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Mass/Weight Percentage or Percentage by Mass/Weight: Properties of Solution

The document discusses various units used to express the concentration of solutions, including: 1) Mass/weight percentage, which is the amount of solute in grams present in 100 grams of solution. 2) Molarity, which gives the number of moles of solute present in 1 liter of solution. 3) Molality, which gives the number of moles of solute present in 1 kilogram of solvent. It also covers other units like volume percentage, normality, mole fraction, and parts per million that are used to quantify the concentration of components in solutions.

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Gilbert Gerondio
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35 views

Mass/Weight Percentage or Percentage by Mass/Weight: Properties of Solution

The document discusses various units used to express the concentration of solutions, including: 1) Mass/weight percentage, which is the amount of solute in grams present in 100 grams of solution. 2) Molarity, which gives the number of moles of solute present in 1 liter of solution. 3) Molality, which gives the number of moles of solute present in 1 kilogram of solvent. It also covers other units like volume percentage, normality, mole fraction, and parts per million that are used to quantify the concentration of components in solutions.

Uploaded by

Gilbert Gerondio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Gilbert Gerondio October 07, 2020

12 – Courage Gen. Chem. 2


STEM Ms. Capacio

Properties of Solution

Mass/Weight Percentage or Percentage by Mass/Weight

It is the amount of solute in grams present in 100 grams of the solution. Therefore, the formula will
be:

The ratio mass of solute to the mass of the solvent is the mass fraction. Thus, the mass
percentage of solute = Mass fraction × 100. 10% solution of sugar by mass means that 10 grams of
sugar is present in 100 grams of the solution, i.e., we have dissolved 10 grams of sugar in 90 grams of
water.

Volume Percentage

It is the volume of solute in mL present in 100 mL solution. The formula will be:

10% solution of HCl by volume means that 10 mL of liquid HCl is present in 100 mL of the solution.
Mass by Volume Percentage

It is the mass of solute present in 100 mL of solution. We can calculate the mass of the solute using
the volume percentage. The formula would be:

A 10% mass by volume solution means that 10 gm solute is present in 100 mL of solution.

Molarity

The molarity of a solution gives the number of gram molecules of the solute present in one liter of
the solution.

For example, 1 mol L-1 solution of KCl means that 1 mol of KCl is dissolved in 1 L of water. Unit of
molarity: mol L-1

Molality

Molality of a solution is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 Kg of the solvent.

Thus, if one-gram molecule of a solute is present in 1 kg of the solvent, the concentration of solutions
is said to be one molal. The unit of molarity is mol kg-1. Molality is the most convenient method to
express the concentration of solutions because it involves the mass of liquids rather than their
volumes. It is also independent of the variation in temperature.
Normality

The normality of a solution gives the number of gram equivalents of the solute present in one litre
of the solution.

Thus, if one-gram equivalent of a solute is present in one litre of the solution, the concentration of
solutions is said to be 1 normal.

• 1N = Normal = One gram equivalent of the solute per litre of solution = Normality is
1

• N/2 = Seminormal = 0.5 g equivalent of the solute per litre of solution = Normality
is 0.5

• N/10 = Decinormal = 0.1 g equivalent of the solute per litre of solution = Normality
is 0.1

• N/100 = Centinormal = 0.01 g equivalent of the solute per litre of solution =


Normality is 0.01

• N/1000 = Millinormal = 0.001 g equivalent of the solute per litre of solution =


Normality is 0.001

Mole Fraction

The mole fraction of any component in a solution is the ratio of the number of moles of that
component to the total number of moles of all components. The total mole fraction of all the
components of any solution is 1. For a binary solution of A and B

Mole Fraction of A (XA) =

Mole Fraction of B (XB) =

And, XA+XB = 1
Parts per million

When a solute is present in trace quantities, it is convenient to express the concentration of


solutions in parts per million (ppm). The formula is as follows:

In case of mass, we may express it as: (Mass of solute/Mass of solution) × 106

In case of volume, we may express it as: (Volume of solute/Volume of solution) × 106

So, we can express the concentration of solutions in parts per million as mass to mass, volume to
volume and mass to volume form. Atmospheric pollution in cities is also expressed in ppm by
volume. It refers to the volume of the pollutant in 106 units of volume. 10 ppm of SO2 in the air
means 10 mL of SO2 is present in 106 mL of air.

Formality

It is the number of mass in grams present per liter of solution. In case, formula mass is equal to
molecular mass, formality is equal to molarity. Like molarity and normality, the formality is also
dependent on temperature. It is used for ionic compounds in which there is no existence of a
molecule. A mole of ionic compounds is called formal and molarity as the formality.

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