Raspberry Pi: Raspberry Pi is generally designed to act as a micro-computer.

It consists of simple chips like RAM, CPU, USB ports

or Ethernet ports and much more. It is used to create software applications from a low-level programming language through a high-
level programming language. It also runs an Operating System. You can do various activities on your Raspberry Pi using a
connected source such as power, mouse/keyboard or a display. Raspberry Pi can become the perfect source for learning various
programming languages and also to interact with the interfaces.

Arduino: Arduino is the most popular microcontroller used by the technical engineers. This platform is loved for a reason, as this
platform provides direct hardware interaction with an instinctive to create almost any program. This platform with the help of libraries
and resources can help you to build anything. A microcontroller generally differs from the computer board. In a microcontroller, you
set a program and control the functionality of the chip and the interfaces as you need. To program an Arduino you will need an open
source software which can be run on your computer or laptop. You can connect your Arduino to your computer and program the
Arduino. You can connect sensors, peripherals, circuits or hardware which can directly interact with the outside world. With the help
of the program, Arduino will do anything you want it to do, without worrying. You can use Arduino IDE to write a code and burn it
directly to the Arduino board.

Beagleboard: Beagleboard is an open source single board computer. It is perhaps the least known platform compared to
Raspberry Pi or Arduino, but its capability is worthy of consideration to build many projects. It is a power Linux computer which can
write Linux applications quickly with the help of a kit called Mentor Embedded Linux Kit. Beagle board uses ARM Cortex-A8 CPU
with 1 GHz speed, configured with 128 MB to 512 MB RAM featuring a USB port, onboard GPU that supports OpenGL ES 3D
acceleration. Also, it supports a list of an operating system such as FreeBSD, Ubuntu, SymbianOS with active development of
Android.

1. Does Raspberry Pi need A external Hardwear

Answer: The RPi can be used without additional hardware (except perhaps a power supply of some kind), it won’t be much use as a general
computer. As with any normal PC, it is likely you need some additional hardware.

2.  Does RPi have an internal memory?

Answer:The RPi has no internal storage or built-in operating system it requires an SD-card that is set up to boot the RPi.

3. What do we use to connect TV to RPi?

Answer: HD TV’s and most LCD Monitors can be connected using a full-size male HDMI cable, and with an inexpensive adapter if DVI is
used. HDMI version 1.4 cable is recommended.

4. How power supply is done to RPi?

Explanation: The unit uses a Micro USB connection to power itself (only the power pins are connected so it will not transfer data over the
connection). A standard modern phone charger with a micro USB connector will do, but needs at least 700 mA at 5 volts.

5. What is the Ethernet/LAN cable used in RPi?

Explanation: We can use an Ethernet cable or a USB Wifi adapter. The RPi ethernet port is auto-sensing which means that it may be
connected to a router or directly to another computer (without the need for a crossover cable).

6. What are the parameters that are default values?

Explanation: Port_Name: Linux automatically assigns different names for different types of serial connectors. For Standard Serial Port: ttyS0
… ttySn USB Serial Port Adapter: ttyUSB0 … ttyUSBn
Speed: 115200.

7. What is the command used for easy using of GNU screen?

Explanation: This command is used to open and write or modify data on GNU screen and we should write in the terminal window.

8. Which instruction set architecture is used in Raspberry Pi?

Explanation: ARM assembler is used in Raspberry Pi. Machine language is built up from discrete statements or instructions implemented by
a particular processor.

9. What is the default user in Debain on Raspberry Pi?

Linux users. User management in Raspberry is done on the command line. The default user is Pi, and the password is raspberry. You can
add users and change each user’s password.

10. What are the distributions are supported by raspberry Pi?

Arch Linux, Debain, and Fedora Remix These all are the distributors that have Linux operating system which has default GUI for Fedora as
Xfce, Mate, None-depends on spin.
11. What bit processor is used in Pi 3?

The first is a next generation Quad Core Broadcom BCM2837 64-bit ARMv8 processor, making the processor speed increase from 900MHz
on the Pi 2 to up to 1.2GHz on the Pi 3.

12. What is the speed of operation in Pi 3?

Explanation: The first is a next generation Quad Core Broadcom BCM2837 64-bit ARMv8 processor, making the processor speed increase
from 900MHz on the Pi 2 to up to 1.2GHz on the Pi 3.

