Google

Google LLC is an American multinational technology company

that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which Google LLC
include online advertising technologies, a search engine, cloud
computing, software, and hardware. It is considered one of the
Big Four technology companies alongside Amazon, Apple, and
Microsoft.[10][11][12]
Google's logo since 2015
Google was founded in September 1998 by Larry Page and
Sergey Brin while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford
University in California. Together they own about 14 percent of
its shares and control 56 percent of the stockholder voting power
through supervoting stock. They incorporated Google as a
California privately held company on September 4, 1998, in
California. Google was then reincorporated in Delaware on
October 22, 2002.[13] An initial public offering (IPO) took place
on August 19, 2004, and Google moved to its headquarters in
Mountain View, California, nicknamed the Googleplex. In
August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various
Google's headquarters, the Googleplex
interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google is
Alphabet's leading subsidiary and will continue to be the Formerly Google Inc. (1998–
umbrella company for Alphabet's Internet interests. Sundar 2017)
Pichai was appointed CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page who Type Subsidiary
became the CEO of Alphabet.
Industry Internet
The company's rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a Cloud computing
chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Google's Computer software
core search engine (Google Search). It offers services designed Computer hardware
for work and productivity (Google Docs, Google Sheets, and
Artificial intelligence
Google Slides), email (Gmail), scheduling and time management
(Google Calendar), cloud storage (Google Drive), instant Advertising
messaging and video chat (Duo, Hangouts, Meet), language Founded September 4, 1998[a] in
translation (Google Translate), mapping and navigation (Google Menlo Park, California,
Maps, Waze, Google Earth, Street View), video sharing U.S.
(YouTube), note-taking (Google Keep), and photo organizing and Founders Larry Page
editing (Google Photos). The company leads the development of
the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web Sergey Brin
browser, and Chrome OS, a lightweight operating system based Headquarters 1600 Amphitheatre
on the Chrome browser. Google has moved increasingly into Parkway, Mountain
hardware; from 2010 to 2015, it partnered with major electronics View, California, U.S.
manufacturers in the production of its Nexus devices, and it Area served Worldwide
released multiple hardware products in October 2016, including
Key people Sundar Pichai (CEO)
the Google Pixel smartphone, Google Home smart speaker,
Google Wifi mesh wireless router, and Google Daydream virtual Ruth Porat (CFO)
reality headset. Google has also experimented with becoming an Products List of Google products
Internet carrier (Google Fiber, Google Fi, and Google
Revenue 66,001,000,000 US
Station).[14]
Google.com is the most visited website in the world.[15] Several dollar[5] (2014)
other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited Operating 16,496,000,000 US
websites, including YouTube and Blogger. Google was the most income dollar[5] (2014)
valuable brand in the world in 2017 (surpassed by Amazon)[16], Net income 14,444,000,000 United
but has received significant criticism involving issues such as States dollar[5] (2014)
privacy concerns, tax avoidance, antitrust, censorship, and search
neutrality.
Total assets 131,133,000,000 US
dollar[5] (2014)
Number of 114,096 (Q3 2019)
Contents employees

History Parent Alphabet Inc. (2015–

present)
Early years
Growth Subsidiaries List of subsidiaries
Initial public offering Website google.com (https://ww
2012 onward w.google.com/)
Footnotes / references
Products and services [6][7][8][9]
Search engine
Advertising
Consumer services
Web-based services
Software
Hardware
Enterprise services
Internet services
Other products
Corporate affairs
Finance
Corporate identity
Workplace culture
Office locations
Infrastructure
Environment
Philanthropy
Criticism and controversy
Litigation
DeGoogle movement
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

History
Early years

Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page

and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford
University in Stanford, California.[17] The project initially involved
an unofficial "third founder", Scott Hassan, the original lead
programmer who wrote much of the code for the original Google
Search engine, but he left before Google was officially founded as a
company;[18][19] Hassan went on to pursue a career in robotics and
founded the company Willow Garage in 2006.[20][21]
Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 2003
While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how
many times the search terms appeared on the page, they theorized
about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites.[22] They called this algorithm
PageRank; it determined a website's relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages
that linked back to the original site.[23][24] Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to
implement Page's ideas.[18]

