1.

PUMPS
1. A fuel pump is delivering 10 gallons per minute of oil with a specific gravity of 0.83. The
total head is 9.14 m, find how much energy does the pump consumes in kJ per hour.
Given:
S.G. = 0.83
H = 9.14 m
Required: P
Solution:
P = γQH
γ = 9.81(0.83) = 8.14 kN/m3
Q = 10 gal/min = 2.27 m3/hr
P = 8.14(2.27)(9.14)
P = 168.89 kJ/hr

2. It is desired to deliver 5 gpm at a head of 640 ft in a single stage pump having a specific
spped not to exceed 40. If the speed is not to exceed 1352 rpm, how many stages are
required?
Given:
Ns = 40
N = 1352
Q = 5 gpm
h = head per stage = 640
Solution:
Let n = no. of stages
then, h = 640/n
from;
 N √Q
Ns= 3
4
h
1352 √ 5
40=
640 34
( )
n

n = 2 stages

2. FANS
What horsepower motor is needed to provide air for a forced draft boiler. The boiler consumes

125 tons of coal per day and has a fresh air requirement of 30,000 cfm The fan produces 7 inches

of water of static pressure and has an efficiency of 75%.

A) 75 hp

B) 10 hp

C) 40 hp

D) 50 hp

Solution:

PRESSURE ( ¿ . of water gauge ) X CFM 7 x 30000

BHP = = = 44 h.p.
6356 X efficiency of fan 6356 X 0.75

The fan would require 44 horsepower. The next higher motor would be a 50 horsepower.

PROBLEM #2

CFM 1 = 10000 CFM CFM 2=12000 CFM

P1= 1.85 WG P 2= ?
D1= 0.075 lb/cu.ft. D2= 0.075 lb/cu.ft.
n1= 600 RPM n2 = ?
HP 1= 3.4 hp HP 2= ?
Given fan 1 with the following specifications, find the corresponding performance of fan 2.

SOLUTION

3. Blowers
1) A blower provides 12000 CFM of air at 500 RPM. A 5 horsepower motor is attached
which produces 1″ of static pressure.
New equipment is being added to the system which will require 1.5″ of static pressure.
To accommodate the change in static pressure, what size motor is needed.
Given:
Initial Pressure ( P1) =1∈wg
Initial Motor Speed ( N 1) = 500 rpm
Initial Motor Power (hp 2) = 5 hp
Final Pressure ( P2) =1.5∈wg

Equations:

Solution:

N 2=490 RPM
Now to solve for the new horsepower

hp 2=9.2 hp
 Use 10 hp motor

2) A Blower is rotating at 1275 RPM and is attached to a 15 horsepower motor. The owner
is decommissioning some equipment and which will reduce the needed CFM by 5000.
The blower originally produced 3″ of static pressure and with the change in equipment
will only need to produce 2.5″ of static pressure. What is the new speed the blower
should be rotating
Given:

Initial Pressure ( p1) = 3″

Initial Motor Speed ( N 1) = 1275 rpm

Final Pressure ( p2) = 2.5″

Equations:

P = Static Pressure
N = Fan Speed
Solution:

To solve this problem, you need to solve for the new RPM

N2 = 1164 RPM

The new fan speed is 1164 RPM

3) A centrifugal blower takes in 200 m3 /min of air and delivers it at a pressure of 750 mm of
water gauge. Assuming the coefficients of the blower and the drive as 80% determine the power
required to drive the blower.

4. Machine Foundation
Example #1:
What is the required base area of the foundation to support an engine with specified speed of
1200 rpm and weight of 9000 kg. Assume a safe bearing capacity of soil as 47.867 kPa. Use
e=0.11
Solution:
Example #2:
A 1:2:3 mix of concrete with a six gallons water per bag cement is being prepared. Determine the
weight of one cubic foot finished concrete of this mixture. The material to be used have the
following characteristics:

Solution:

Example #3:
The bedplate dimension of a rectangular foundation cross-section is 2m x 12m. The height of the
foundation and the uniform clearance on each side are 1m and 0.5m respectively. Find the
weight of steel bar if the weight of the steel bar reinforcements needed is ¾ % of the weight of
the foundation.
Note: Use density concrete equals 2,406 kg/m3

Solution:
Example #4:
Piles are driven in a quicksand (Bearing = 5 tons/m 3 ¿ on 900 mm centers. They are driven until
the penetration under the last hammer blowis 25 mm. The drivers 1 ton hammer drops 2.5 m.
Piles are sawn off and surmounted by a concrete slab 900 mm thick. What is the average bearing
power in tons per m3 does this foundation provide?
Solution:
Example #5:
A rectangular foundation cross-section has a bed plate dimension of 4 ft. x 8 ft. The uniform
clearance on each side is 1 ft. The height of foundation is 2.5 ft. If the weight of the steel bar
reinforcement needed is ½ % of weight of foundation, find the weight of the steel bar.
Use Concrete density of 2400 kg/m3
Solution:

5.