13. WiFi is not present in which of the Rpi models?

Raspberry Pi3 , Raspberry Pi Zero WH , Raspberry Pi Zero W , Raspberry Pi Zero, All the 3 has an inbuilt Wifi in which all of them works on
802.11 n. For Raspberry Pi Zero an external ESP2866 should be connected.

15. How many USB ports are present in Raspberry Pi 3?

 In Raspberry Pi3 there is an upgraded switched power source that goes up to 2.5 Amps instead of just 2 Amps, allowing pi to power even
more powerful devices over USB ports.

16. is raspberry pi a microcontroller or microprocessor?

Raspberry Pi is neither a microprocessor or microcontroller , it is a single board computer which contains a SOC (System
On Chip - Has multicore processor,GPU,ROM,I/O Peripherals inside it.),DDR RAM memory, Ethernet port,USB host,micro
HDMI on it.

17.what is the RAM of the 3+ version of the Rpi?

It has 512MB RAM, four USB ports, 40 GPIO pins, and an Ethernet port. In February 2015, it was superseded by the Pi 2
Model B, the second generation of the Raspberry Pi. The Pi 2 shares many specs with the Pi 1 B+, and originally used a
900MHz quad-core Arm Cortex-A7 CPU and has 1GB RAM. Built specifically for the new Pi 3, the Broadcom BCM2837
system-on-chip (SoC) includes four high-performance ARM Cortex-A53 processing cores running at 1.2GHz with 32kB
Level 1 and 512kB Level 2 cache memory, a VideoCore IV graphics processor, and is linked to a 1GB LPDDR2 memory
module on the rear of the board.

18. explain working of the GPIO pin in Rpi?

The Raspberry Pi's GPIO Pins. GPIO stands for General Purpose Input Output. It is a way the Raspberry Pi can control
and monitor the outside world by being connected to electronic circuits. TheRaspberry Pi is able to control LEDs, turning
them on or off, or motors, or many other things.

19. Explain working of digital and analog pin in the aurdino?

The Arduino can input and output analog signals as well as digital signals. An analog signal is one that can take on any
number of values, unlike a digital signal which has only two values: HIGH and LOW. ... Thefunction used to output a PWM
signal is analogWrite(pin, value). pin is the pin number used for the PWM output

20.which operating system is used in theRpi,aurdino,beagal board?

Arduino is very simple to use which can run the program at a time and it is programmed in low-level C++. The Raspberry PI
and Beagleboard both runLinux operating system which is capable to run multiple programs simultaneously and can be
programmed in different languages.

21.explain the different types of the aurdino?

Arduino UNO (R3)

The Arduino UNO R3 is a new board and by comparing with the previous Arduino boards it has some additional features.
The Arduino UNO uses the Atmega16U2 instead of 8U2 and it allows faster transfer rate & more memory. There is no need
of extra devices for the Linux & Mac and the ability to have the UNO show up as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.
 LilyPad Arduino
This board is an Arduino Programmable Microcontroller and it is designed to integrate easily into an e-textiles & wearable
projects. The other Arduino boards have the same functionality like lightweight, round package designed to minimize
snagging and profile, with wide tabs that can be sewn down and connected with conductive thread.

Arduino Mega (R3)

The Arduino Mega is a type of Microcontroller and it is based on the ATmega2560. It consists of 54 digital input/output pins
and from the total pins 14 pins are used for the PWM output, 16 pins are used for the analog inputs, 4 pins are used for the
hardware serial port of the UART. There are pins like crystal oscillator of 16 MHz, USB connection, RESET pin, ICSP
header, and a power jack.

Arduino Leonardo
The Leonardo Arduino board is a Microcontroller board and it is based on the ATmega32u4 data sheet. This Arduino board
has 20 digital input/out pins and from the total number of pins, seven pins are used for the pulse width modulation output
and 12 pins are used as an analog input and there are the 16MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, RESET pin
and power jack.

Arduino Red Board

The Arduino red board is programmed by using the USB cable of mini-B with the help of Arduino IDE software. Without any
modifications in the security system there, it will work in Windows8 OS. The Arduino red board is more constant because
USB and FTDI chips are used and they are flat on the back.Creating it is very simple to utilize in the project design. Just
plug the board, select the menu option to choose an Arduino UNO and you are ready to upload the program. You can
control the RedBoard over USB cable using the barrel jack.

21. what is the purpose of the kali operating system?