Page and Brin originally nicknamed the new search engine "BackRub", because the system checked
backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.[25][26][27] Hassan as well as Alan Steremberg were cited by
Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google. Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd later co-
authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype
of the Google search engine, published in 1998. Héctor García-Molina and Jeff Ullman were also cited as
contributors to the project.[28] PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring
algorithm earlier used for RankDex, developed by Robin Li in 1996, with Larry Page's PageRank patent
including a citation to Li's earlier RankDex patent; Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine
Baidu.[29][30][31]

Eventually, they changed the name to Google; the name of the search engine originated from a misspelling
of the word "googol",[32][33] the number 1 followed by 100 zeros, which was picked to signify that the
search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.[34]

The domain name for Google was registered on September 15,

1997,[36] and the company was incorporated on September 4,
1998. It was based in the garage of a friend (Susan Wojcicki[17])
in Menlo Park, California. Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD
student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.[17][37][38]

Google was initially funded by an August 1998 contribution of

$100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun
Microsystems; the money was given before Google was Google's original homepage had a simple
incorporated.[39] Google received money from three other angel design because the company founders
investors in 1998: Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford had little experience in HTML, the markup
University computer science professor David Cheriton, and language used for designing web
entrepreneur Ram Shriram.[40] Between these initial investors, pages.[35]
friends, and family Google raised around 1 million dollars,
which is what allowed them to open up their original shop in
Menlo Park, California. [41]

After some additional, small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999,[40] a new $25 million round
of funding was announced on June 7, 1999,[42] with major investors including the venture capital firms
Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital.[39]
Growth

In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California,[43] which is home to several
prominent Silicon Valley technology start-ups.[44] The next year, Google began selling advertisements
associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded
search engine.[45][17] To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were solely text-based.[46] In
June 2000, it was announced that Google would become the default search engine provider for Yahoo!, one
of the most popular websites at the time, replacing Inktomi.[47][48]

In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office
complex from Silicon Graphics, at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain
View, California.[50] The complex became known as the Googleplex, a play
on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol zeroes. Three
years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[51] By
that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language,
causing the verb "google" to be added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate
Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as: "to use the
Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet".[52][53]
Additionally, in 2001 Google's Investors felt the need to have a strong
internal management, and they agreed to hire Eric Schmidt as the Chairman
and CEO of Google [54]

Initial public offering

Google's first production
Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place five years later, on August
server.[49]
19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to
work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024.[55] At IPO, the
company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.[56][57]
Shares were sold in an online auction format using a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse,
underwriters for the deal.[58][59] The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than
$23 billion.[60]

In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired the video-sharing

site YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock,[61][62] and the deal was
finalized on November 13, 2006.[63][64] On April 13, 2007, Google reached
an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, transferring to Google
valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and
advertising agencies.[65]

In 2005, The Washington Post reported on a 700 percent increase in third-

quarter profit for Google, largely thanks to large companies shifting their
advertising strategies from newspapers, magazines, and television to the
Internet.[66] In May 2011, the number of monthly unique visitors to Google
surpassed one billion for the first time.[67] By 2011, Google was handling
approximately 3 billion searches per day. To handle this workload, Google
Eric Schmidt
built 11 data centers around the world with some several thousand servers in
each. These data centers allowed Google to handle the ever changing
workload more efficiently.[54]
On August 15, 2011, Google made its largest-ever acquisition to date when it announced that it would
acquire Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion[68][69] This purchase was made in part to help Google gain
Motorola's considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies, to help protect Google
in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies,[70] mainly Apple and Microsoft,[71] and to allow it to
continue to freely offer Android.[72]

2012 onward

The year 2012 was the first time that Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue, generating $38 billion
the previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, "We ended 2012 with a strong
quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter. And we hit $50 billion in
revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."[73]

In June 2013, Google acquired Waze, a $966 million deal.[74] While Waze would remain an independent
entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced location platform, were reportedly valuable integrations
between Waze and Google Maps, Google's own mapping service.[75]

Google announced the launch of a new company, called Calico, on September 19, 2013, to be led by Apple
Inc. chairman Arthur Levinson. In the official public statement, Page explained that the "health and well-
being" company would focus on "the challenge of ageing and associated diseases".[76]

