HOW TO PLAN STRUCTURALLY?

Er.P.SABARINATHAN
B E (Civil) M E(Strut) C Eng A M I E A I V
B.E.(Civil).,M.E(Strut).,C.Eng.,A.M.I.E.,A.I.V.,
Chief Executive
SP STRUCTURES
Chennai &Tirupur
Mob:+9787075645
 STAGES IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN
 Structural Planning
 Action of forces and Computation of Loads
 Methods of Analysis
 Member Design
 Detailing and Drawing
Dra ing

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 H to
How t Plan
Pl Structurally?
St t ll ?
1 1 Locations of Columns & Shear walls
1.1.Locations
 The columns / shear walls should preferably be located at corners / near the
corners / junction of wall and beams of the building
 Shear wall must be introduced at corners of the building to resist the lateral load

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 DIFFERENT SHAPES OF COLUMN

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 Application of different shapes of
Columns in Architect Plan
 L Shaped Columns- At corners
 T / Plus Shaped Columns-
Columns At intersection of intermediate
cross walls
 Circular Columns-
Columns Most preferable Entrance/ Lobby
(for good appearance)

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 Important Points should be noted
 Axis of Bending
It is a transverse axis perpendicular to the plane of bending

R.C.C Column
Axis of Bending

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 Contd..
Contd
Plane of Bending & Unsupported Length
 It is a plane of the frame or a member in which loads and
longitudinal axis lie and in which deflection profile can be
seen

R.C.C Column R.C.C Beam

Plane Frame

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 Contd
Contd.. U
Unsupported
t d Length
L th

R.C.C Beam

Unsupported
L th
Length

R.C.C Column Bending under

Lateral Load

Pl
Plane Frame
F
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 Contd..
Contd
Major
M j A Axis
i off Column
C l
Axis bisecting the depth of the column or
The depth of column contained in the plane of bending

Minor Axis of Column

Axis bisectingg the width of the column or
The width of column contained in the plane of bending

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 Contd..
Contd
When a column is rigidly
g y connected to beams ( i.e., at beam column
junction zero deflection ensured ) at right angles the column is
subjected to axial load and moment

The above case the depth of column shall be in the major plane of
bending which gives you the advantages

1.To get larger moment of inertia

2.Increase the stiffness of the Column
2.Reduction in Leff/ D ratio
3. Increase in load carrying capacity
4 Greater moment resisting capacity
4.

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 Contd..
Contd
Major & Minor Axis of Column
D

Minor Axis
Major Axis
Plan of Column

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 Thumb Rule for Column Layout
Rule. 1- Size of the Columns
Rule.2- Distance between Columns
Rule.3- Alignment /Orientation of columns

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 Thumb Rule 1- Size of the Column

 The size of the columns depends on the total load on the

columns.
 Minimum size of the column should not be less than 1’x1’1 x1 at
ground floor/ stilt floor level.
 1
1’x1’columns
x1 columns are to be used for a stilt floor structure with
M30 grade of concrete where surface not exposed to sea
 The above columns sizes are required to avoid soft storey
failure in EQ prone zone and beam column junction
congestion of reinforcement should be avoided

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 Thumb Rule 2- Distance Between Columns-
Span
 Try to maintain equal distance between the centres of two
columns. Always plan a column layout on a grid.
 If larger barrier free distances are required then going for
larger column size is to be used.
.

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 Contd..
The size of the columns increase because of two factors:
.The
 Increase in the distance between two columns (This
increases the dimensions of the columns as well the depth of
the beam.)
 Height of the building (Increase in the number of floors is
directly proportional to the dimensions of the columns)

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 Thumb Rule -33 Alignment of Columns
Alignment of Columns
 A rectangular grid is to be made for placing the columns.
This helps in avoiding mistakes and placing in columns can
be done in the right way.
 Where the Span is more - Column length should be big
 The columns can preferably be arranged in two different
fashions:
 In a straight line with the help of a grid
 In
I a circular
i l ffashionhi ffor circular
i l bbuildings.
ildi

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 Contd..
Contd
 Problems in Column Alignment
Zigzag arrangement of columns is an absolutely wrong way
of working out Structural design.
design It should be remembered
that when columns are erected, beams are laid connecting
the columns.
columns
The Zigzag column placement causes three major issues:
 Unbalanced load transfer
 Problems in wall construction
 Problems
P bl i laying
in l i beams
b
.

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 IS THIS RIGHT WAY ?

