relay
tion is especially approved for the purpose. ANSI! impedance it limits the fault current for a solid
NFPA 70-1987 [11] further states that the setting ground on one slip ring to 25 A to 30 A The relay
of an instantaneous trip circuit breaker shall be pick-up should be set for approximately 2 A
permitted to be increased but in no case shall 4.2.10.7 Device 51 - Time-
exceed 1300% of the motor full-load current. Overcurrent Relays
4.2.10.5 Motor Short-Circuit Protector 4.2.10.7.1 Induction-Type Overcurrent
(MSCP). ANSI/NFPA 70-1987 [11] permits the Relays. These relays, frequently equipped with
use of motor short-circuit protectors. These fuse one or two instantaneous-overcurrent attach
like devices with extreme steep characteristics ments are commonly applied for protection of
and a very high interrupting capacity, permit motor circuits. For the majority of applications
extremely small let-through current. They must the time-overcurrent (TOC) pick-up is set at
be rated at not more than 1300% of motor full 150%-175% of the rated-load current. In cases
load current. The devices are required to be part where a separate thermal overload device is not
of a combination controller having both motor used, it may be desirable to lower the pick-up
running overload protection and short-circuit and set ting to approximately 125% of the service

58
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

relay with an instantaneous-overcurrent attach scope of protection to a considerable degree.

rnent can be set at 115% of full-load current. It Solid-state rnicroprocessor-based relays provide
alarrns for rnoderate overloads, below the instan irnproved fJltering, tripping criteria, rneasuring
taneous-overcurrent setting, and trips for more algorithrn, setting, and testing features. Accuracy
severe overloads or faults (see Fig 40). is especially irnportant for pararneters such as
When used for locked-rotor protection, the time overload protection. Existing relays often have
delay setting should be selected to provide 2 s- inacurracy in current rneasurernents, which can
5 s rnargin above the starting time at rated vary frorn 5% to 10%. These inaccuracies can
voltage. Due consideration should be given the result in significant increases in therrnal losses.
integrating effect of the motor starting current The solid-state rnicroprocessor-based relays rnin
on the relay. When the start time is in a 5 s -10 irnize these errors by:
s range, a 2 s rnargin is satisfactory. For a start ( 1 Increasing the flexibility by designing one
time of 40 s-50s, a rnargin of 5 s is more ) rnultifunction and field prograrnrnable relay
appropriate (see Fig 37). When the time delay version.
cannot be set to obtain the desired rnargin (2) Increasing the reliability and decreasing
above starting current and still protect the the rnaintenance with continuous super
motor, that is, trip before the motor therrnal vision.
lirnit is exceeded, it rnay be desirable to (3) Multifunction features, flexible prograrnrna
supervise the tirne-overcurrent with another bility and accurate display capability of
device (see 2.2.7). In such an application it rnay various abnorrnalities such as current,
be necessary to set the TOC pick-up at 175%- therrnal content, phase unbalance, and
250% of motor full-load current. This results starting current.
frorn the need to prevent pick-up of the TOC 4.2.10.8 Device 51N-Residually-Connected
relay before the rnho relay resets; thus causing Ground Overcurrent Relay. Device 51N relay is
unnecessary energized frorn current in the residual circuit of
tripping of the motor on a successful start. three wye-connected current transforrners, one in
In sorne cases it rnay be possible to obtain a each phase. Quite frequently there rnay be
better match to the motor therrnal lirnit by the dissirn ilarities in the burdens in each phase, and
use of two tirne-overcurrent relays with different unsyrn rnetrical saturation of current
time current characteristics. This could be a transforrners during the inrush period rnay
more desirable solution if use is rnade of the cause incorrect operation ofthe relay. For this
rnotors accelerating therrnallirnit (see 2.2.7). reason, care should be exercised to ensure that
Special longtirne inverse, very inverse, and the relay tap setting or series irnpedance, or
extrernely inverse characteristics are available both, are such as to pre vent false tripping. The
and rnay sornetimes provide better coordination lowest possible pick-up setting is desirable. A
for locked-rotor protection on rnotors with vary low-burden phase relay, such as a solid-state
ing starting times (see Fig 39). relay, rnay be used to advan tage here.
\lotors that drive large flywheels, in addition to In sorne cases a large individual motor rnay be
normal loads, are usually of a special design and supplied frorn a wye-connected transforrner. In
han• starting currents ranging frorn sornewhat such a case, use of transforrner-neutral current
less than normal to over twice the starting cur transforrner for an instantaneous relay (which
rent norrnally expected for the nominal horse would then be designated 50G) elirninates the
power. Since starting current characteristics of possibility of relay operation except for actual
such rnotors vary so widely, overload protection ground-current flow.
should be verified against specific motor require 4.2.10.9 Device 51R-Extreme Overload
nwnts. Protection Relay. This device is used to protect
4.2.10.7.2 Plunger-Type Overcurrent Re large (1500 hp or larger) unloaded-start syn
lays. Plunger-type tirne-delay overcurrent relays chronous rnotors against extreme overload that
are in sorne cases used in the sarne rnanner as rnight pull the motor out of step. It is rnade
induction-type overcurrent relays. The rninirnurn opera tive only after the motor is synchronized
operating current and the time of operation at and set to operate above the rnaxirnurn
rated inrush current are selected and set in the acceptable motor overload. The device should
sarne rnanner as given above for induction-type open the rnain ac cir cuit and rernove field
relays. voltage.
4.2.1O.7.3 Solid-State Overcurrent Relays. 4.2.10.10 Inverse Time Circuit Breaker.
The use of solid-state rnicroprocessor-based dig Time lirnit circuit breakers have inverse time