On January 26, 2014, Google announced it had agreed to acquire DeepMind

Technologies, a privately held artificial intelligence company from
London.[77] Technology news website Recode reported that the company
was purchased for $400 million though it was not disclosed where the
information came from. A Google spokesman would not comment of the
price.[78][79] The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google's recent growth in
the artificial intelligence and robotics community.[80]

According to Interbrand's annual Best Global Brands report, Google has

been the second most valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in
2013,[81] 2014,[82] 2015,[83] and 2016, with a valuation of $133 billion.[84]

On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various

interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet. Google became Alphabet's Entrance of building where
leading subsidiary, and will continue to be the umbrella company for Google and its subsidiary
Alphabet's Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Deep Mind are located at 6
Pancras Square, London
Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, who became CEO of
Alphabet.[85][86][87]

As of October 2016, Google operates 70 offices in more than 40 countries.[88] Alexa, a company that
monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google.com as the most visited website in the world.[15] Several
other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube[89] and
Blogger.[90]

On August 8, 2017, Google fired employee James Damore after he distributed a memo throughout the
company which argued that bias and "Google's ideological echo chamber" clouded their thinking about
diversity and inclusion, and that it is also biological factors, not discrimination alone, that cause the average
woman to be less interested than men in technical positions.[91] Google CEO Sundar Pichai accused Damore
in violating company policy by "advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace", and he was fired
on the same day.[92][93][94] New York Times columnist David Brooks argued Pichai had mishandled the case,
and called for his resignation.[95][96]
Between 2018 and 2019, tensions between the company's leadership and its workers escalated as staff
protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, a censored Chinese search engine, and a
military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the
company.[97][98] On October 25, 2018, The New York Times published the exposé, "How Google Protected
Andy Rubin, the ‘Father of Android’". The company subsequently announced that "48 employees have been
fired over the last two years" for sexual misconduct.[99] On November 1, 2018, more than 20,000 Google
employees and contractors staged a global walk-out to protest the company's handling of sexual harassment
complaints.[100][101] Later in 2019, some workers accused the company of retaliating against internal
activists.[98]

On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a cloud
gaming platform called Stadia.[102]

On June 3, 2019, the United States Department of Justice reported that it would investigate Google for
antitrust violations.[103]

In December 2019, it was reported that former PayPal Chief Operating Officer Bill Ready would become
Google's new commerce chief. Ready's role won't be directly involved with Google Pay.[104]

In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Google announced several cost-cutting measures. Such
measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for of a small number of strategic
areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-
business essential marketing and travel. [105]

Products and services

Search engine

Google indexes billions of web pages to allow users to search for the
information they desire through the use of keywords and
operators.[106] According to comScore market research from
November 2009, Google Search is the dominant search engine in the
United States market, with a market share of 65.6%.[107] In May
2017, Google enabled a new "Personal" tab in Google Search, letting
Google Search homepage as of users search for content in their Google accounts' various services,
March 2020 including email messages from Gmail and photos from Google
Photos.[108][109]

Google launched its Google News service in 2002, an automated service which summarizes news articles
from various websites.[110] Google also hosts Google Books, a service which searches the text found in
books in its database and shows limited previews or and the full book where allowed.[111]

Advertising

As per its 2017 Annual report, Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales
of apps, purchases made in-app, digital content products on google and YouTube, android and licensing and
service fees, including fees received for Google Cloud offerings. 46% of this was from clicks (cost per
clicks), amounting to US$109,652 million in 2017. This includes three principal methods, namely AdMob,
AdSense (such as AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.) and DoubleClick AdExchange.[112]
For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in
total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and
other revenues.[113] In 2011, 96% of Google's revenue was derived
from its advertising programs.[114] In addition to its own algorithms
for understanding search requests, Google uses technology from the
company DoubleClick, to project user interest and target advertising
to the search context and the user history.[115][116]

In 2007, Google launched "AdSense for Mobile", taking advantage

of the emerging mobile advertising market.[117] Google on ad-tech London, 2010

Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how

people use their website, for example by examining click rates for all
the links on a page.[118] Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program.
Google Ads allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network, through a
cost-per-click scheme.[119] The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these
advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked.[120] One of the criticisms of this
program is the possibility of click fraud, which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on
advertisements without being interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google
unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or
invalid.[121] Google Search Console (rebranded from Google Webmaster Tools in May 2015) allows
webmasters to check the sitemap, crawl rate, and for security issues of their websites, as well as optimize
their website's visibility.