Kali Linux is a Debian-based Linux distribution aimed at advanced Penetration Testing and Security Auditing.  Kali contains
several hundred tools which are geared towards various information security tasks, such as Penetration Testing, Security
research, Computer Forensics and Reverse Engineering.

While Kali’s focus can be quickly summarized as “penetration testing and security auditing”, there are many
different tasks involved behind those activities. Kali Linux is built as a framework, because it includes many tools
covering very different use cases (though they may certainly be used in combination during a penetration test).

22.How to format the Rpi and how to install new OS in the Rpi?

Once you know how to write a disc image to a microSD card, you open up a lot of options for fun Raspberry
Pi projects.

1. A word about NOOBS

2. Step 1: Download Raspbian
3. Step 2: Unzip the file
4. Step 3: Write the disc image to your microSD card.
5. Step 4: Put the microSD card in your Pi and boot up.

23. what is the used of NOOBS?

A lot of this is down to a custom simple-to-useinstaller called NOOBS. NOOBS (or “New Out Of the Box Software” to give it
its full name) is a unique installation image. With NOOBS loaded on an SD Card you can install a wonderful range of
operating systems for your Raspberry Pi.
24.what is the substitute of win32 disk imager?

Win32 Disk Imager is a tool which is usually used to backup a removable device such as USB, memory card and any other
external removable drives to a RAW image file. But sometimes, the program might fail and stop to work due to various
errors, for example, cannot find the device, access is denied, etc.

25.what is XMMP server ?

Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a communication protocol for message-oriented middleware based
on XML (Extensible Markup Language). It enables the near-real-time exchange of structured yet extensible data between
any two or more network entities.

Unlike most instant messaging protocols, XMPP is defined in an open standard and uses an open systems approach
of development and application, by which anyone may implement an XMPP service and interoperate with other
organizations' implementations. Because XMPP is an open protocol, implementations can be developed using any
software license and many server, client, and library implementations are distributed as free and open-source
software. Numerous freeware and commercial software implementations also exist.

26.what is XAMMP server ?

XAMPP is "Apache, MySQL, PHP (+PHPMyAdmin), Perl" and is just a software bundle containing the basic
programs for running a webserver stack. You could find this helpful: http://mina.apache.org/vysper/ which is also by
the Apache group. It's an entirely different service (not included in XAMPP) but there's no reason you can't run it on
the same server.

27. What is the use of the Rx and Tx in Rpi and aurdino?

i)Aurdino :- Used for communication between the Arduino board and a computer or other devices. All Arduino boards
have at least one serial port (also known as a UART or USART), and some have several. ... Serial communication on
pins TX/RX uses TTL logic levels (5V or 3.3V depending on the board).

RX and TX pins stand for Receiving and Transmitting pins of Arduino used for Serial communication. They have
LEDs connected to them in the arduino fabrication.

ii)Rpi:- Raspberry Pi hardware uses +3.3V. Do not connect Raspberry Pi hardware directly to devices that use higher
voltages. Connect the Raspberry Pi board to a +3.3V serial device. To receive data, connect the GPIO 15 (UART0_RXD)
pin on the Raspberry Pi board to the TxD pin on the serial device.

28.what is the use of the XMMP server?

At its core, XMPP is essentially a streaming protocol that makes it possible to exchange XML fragments between any two
network endpoints. Unlike most instant messaging protocols, XMPP is an openstandard that allows users to access
networks using other protocols.

29. what is use of setup, loop functions in aurdino ?

i)loop function :- loop() After creating a setup() function, which initializes and sets the initial values, the loop() function
does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your program to change and respond. Use it to
actively control the Arduino board.

ii) setup function :- The setup() function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize variables, pin modes, start using
libraries, etc. The setup() function will only run once, after each powerup or reset of the Arduino board.
30.Pin diagram of the DHT22 sensors ?

31.Pin diagram of Rpi

32. Pin diagram of the aurdino ?
33.how many parameters are calculated by DHT22 sensor ?

DHT22 sensor for measuring temperature and humidity with the Arduino board

The DHT22 is the more expensive version which obviously has better specifications. Its temperature measuring
range is from -40 to +125 degrees Celsius with +-0.5 degrees accuracy, while the DHT11 temperature range is
from 0 to 50 degrees Celsius with +-2 degrees accuracy. Also the DHT22 sensor has better humidity measuring
range, from 0 to 100% with 2-5% accuracy, while the DHT11 humidity range is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy .

34. which header library is import for DHT22 in aurdino?

Adafruit Unified Sensor Library

Examples include both a "standalone" DHT example, and one that works along with the Adafruit Unified Sensor Library.
Unified sensor library is required even if using the standalone version.

Recent Arduino IDE releases include the Library Manager for easy installation. Otherwise, to download, click the
DOWNLOADS button in the top right corner, rename the uncompressed folder DHT. Check that the DHT folder contains
DHT.cpp and DHT.h. Place the DHT library folder your /libraries/ folder. You may need to create the libraries subfolder if its
your first library. Restart the IDE.

35. How to configure thingspeak websites ? how to configure API key for ThingSpeak websites?

ThingSpeak is an open cloud data platform where you can store and retrieve data.

2. ThingSpeak Basics and account setup -

URL : https://thingspeak.com/

Hardware suggestion:  NODEMCU
If you do not have a ThingSpeak account create one. Once you have a ThingSpeak account login to your account.

Create a new channel by clicking on the button as shown in below image - A channel is the source for your data. Where you can store
and retrieve data. A channel can have maximum 8 fields. It means you can store 8 different data to a channel.

Enter basic details of the channel

here we are creating channel to store data from DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor so we need two fields.
Scroll down and save the channel.
Channel ID

Channel Id is the identity of your channel. Note down this.

API Keys

API ( Application Programming Interface ) keys are the keys to access to your channel. In simple language you can understand that these
are password to access your channel. You can access your channel in two ways-

1. To update channel / data logging : API Write Key will be used to access in this mode.

2. To retrieve data : API Read Key will be used to access  in this mode.

Click on the API tab to know your API keys. We have blurred our API Keys for security reasons.
3. Accessing Channel:

You may use following URLs to access your channel -

3.1 To Update channel / data uploading / data logging

URL: http://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=YOUR-API&field1=VAR-1&field2=VAR-2

make the following replacements in the above mentioned URL-

1. YOUR-API : Your API Write Key

2. VAR-1 : Temperature Data

3. VAR-2 : Humidity Data

Response : If you get a positive number that means the data has been uploaded to your channel. The number is index of the last entry
you have made.

3.2 Retrieve channel / data reading

URL: http://api.thingspeak.com/channels/YOUR-CHANNEL-ID/fields/FIELD.json?results=NOS-OF-RESULTS&api_key=YOUR-
API
make the following replacements in the above mentioned URL-

1.YOUR-CHANNEL-ID  - Your channel ID

2. FIELD - Field you want to retrieve. Write 1 for Field1, 2 for Field2

3.  NOS-OF-RESULTS = The number of rows you want to retrieve.

4. YOUR-API : Your API Read Key

Response : You will get data as per your specifications in JSON format.   

4. Reading data through ThingSpeak website.

Login to your account. Select your channel and click on the view as shown in the following image. 
This is a basics and setup tutorial of ROBO INDIA.

If you have any query please write us at [email protected]

Thanks and Regards

Content Development Team 
Robo India
http://roboindia.com

36. what is the use of digital read and write function ?

The digitalWrite() function is used to write a HIGH or a LOW value to a digital pin.

The digitalRead() Reads the value from a specified digital pin, either  HIGH  or LOW .

37. what is the use of delay function in IOT?

Service delay for an IoT node is the time required to serve a request, i.e. the time interval between the moment when
an IoT node sends a service request and when it receives the response for that request.
delay function is used to suspend execution of a program for a particular time. Declaration: void delay(unsigned int);
Here unsignedint is the number of milliseconds (remember 1 second = 1000 milliseconds).

38. what are the parameter of digitalwrite function?

digitalWrite( pin, HIGH/LOW ); Digital write works with pins set as OUTPUTs in pinMode(). It's a function that sends
either 5V or 0V to the pin you supply it. This function only has two settings: on or off.
39. how to read registerbands?