Heat Transfer
Problem 1

(1)Determine the heat transferred through a composite plane wall area of 1sq ft of carbon

steel 1 in. thick and magnesite brick 8 in. thick. Take the temperatures at 700F and 300F.

ksteel=25 and kmbrick=2.0 (2)Find the temperature of the hot surface of the magnesite brick.

Given:

Xsteel=1 inch A=1 sq ft

Xmbrick=8 inch T1=700F T3=300F

ksteel=25 kmbrick=2.0

Find:

(1) Q=? (2) T2=?

Assume (1)steady flow (2)heat travels with respect to x-axis

Solution:

A (t 1−tn +1)
q= x 1 x 2 xn
+ +…
k1 k 2 kn

1(700−300)
q= 1 8
+
12(25) 12(2.0)

q= 1188 BTU per hr Ans. (1)

1188 (8)
T2=300+
12(2.0)( 1)

T2= 696F Ans. (2)

Problem 2

Use the data in the problem 1 to determine the heat transferred through a steel pipe 1ft

long and 1in. thick with an ID of 1.12ft and covered with 8 in. of magnesite brick. ksteel=25 and

kmbrick=2.0.

Given:

Xsteel=1 inch L= 1ft

Xmbrick=8 inch T1=700F T3=300F

ksteel=25 kmbrick=2.0

Find:

Q=?

Assume (1)steady flow (2)heat travels with respect to x-axis

Solution:
 2 πL(t 1−tn+1)
q= 1 r2 1 r3 1 rn+1
ln + ln + … ln
k1 r 1 k 2 r 2 kn rn

2 π (1)(700−300)
q= 1 0.644 1 1.310
( )ln ( )+( ) ln( )
25 0.56 2.0 0.644

q= 6940 Btu per hr ANS.

Problem 3

A liquid to liquid counter flow heat exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid from 120F to

310F. Assuming that the hot fluid enters at 500F and leaves at 400F, Calculate the log mean

temperature difference for the heat exchanger.

Given:

Thi=500F Tci=120F

Tho=400F Tco=310F

Find:

LMTD=?

Solution

LMTD = (dto - dti) / ln(dto / dti)

 ((500−310)−(400−120))
LMTD= (500−310)
ln
(400−120)

LMTD= 232 F ANS.

Problem 4

A heat exchanger has an over-all coefficient of heat transfer of 900 W/ m 2−K . The mean

temperature difference is 20C and heat loss is 15000W. Calculate the heat transfer area.

Given:

U= 900 W/m 2−K q=15000W

ΔT= 20C

Find:

A=?

Solution:

q=UA(t1-t4)

q
A=
U ΔT
 15000
A=
900(20)

A=0.833m 2 ANS.

Problem 5

Calculate the radiant-heat transfer to a room from 12 ft of bare 1 ½-in. schedule

40 pipe carrying steam at 225F. the room is at 70 F and the pipe is painted a light color (ϵ=0.90).
Given:
For a 1 ½-in. schedule 40 pipe, D=1.9 in
T1= 225F=635R
T2= 70F= 530R
L=12 ft
Find:
Q=?
Solution:

T1 4 T2 4
q=0.174 ϵA(( ) −¿ ( ¿¿ ¿
100 100

A=12(1.9/12)π
A=5.969 sq ft
 685 4 530 4
q=0.174 (0.90)( 5.969 )(( ) −¿ ( ¿¿ ¿
100 100

q= 1318 Btu per hr ANS

Problem 6

Calculate the over-all coefficient of heat transfer, U, and the quantity of heat transferred

per hour through a lead tube 1 ft long with an OD of 1.000in and an ID of 0.870 in. assume that

the hot fluid outside the tube to be water 150F with a film coefficient of 400 Btu per (sq ft)(hr)

(F), and the cold fluid inside of the tube is also water but at 130F with 1505 Btu per (sq ft)(hr)

(F).