Consumer services

Web-based services

Google offers Gmail for email,[122] Google Calendar for time-management and scheduling,[123] Google
Maps for mapping, navigation and satellite imagery,[124] Google Drive for cloud storage of files,[125]
Google Docs, Sheets and Slides for productivity,[125] Google Photos for photo storage and sharing,[126]
Google Keep for note-taking,[127] Google Translate for language translation,[128] YouTube for video
viewing and sharing,[129] Google My Business for managing public business information,[130] and Duo for
social interaction.[131] In March 2019, Google unveiled a cloud gaming service named Stadia.[102]

Software

Google develops the Android mobile operating system,[132] as well as its smartwatch,[133] television,[134]
car,[135] and Internet of things-enabled smart devices variations.[136]

It also develops the Google Chrome web browser,[137] and Chrome OS, an operating system based on
Chrome.[138]

Hardware

In January 2010, Google released Nexus One, the first Android phone under its own brand, "Nexus".[139] It
spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "Nexus" branding[140] until its eventual discontinuation
in 2016, replaced by a new brand called Pixel.[141]
In 2011, the Chromebook was introduced, described as a "new kind
of computer" running Chrome OS.[142]

In July 2013, Google introduced the Chromecast dongle, that allows

users to stream content from their smartphones to
televisions.[143][144]

In June 2014, Google announced Google Cardboard, a simple

cardboard viewer that lets user place their smartphone in a special
front compartment to view virtual reality (VR) media.[145][146]

The Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones with the Google

Assistant, a next-generation contextual voice assistant,
built-in.[147] Google Pixel smartphones on display
Google Home, an Amazon Echo-like voice assistant in a store
placed in the house that can answer voice queries, play
music, find information from apps (calendar, weather etc.),
and control third-party smart home appliances (users can tell it to turn on the lights, for
example). The Google Home line also includes variants such as the Google Home Hub,
Google Home Mini, and Google Home Max[148]
Daydream View virtual reality headset that lets Android users with compatible Daydream-ready
smartphones put their phones in the headset and enjoy VR content.[149]
Google Wifi, a connected set of Wi-Fi routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi-
Fi.[150]

Enterprise services

G Suite is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of
Google's services, including Gmail, Google Drive and Google Docs, Google Sheets and Google Slides, with
additional administrative tools, unique domain names, and 24/7 support.[151]

On September 24, 2012,[152] Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs, a largely not-for-profit business
incubator providing startups with co-working spaces known as Campuses, with assistance to startup
founders that may include workshops, conferences, and mentorships.[153] Presently, there are 7 Campus
locations in Berlin, London, Madrid, Seoul, São Paulo, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw.

On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite, "a set of integrated
data and marketing analytics products, designed specifically for the needs of enterprise-class marketers"
which can be integrated with BigQuery on the Google Cloud Platform. Among other things, the suite is
designed to help "enterprise class marketers" "see the complete customer journey", generate "useful
insights", and "deliver engaging experiences to the right people".[154] Jack Marshall of The Wall Street
Journal wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including
Adobe, Oracle, Salesforce, and IBM.[155]

Internet services

In February 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project, with experimental plans to build an ultra-
high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities.[156][157]
Following Google's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company, Google Fiber was
moved to Alphabet's Access division.[158][159]
In April 2015, Google announced Project Fi, a mobile virtual network operator, that combines Wi-Fi and
cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity
and fast Internet signal.[160][161][162]

In September 2016, Google began its Google Station initiative, a project for public Wi-Fi at railway stations
in India. Caesar Sengupta, VP for Google's next billion users, told The Verge that 15,000 people get online
for the first time thanks to Google Station and that 3.5 million people use the service every month. The
expansion meant that Google was looking for partners around the world to further develop the initiative,
which promised "high-quality, secure, easily accessible Wi-Fi".[163] By December, Google Station had been
deployed at 100 railway stations,[164] and in February, Google announced its intention to expand beyond
railway stations, with a plan to bring citywide Wi-Fi to Pune.[165][166]