40. what is the use of the different registers with its capacity ?
 Register is a hardware component which provides temporary data storage capability within the CPU
         Registers storage is required during instruction execution
         Registers provide very limited storage capability (typical register size: 16, 32, 64, 128 bits)
         Therefore, a register is typically used to store a single data unit (e.g. memory address, integer number)
         Register access is extremely fast (fastest storage device) as it sets at the top of the storage hierarchy
         Registers are accessed directly by the Control Unit (i.e. not addressed as a memory location)
         Modern CPUs would typically have few 100’s of registers
         Registers are referred to by their names where each has a unique name
Types of Registers are as Followings

MAR stand for Memory Address Register

This register holds the memory addresses of data and instructions. This register is used to access data and instructions from memory
during the execution phase of an instruction. Suppose CPU wants to store some data in the memory or to read the data
from the memory. It places the address of the-required memory location in the MAR.

Program Counter

The program counter (PC), commonly called the instruction pointer (IP) in Intel x86 microprocessors, and sometimes called
the instruction address register, or just part of the instruction sequencer in some computers, is a processor register

It is a 16 bit special function register in the 8085 microprocessor. It keeps track of the the next memory address of the
instruction that is to be executed once the execution of the current instruction is completed. In other words, it holds the
 address of the memory location of the next instruction when the current instruction is executed by the
microprocessor.

Accumulator Register

This Register is used for storing the Results those are produced by the System. When the CPU will generate Some Results after the
Processing then all the Results will be Stored into the AC Register.

Memory Data Register (MDR)

MDR is the register of a computer’s control unit that contains the data to be stored in the computer storage (e.g. RAM), or
thedata after a fetch from the computer storage. It acts like a buffer and holds anything that is copied from the memory
ready for the processor to use it. MDR hold the information before it goes to the decoder.

MDR which contains the data to be written into or readout of the addressed location. For example, to retrieve the contents of cell
123, we would load the value 123 (in binary, of course) into the MAR and perform a fetch operation. When the operation is done, a
copy of the contents of cell 123 would be in the MDR. To store the value 98 into cell 4, we load a 4 into the MAR and a 98 into the
MDR and perform a store. When the operation is completed the contents of cell 4 will have been set to 98, by discarding whatever
was there previously.

The MDR is a two-way register. When data is fetched from memory and placed into the MDR, it is written to in one direction. When
there is a write instruction, the data to be written is placed into the MDR from another CPU register, which then puts the data into
memory.

The Memory Data Register is half of a minimal interface between a micro program and computer storage, the other half is a memory
address register.

Index Register

A hardware element which holds a number that can be added to (or, in some cases, subtracted from) the address portion of a
computer instruction to form an effective address. Also known as base register. An index register in a computer's CPU is a
processor register used for modifying operand addresses during the run of a program.

Memory Buffer Register

MBR stand for Memory Buffer Register. This register holds the contents of data or instruction read from, or written in memory.
It means that this register is used to store data/instruction coming from the memory or going to the memory.

Data Register

A register used in microcomputers to temporarily store data being transmitted to or from a peripheral device.

Apache Web Server

Apache is a popular open-source, cross-platform web server that is, by the numbers, the most popular web
server in existence. It’s actively maintained by the Apache Software Foundation.
Some high-profile companies using Apache include Cisco, IBM, Salesforce, General Electric, Adobe, VMware,
Xerox, LinkedIn, Facebook, Hewlett-Packard, AT&T, Siemens, eBay, and many more (source).
In addition to its popularity, it’s also one of the oldest web servers, with its first release all the way back in
1995. Many cPanel hosts utilize Apache today. Like other web servers, Apache powers the behind-the-scenes
aspects of serving your website’s files to visitors.

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Because Apache doesn’t perform as well in some benchmarks, especially for static websites or websites with
high traffic, Kinsta uses the NGINX web serverinstead of Apache. Though NGINX hasn’t been around for as
long as Apache, it’s quickly grown in popularity and market share since its launch in 2004.

How Does Apache Work? Web Server Basics Explained

While there’s a lot of complexity underpinning how a web server functions, the basic job of all web servers is to
accept requests from clients (e.g. a visitor’s web browser) and then send the response to that request (e.g. the
components of the page that a visitor wants to see).
The Apache web server has modules which add more functions to its software, such as MPM (for handling
multi-processing modes) or  mod_ssl  for enabling SSL v3 and TLS support. Some common features seen in
Apache include:
 .htaccess
 IPv6
 FTP
 HTTP/2
 Perl, Lua, and PHP
 Bandwidth throttling
 WebDAV
 Load balancing
 URL rewriting
 Session tracking
 Geolocation based on IP address
While a web server is an essential part of any website, it’s important to note that casual WordPress users are
unlikely to interact with their web server directly most of the time.