Given:

OD= 1.000in ID= 0.870 in

To=150F Ti= 130F hi=1505 Btu per (sq ft)(hr)(F)

ho =400 Btu per (sq ft)(hr)(F)

Find:

(1) U =?

(2) q =?

Solution:

q=UA(t1-t4)
Since A=πL(OD)
1
U= +(OD) ln ⁡¿ ¿
ho
1
U= +(1/12)ln ⁡¿ ¿
400
U= 282 Btu per (sq ft)(hr)(F) ANS.
 π (1)(1)
A=
12
A= 0.2615 sq ft
q= 282 (0.2615) (150-130)
q= 1480 Btu per hr ANS

6. Heat Exchangers
1. A liquid to liquid counterflow heat exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid from 120 °F to
310°F. Assuming that the hot fluid enters at 500°F and leaves at 400°F, calculate the log mean
temperature difference for the heat exchanger.
Solution:
Δt max− Δt min
LMTD = Δt max
ln
Δt min
Where:
Δt max = 400-120 = 280°F
Δt min = 500-310 = 190°F
Thus;
280
LMTD = 280
ln
190
LMTD = 232°F

2. A turbo – generator, 16 cylinder, Vee type diesel engine has an air consumption of 3000 kg/hr
per cylinder at rated load and speed. This air is drawn in thru a filter by a centrifugal
compressor direct connected to the exhaust gas turbine. The temperature of the air from the
compressor is 145°C and a counterflow air cooler reduces the air temperature to 45°C before it
goes to the engine suction header. Cooling water enter air cooler at 30°C and leaves at 38°C.
Calculate the arithmetic mean temperature difference.
Δt max = 145 – 38 = 107°C
Δt min = 45 – 30 = 15°C
 Δt max+ Δt min
AMTD =
2
107+15
=
2
AMTD = 61°C

3. An air – cooled condenser has an expected U value of 30 W/m2 – K based on the air side area.
The condenser is to transfer 60kW with an airflow rate of 15 kg/s entering at 35°C. If the
condensing temperature is to be 48°C, what is the required air-side area?
Solution:
Q=AUθ
Solving for θ:

Δt max− Δt min
Θ= Δt max
ln
Δt min

From;
Q = m Cp Δt
60 = 15 (1) (Δt ¿
Δt = 4K
t 2 – t1 = 4K
t2= 39K
Δt max = 48 -31 = 13°C
Δt min= 48 – 39 = 9°C
Then;
13−9
Θ = 13 = 10.88°C
ln
9
60,000 = A (30)(10.88)
Thus
A = 183.82 m 2
4. An air-cooled condenser is to reject 70kW of heat from a condensing refrigerant to air. The
condenser has an air-side area of 210m 2 and a U value based on this area of 0.037 kW/ m 2−K ; it
is supplied with 6.6 m3/s of air which has a density of 1.15kg/m3. If the condensing temperature
is to be limited to 55°C, what is the maximuim allowable temperature of the inlet air?
Δt max− Δt min
Θ= Δt max
ln
Δt min
Solving for Θ;
Q=AUΘ
70 = (210) (0.037) (Θ)
Θ = 9.018K
From:
Q = m Cp Δt
70 = [(6.6) (1.15)] (1.02) (t2 – t1)
t2 – t1 = 9.04K
then;
9.04
9.01 = 55−t 1
ln
55−t 2
9.04
9.01 = ln 55−t 1 T1 = 40.7°C
55−(9.04+t 1)

7. Refrigeration
1. The enthalpy at the entrance of the condenser is 1660 kJ/kg and exit is 315 kJ/kg. The
Compressor has an enthalpy of 1450 kJ/kg at entrance. Determine COP.
Solution:
Cooling Effect
COP=
Wo rk Input
h1−h 4
COP=
h2−h 1
 1450−315
COP=
1660−1450
COP=5.40
2. An evaporator has a temperature of 3 degrees Celcius with entrance enthalpy of 352.75
kJ/kg. At 3 degrees Celcius, hf = 319. 56 kJ/kg and hg = 642.45 kJ/kg. Find the quality
after expansion.
Solution:
h3 =h4 =h f + x (h g−h f )
352.75=319.56+ x ( 642.45−391.56 )
x = 0.1028
x = 10.28%