Other products

In May 2011, Google announced Google Wallet, a mobile application for wireless payments.[167]

In 2013, Google launched Google Shopping Express, a delivery service initially available only in San
Francisco and Silicon Valley.[168]

Corporate affairs

Finance

Google's initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004.
At IPO, the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per
share.[56][57] The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a market
capitalization of more than $23 billion.[60] The stock performed well
after the IPO, with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October
31, 2007,[169] primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the
online advertising market.[170] The surge in stock price was fueled
mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional
investors and mutual funds.[170] GOOG shares split into GOOG
Then-CEO, and former Chairman of
class C shares and GOOGL class A shares.[171] The company is Google Eric Schmidt with cofounders
listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbols Sergey Brin and Larry Page (left to
GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under right) in 2008.
the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to
Alphabet Inc., Google's holding company, since the fourth quarter of
2015.[172]

The corporation's consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as
$14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.[173] Google's Internet business was
responsible for $10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users' clicks on
advertisements.[174] By January 2014, Google's market capitalization had grown to $397 billion.[175]

Google uses various tax avoidance strategies. Out of the five largest American technology companies, it
pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. Google between 2007 and 2010 saved $3.1
billion in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through Ireland and the Netherlands and then to Bermuda. Such
techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while normally the corporate tax rate in for instance
the UK is 28 per cent.[176] This has reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google's transfer pricing
practices.[177]
Google said it overhauled its controversial global tax structure and consolidated all of its intellectual
property holdings back to the US.[178]

Google Vice-President Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of the UK House of
Commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK.[179] In January
2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay £130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future.[180]
In 2017, Google channeled $22.7 billion from the Netherlands to Bermuda to reduce its tax bill.[181]

In 2013, Google ranked 5th in lobbying spending, up from 213th in 2003. In 2012, the company ranked 2nd
in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections.[182]

Corporate identity

The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol",[183][184]

which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred
zeros. Page and Brin write in their original paper on PageRank:[28] "We
chose our systems name, Google, because it is a common spelling of Google's logo from 2013-2015
googol, or 10100 and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale
search engines." Having found its way increasingly into everyday
language, the verb "google" was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford
English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the
Internet."[185][186] Google's mission statement, from the outset, was "to organize the world's information and
make it universally accessible and useful",[187] and its unofficial slogan is "Don't be evil".[188] In October
2015, a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: "Do the right
thing".[189] The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet.

The original Google logo was designed by Sergey Brin.[190] Since 1998, Google has been designing special,
temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements
and people. The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998.[191][192] The doodle
was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed.
Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-
intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been
organized and created by a team of employees termed "Doodlers".[193]

Google has a tradition of creating April Fools' Day jokes. Its first on April 1, 2000 was Google MentalPlex
which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.[194] In 2007, Google announced a free
Internet service called TiSP, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by
flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet.[195]

Google's services contain easter eggs, such as the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork bork," Pig Latin, "Hacker" or
leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, Pirate, and Klingon as language selections for its search engine.[196] When searching
for the word "anagram," meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words,
Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?"[197]

Workplace culture

On Fortune magazine's list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and
2012,[198][199][200] and fourth in 2009 and 2010.[201][202] Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the
world's most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction
 index.[203] Google's corporate philosophy includes principles such as
"you can make money without doing evil," "you can be serious
without a suit," and "work should be challenging and the challenge
should be fun."[204]

As of December 2018, Google has 98,771 employees.[9] Google's

2017 diversity report states that 31 percent of its workforce are
women and 69 percent are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce
Google employees marching in the
being predominantly white (56%) and Asian (35%).[205] Within tech
Pride in London parade in 2016
roles, however, 20 percent were women; and 25 percent of
leadership roles were held by women.[205]

Google's employees are hired based on a hierarchical system.