59
ANSI/IEEE
C37.96 1988 IEEE GUIDE FOR

characteristics and function when the current in 4.2.13 Device 56-Field Application Relay. A
an ac circuit exceeds a predetermined value. relay that automatically controls the application
ANSI!NFPA 70-1987 [11] allows their use in of the field excitation to an ac motor at sorne
combination with running overcurrent protection predetermined point in the slip cycle.
devices for a motor branch circuit. This is a frequency relay used to determine
4.2.11 Device 53-Exciter or DC Generator that motor speed is 1%- 5% away from
Relay. A relay that forces the de machine field synchronous speed, and, in conjunction with a
excitation to build up during starting or which time-delay relay, to apply field when conditions
functions when the machine voltage has built are proper to elose the field breaker. On sorne
up to a given value. motors, where conti nuity of service is a factor,
This device checks the presence of de voltage this same relay is also used to remove the field
and is used to protect against loss of excitation during an out-of-step condition and then to
for synchronous motors when excitation is ob automatically reapply the field at the proper
tained from a common bus or separately driven time and condition.
exciter. It may also be used to force voltage build 4.2.14 Device 60 - Voltage or Current
up on a direct-connected exciter at the moment Bal ance Relay. A relay that operates on a
of motor synchronization. given dif ference in voltage or current input or
It is a field voltage check relay set at approxi output, of two circuits.
mately 90% of rated field voltage of the synchro In the context of this guide, device 60 is an
nous motor. overcurrent relay that is connected to operate on
4.2.12 Device 55- Power-Factor Relay. the differential current from current transformers
A
in the split windings of a motor. The relay should
relay that operates when the power factor in an
be set above the maximum error current caused
ac circuit rises above or falls below a predeter
by winding unbalance. This unbalance can vary
mined value.
with different operating conditions, so it is wise to
Device 55 detects synchronous motor loss of
observe the unbalance under light load, fullload,
synchronism, which is caused by increased load
and starting conditons. Ordinarily 10% offull-load
ing or decreased excitation. Loss of synchronism
pick up is secure. A delay of approximately 0.3 s
causes the motor to pull out of step with the
for 100 !(, full-load current is recommended.
supply system, producing high line current pulses
and possible physical damage to the motor. 4.2.15 Device 81- Frequency Relay. A relay
Sorne of the relays used have an adjustable that responds to the frequency of an electrical
power-factor angle setting and an used
adjustable time quantity, operating when the frequency or rate of
delay. The relay actuation can be to remove
change of frequency exceeds or is less than a
e
the synchronous motor frorn the line or in rare
predetermined value.
special cases to operate an alarm ). It is usually
An underfrequency relay is recommended for
set or connected for maxirnum contact closing
the protection of motors from out-of-phase re
torque when current into the motor lags its unity
energization by automatic reclosing of the supply
power-factor position by 120o -150°. It will then
when the motor is decelerating. The same device
operate for conditions occuring when the motor
can be used for automatic load shedding at
loses synchronism (producing watt flow out of abnormally low frequency. The application and
the motor and var flow into it), or when the syn setting ofthis device should be made from a
chronous motor field is lost. The minimum time study of the system supply and motor load
delay is favored, but the duration of transient characteris tics as indicated in 2.8.2.
effects must be considered when making the time
delay setting. 4.2.16 Device 86- Lockout Relay. A hand or
Most power-factor angle relays are not put into electrically reset auxiliary relay that is operated
service until after the motor has reached syn upon the occurance of abnormal conditions to
chronizing speed and the field has been applied. maintain associated equipment or devices inop
This is accomplished by a timing device in the erative until it is reset.
potential circuit to the relay. The timer allows the It is used for tripping a motor controller or
potential circuit to be applied to the relay after breaker when the tripping is initiated by a differ
the allotted time has elasped for the motor to ential relay device 87. The hand-reset feature pre
reach synchronous speed. vents re-energization of the motor after such a
Sorne of these relays are not adjustable and trip-out unless the operator resets the lockout
operate on line current power factor. relay. The device requires no setting other than an
operation check at the minimum control voltage.

60
 ANSI/IEEE
AC MOTOR PROTECTION C37.96-1988

4.2.17 Device 87 - Differential [B6] MOORE, R. C. WK 2 vs Rotor Loss. Allis

Protective Relay. A protective relay that Chalmers Electrical Review, vol 25, no 3, 1960.
functions on a per centage, or phase angle, or
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other quantitative dif
ference of two currents or of sorne other
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electrical quantities.
Motars. Paper PCI 73-35 presented at the 1973
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that the current transformer and relay windings
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