-No Columns at Corners& Edges

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Shear Wall

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 PLAN CONFIGURATION

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 Positioning of Beams in Column Layout

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 1.2. Positioning of Beams
 Beams shall, normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated
loads to avoid these loads directly coming on slab
 The spacing
p g of beams shall be decided byy the maximum spans
p of slabs.
 The maximum spacing of beams may be limited to the values given below:

Support Cantilevers Simply Supported Fixed/Continuous

Condition
Slab Type One way Two way One way Two Way One way Two way

Max. Span 1.5m 2.0m 3.5m 4.5m 4.5 6.0m

recommended

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 Max Span of Beams
Beam Type Cantilevers Simply Supported Fixed/Continuous

Rectangular 3m 6m 8m

Flanged Beam 5m 10m 12m

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 Important points should be noted
Large span of beams shall be avoided – to control deflection
and cracking
The deflection varies directly with the cube of the span and
inversely with the cube of the depth

3
L
---------------
D3
c ease in dept
Increase depth D iss less
ess tthana increase
c ease in spa
span L which
c
results greater deflection for larger span

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 Contd..
Contd
For rectangular
F t l beams
b
• Assumption in beam depth for preliminary analysis
1 feet length= 1inch depth
For Flanged Beams
• To reduce the cost the beam shall be designed as Flanged
section
• Flanged section may reduce the deflection by increasing the
moment of inertia

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 Slabs in structural Column & Beam
Layout

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 1.3.Spanning of slabs
 When the supports are only in one direction, then the slab
acts as a one way supported slab
 When rectangular slab is supported along its four edges,
it acts as a one way slab when ly/lx > 2 and two way slab
f ly/lx
for / <2

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 Why not Ly/Lx >1 or <1 ?

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 According to Failure
1.For Ly/Lx < 2 or >1

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 Contd..
1.For Ly/Lx =1

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 Can we assume Ly/ Lx > 2 is a one
way slab?

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  ONE WAY SLAB- LY/ LX > 2

• Theoretically,
y, it can be assumed as One wayy slab
• Practically, we provide the beam all around the slab hence
the slab will act as two wayy slab
• In one way slab one way action is predominant when beams
are pprovided onlyy alongg the longer
g side of the slab
• The main reinforcement shall be provided along the shorter
span
p and distribution pprovided alongg the longer
g span
p

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 Contd..
Contd
• However According to elastic theory ,the Distribution of load
being proportional to stiffness in two orthogonal directions,
major load is transferred along the stiffer shorter span and
the slab behaves as one way slab.
• Also , yield line theory, the load distribution in two orthogonal
directions depends upon moment capacities mux and muy in
th
these di
directions
ti .B
By providing
idi more steelt l onlyl iin shorter
h t
direction mux is made far greater than muy and the slab is
made to act as one way.
way

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 Sl b Spanning
Slab S i DiDirections
ti

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  TWO WAY SLAB- (LY/ LX < 2) as per Cl.24.5 of IS
456:2000

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 I it right
Is i ht choice
h i off ddesign
i iin continuous
ti slab?
l b?

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 Contd..

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 How to plan the stair case in
architectural plan?

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 Contd
Contd..
It depends on
• Available size of stair case room
• Position of beams along g the boundaryy of the staircase
• Position of columns along the boundary of the staircase

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 Different kinds of staircases
According to geometrical configurations
1.Straight flight stairs with or without intermediate landing
(Fig.a.and b)
2.Quarter-turn stairs (Fig.c)
3.Half-turn stairs or dogg legged
gg or scissor type(Fig.d)
yp ( g )
4.Branching stairs(Fig.e)
5 Open-well
5.Open well stairs(Fig.f)
stairs(Fig f)
6.Quarter turn landing(Fig.g)
7 Spiral stairs (Fig
7.Spiral (Fig.hand
hand i)
8.Helical stairs (Fig.j)

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 Contd..
Contd

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 Contd
Contd..
According to Structural
1.Transversely ( transverse to the direction of movement in the
stair)
2.Longitudinally supported ( in the direction of movement)

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 Transversely Supported

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 Longitudinally supported

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 Parts of Stairs

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 Contd..

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 Contd..

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 Dimensions as per NBC
• The dimensions of the stair may be followed
Rise > = 200mm
Tread < = 200mm
For residential Building
Riser= 150 to 180 mm
Riser
Tread = 220 to 250mm
For public building
Riser = 120 to 150mm
T d = 250 tto 300mm
Tread 300
Sum of Tread + 2 x Riser = 500mm to 650mm

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 Contd
Contd..
The width of stairs
For Residential Building= 0.8 to 1m
g 1.8m to 2m
For Publics Building=
Width of landing < = Width of stairs
• For comfortable ascend on stairs
No. of Steps > 12
• Pitch
• It should not greater than 38deg.
• Head
H d room < 2.1m21

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 Thank You!

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