Employees are split into six hierarchies based on experience and can range "from entry-level data center
workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six."[206] As a motivation technique,
Google uses a policy known as Innovation Time Off, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20%
of their work time on projects that interest them. Some of Google's services, such as Gmail, Google News,
Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors.[207] In a talk at Stanford University,
Marissa Mayer, Google's Vice-President of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed
that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time
Off.[208]

In 2005, articles in The New York Times[209] and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its
anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.[210][211][212] In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture,
Google designated a Chief Culture Officer whose purpose was to develop and maintain the culture and work
on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on.[213] Google has also faced
allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.[214][215] In 2013, a class action against several
Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which
restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.[216]

Office locations

Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as

"the Googleplex", a play on words on the number googolplex and
the headquarters itself being a complex of buildings. Internationally,
Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries.[217]

In 2006, Google moved into about 300,000 square feet (27,900 m2)
of office space in New York City, at 111 Eighth Avenue in
Manhattan. The office was designed and built specially for Google,
and houses its largest advertising sales team, which has been Google's New York City office
instrumental in securing large partnerships. [218] In 2010, Google building houses its largest
advertising sales team.
bought the building housing the headquarter, in a deal that valued
the property at around $1.9 billion.[219][220] In March 2018,
Google's parent company Alphabet bought the nearby Chelsea
Market building for $2.4 billion. The sale is touted as one of the most expensive real estate transactions for a
single building in the history of New York.[221][222][223][224] In November 2018, Google announced its plan
to expand its New York City office to a capacity of 12,000 employees.[225] The same December, it was
announced that a $1 billion, 1,700,000-square-foot (160,000 m2) headquarters for Google would be built in
Manhattan's Hudson Square neighborhood.[226][227] Called Google Hudson Square, the new campus is
projected to more than double the number of Google employees working in New York City.[228]
By late 2006, Google established a new headquarters for its
AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.[229] In November 2006,
Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon's campus in Pittsburgh,
focusing on shopping-related advertisement coding and smartphone
applications and programs.[230][231] Other office locations in the
U.S. include Atlanta, Georgia; Austin, Texas; Boulder, Colorado;
Cambridge, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Seattle, Google's Toronto office.
Washington; Kirkland, Washington; Birmingham, Michigan; Reston,
Virginia, and Washington, D.C.[232]

It also has product research and development operations in cities

around the world, namely Sydney (birthplace location of Google
Maps)[233] and London (part of Android development).[234] In
November 2013, Google announced plans for a new London
headquarter, a 1 million square foot office able to accommodate
4,500 employees. Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial
property acquisitions at the time of the deal's announcement in
January,[235] Google submitted plans for the new headquarter to the
Camden Council in June 2017.[236][237] In May 2015, Google
announced its intention to create its own campus in Hyderabad, Google's Dublin Ireland office,
India. The new campus, reported to be the company's largest outside headquarters of Google Ads for
the United States, will accommodate 13,000 employees.[238][239] Europe

Infrastructure

Google data centers are located in North and South America, Asia, and Europe.[240] There is no official data
on the number of servers in Google data centers; however, research and advisory firm Gartner estimated in a
July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers.[241] Traditionally, Google relied on parallel
computing on commodity hardware like mainstream x86 computers (similar to home PCs) to keep costs per
query low.[242][243][244] In 2005, it started developing its own designs, which were only revealed in
2009.[244]

In the late 2010s, Google began to build its own private submarine communications cables. The first, named
Curie, connects California with Chile and is to be completed in 2019.[245] The second fully Google-owned
undersea cable, named Dunant, connects the United States with France and is planned to begin operation in
2020.[246]

Environment

In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to
1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.[247] The
system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest
on any corporate site in the world.[247] Since 2007, Google has aimed for carbon neutrality in regard to its
operations.[248]

Google disclosed in September 2011 that it "continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000 homes",
almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a nuclear power plant. Total carbon emissions
for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons, mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the
data centers. Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010. An average
search uses only 0.3 watt-hours of electricity, so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5% of the
total electricity consumption by Google.[249]

In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable energy project, putting $38.8 million into
two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts
of power, enough to supply 55,000 homes.[250] In February 2010, the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission FERC granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates.[251] The
corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the
electricity produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm.[252]

In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20
years.[253]

In December 2016, Google announced that—starting in 2017—it will power all of its data centers, as well as
all of its offices, from 100% renewable energy. The commitment will make Google "the world's largest
corporate buyer of renewable power, with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind
and solar energy". Google also stated that it does not count that as its final goal; it says that "since the wind
doesn't blow 24 hours a day, we'll also broaden our purchases to a variety of energy sources that can enable
renewable power, every hour of every day". Additionally, the project will "help support communities"
around the world, as the purchase commitments will "result in infrastructure investments of more than $3.5
billion globally", and will "generate tens of millions of dollars per year in revenue to local property owners,
and tens of millions more to local and national governments in tax revenue".[254][255][256]

In November 2017, Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power. The purchase made the firm reach 100%
renewable energy. The wind energy comes from two power plants in South Dakota, one in Iowa and one in
Oklahoma.[257]

In September 2019, Google's chief executive announced plans for a $2 billion wind and solar investment,
the biggest renewable energy deal in corporate history. This will grow their green energy profile by 40%,
giving them an extra 1.6 gigawatt of clean energy, the company said.[258]

Google donates to politicians who deny climate change including Jim Inhofe as well as sponsoring climate
change denial political groups including the State Policy Network and the Competitive Enterprise
Institute.[259][260][261]

Philanthropy

In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of $1 billion.[262]
The mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change, global public health, and global
poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100
miles per gallon. Google hired Larry Brilliant as the program's executive director in 2004[263] and Megan
Smith has since replaced him as director.[264]

In 2008, Google announced its "project 10100" which accepted ideas for how to help the community and
then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.[265] After two years of silence, during which many
wondered what had happened to the program,[266] Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total
of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a
website that intends to make all legal documents public and online.[267]
In March 2007, in partnership with the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), Google hosted the
first Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at its headquarters in Mountain View.[268] In 2011, Google
donated 1 million euros to International Mathematical Olympiad to support the next five annual
International Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).[269][270] In July 2012, Google launched a "Legalize
Love" campaign in support of gay rights.[271]

Criticism and controversy

Google's market dominance has led to prominent media coverage,
including criticism of the company over issues such as aggressive
tax avoidance,[272] search neutrality, copyright, censorship of search
results and content,[273] and privacy.[274][275] Other criticisms
include alleged misuse and manipulation of search results, its use of
others' intellectual property, concerns that its compilation of data
may violate people's privacy, and the energy consumption of its
servers, as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as
monopoly, restraint of trade, anti-competitive practices, and patent San Francisco activists protest
infringement. privately owned shuttle buses that
transport workers for tech companies
Google formerly adhered to the Internet censorship policies of such as Google from their homes in
China,[276] enforced by means of filters colloquially known as "The San Francisco and Oakland to
Great Firewall of China", but no longer does so. As a result, all corporate campuses in Silicon Valley.
Google services except for Chinese Google Maps are blocked from
access within mainland China without the aid of VPNs, proxy
servers, or other similar technologies. The Intercept reported in August 2018 that Google is developing for
the People's Republic of China a censored version of its search engine (known as Dragonfly) "that will
blacklist websites and search terms about human rights, democracy, religion, and peaceful protest".[277][278]
However, the project had been withheld due to privacy concerns.[279]

Following media reports about PRISM, NSA's massive electronic surveillance program, in June 2013,
several technology companies were identified as participants, including Google.[280] According to leaks of
said program, Google joined the PRISM program in 2009.[281]

Google has worked with the United States Department of Defense on drone software through the 2017
"Project Maven" that could be used to improve the accuracy of drone strikes.[282] Thousands of Google
employees, including senior engineers, have signed a letter urging Google CEO Sundar Pichai to end a
controversial contract with the Pentagon.[283] In response to the backlash, Google ultimately decided to not
renew their DoD contract, set to expire in 2019.[284]

Shona Ghosh, a journalist for Business Insider, noted that an increasing digital resistance movement against
Google has grown. A major hub for critics of Google in order to organize to abstain from using Google
products is the Reddit page for the subreddit /r/degoogle.[285]

In July 2018, Mozilla Program Manager Chris Peterson accused Google of intentionally slowing down
YouTube performance on Firefox.[286]

In April 2019 former Mozilla executive Jonathan Nightingale accused Google of intentionally and
systematically sabotaging the Firefox browser over the past decade in order to boost Chrome's adoption.[287]

In November 2019, the Office for Civil Rights of the Department of Health and Human Services began
investigation into Project Nightingale, to assess whether the "mass collection of individuals’ medical
records" complied with HIPAA.[288] According to The Wall Street Journal, Google commenced the project
in secret, in 2018, with St. Louis-based healthcare company Ascension.[289]

Litigation

Google has been involved in a number of lawsuits including the High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation
which resulted in Google being one of four companies to pay a $415 million settlement to employees.[290]

On June 27, 2017, the company received a record fine of €2.42 billion from the European Union for
"promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of search results."[291] Commenting on the
penalty, New Scientist magazine said: "The hefty sum – the largest ever doled out by the EU's competition
regulators – will sting in the short term, but Google can handle it. Alphabet, Google’s parent company, made
a profit of $2.5 billion (€2.2 billion) in the first six weeks of 2017 alone. The real impact of the ruling is that
Google must stop using its dominance as a search engine to give itself the edge in another market: online
price comparisons." The company disputed the ruling.[292] The hearing at the General Court of Luxembourg
was scheduled for 2020. The court is going to deliver the ultimate judgment by the end of the year.[293]

On July 18, 2018,[294] the European Commission fined Google €4.34 billion for breaching EU antitrust
rules. The abuse of dominant position has been referred to Google's constraint applied on Android device
manufacturers and network operators to ensure that traffic on Android devices goes to the Google search
engine. On October 9, 2018, Google confirmed[295] that it had appealed the fine to the General Court of the
European Union.[296]

On January 21, 2019, French data regulator CNIL imposed a record €50 million fine on Google for
breaching the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation. The judgment claimed Google had
failed to sufficiently inform users of its methods for collecting data to personalize advertising. Google issued
a statement saying it was “deeply committed” to transparency and was “studying the decision” before
determining its response.[297]

On March 20, 2019, the European Commission imposed a €1.49 billion ($1.69 billion) fine on Google for
preventing rivals from being able to “compete and innovate fairly” in the online advertising market.[298]
European Union competition commissioner Margrethe Vestager said Google had violated EU antitrust rules
by “imposing anti-competitive contractual restrictions on third-party websites” that required them to exclude
search results from Google's rivals. Kent Walker, Google's senior vice-president of global affairs, said the
company had “already made a wide range of changes to our products to address the Commission’s
concerns,” and that "we'll be making further updates to give more visibility to rivals in Europe."[299]

On July 25, 2019, presidential hopeful Tulsi Gabbard sued Google for blocking her ads after the presidential
debate when she became one of the most searched items on the search engine.[300]

DeGoogle movement

The term "DeGoogle" has grown in use as privacy activists urge users to stop using Google products entirely
due to growing privacy concerns.[301][302] The term refers to the act of removing Google from your life.

See also
Outline of Google
History of Google
List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet
List of Google products
 Google China
Google logo
Googlization
Google.org
Google ATAP

Notes
a. Google was originally incorporated on September 4, 1998, however, since 2002, the company
has celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most frequently on September
27.[1][2][3] The shift in dates reportedly happened to celebrate index-size milestones in tandem
with the birthday.[4]

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Further reading
Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything.
Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. ISBN 978-1593157203.
External links
Official website (http://www.google.com/)
Corporate homepage (https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/management)
"Google website" (https://web.archive.org/web/19981111183552/http://google.stanford.edu/).
Archived from the original (http://google.stanford.edu/) on November 11, 1998. Retrieved
September 28, 2010.
Carr, David F. (2006). "How Google Works" (http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Infrastructure/Ho
w-Google-Works-1). Baseline Magazine. 6 (6).
Google (https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/google) at Crunchbase
Google companies (https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Google) grouped at
OpenCorporates
Business data for Google, Inc.: Bloomberg (https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/GOOG:US) ·
Reuters (https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=GOOG.OQ) · SEC filings
(https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1288776) · Nasdaq (http
s://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/GOOG)

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