8. Air Conditioning

1. The Weather Bureau records for a certain data indicated a temperature of

28C, Barometer pressure is 100kPa and a relative humidity of 75%.
Determine the following
a. Partial pressure of the water vapor
b. Partial Pressure of the dry air
c. Specific Humidity
d. Degree of Saturation
e. Density of the mixture
Given: RH = 0.75 & Pt = 100kPa & tdb = 28C
Solution:
a. Partial pressure of the water vapor
Pv
RH =
P sat

Psat = Psat @tdb = Psat @ 28 C = 3.778kPa

Using laylie equation:
 5333.3
14.43509 −
28 +273
Psat =e

Psat =0.0375 bars=3.75 kPa

Pv = ( 0.75 )( 3.778 )=2.83 Kpa

b. Partial pressure of the dry air

Pt =Pa + Pv 100=P a+ 2.83
Pa=97.17 Kpa

c. Specific Humidity
Pv
W =0.622
Pt −Pv
2.83
W =0.622
100−2.83
kg water vapor
W =0.0181
kg dry air
d. Degree of Saturation

Pt −Psat
D=RH (
P t−P v )
100−3.778
D=0.75( )
100−2.83

D=0.743∗100 %=74.3 %

e. Density

Pt
ρ=
R a T db
100 kPa
ρ=
KJ
(0.287 )(28+273 K )
kg−K
kg
ρ=1.157=1.16 3
m
 2. The mass of an outside air at
50C in an air conditioning unit
is 60kg. Find the temperature
after mixing if the outside air
mixed if the outside air mixed
with 40kg with recirculated air
at 35C.

ms t s=mo t o+ mr t r

(60+ 40)t s=60(50)+ 40(35)

t s=44 C

9. Cooling Towers

1. Water at 55⁰C is cooled in a cooling tower which has efficiency of 65%. The temperature
of the surrounding air is 32⁰C dry bulb and 70% relative humidity. The heat dissipated
from the condenser is 2,300,000 KJ/hr. Find the capacity in liters per second of the pump
used in the cooling tower.

Solution:
Pump Capacity = mʋf@t4
Solving for m: Using energy balance in the Condenser:
e = t3 – t4 / t3 – twb mCp (t3 – t4) = 2,300,000 / 3600
m (4.187) (55-37.06) = 2,300,000 /
From Psychrometric Chart: 3600
At 32⁰C and 70% RH: m = 8.51 kg/s
twb = 27.4⁰C
0.65 = 55 – t4 / 55 – 27.4 From steam table at t4 = 37.06⁰C :
t4 = 37.06⁰C
 ʋf = 1.0068 li/kg Pump Capacity = (8.51 kg/s)(1.0068
li/kg)
Pump Capacity = 8.57 L/s
thus;

2. An atmospheric cooling tower is to provide cooling for the jacket water of a four stroke,
800 KW Diesel generator. The cooling tower efficiency is 60% at a temperature approach
of 10 ⁰C. If the ambient air has a relative humidity of 70% and dry bulb temperature of
32⁰C , determine the volume of cooling water supplied to the diesel engine in liters per
hour if it enters the lower at 52.4⁰C. Generator efficiency is 97% useful work = 30% and
cooling loss = 25%.

Solution: mw(4.187)(52.4 – 37.45) = 687.285

Vol. of water = m vf at t4 : mw = 10.98 kg/s
mw = 39,527.14 kg/hr
Solving for m and vf :
At tdb1 = 32⁰C and 70% RH Specific Volume of water at 37.45⁰C,
twb = 27.45⁰C vf = 1.007 L/kg
tapproach = t4 - 27.45
10 = t4 - 27.45 Thus, Vol. of cooling tower, Vw;
t4 = 37.45⁰C Vw = 39,527.14 (1.007) L/hr

Brake power of Engine = Power Input to Vw = 39.803.83 L

generator
= 800 / 0.97
= 824.74 kW
Heat Supplied to Engine, QA:
QA = 824.74 / 0.3
QA = 2749. 14 kW
Heat Absorbed by Cooling water, Qw:
Qw = 0.25 (2749.14)
= 687.285
mwCpw(t3–t4) = 687.285
3. Eleven thousand three hundred kilograms per hour of water enters a cooling tower at 45
⁰C. Atmospheric air at 16 ⁰C and 55 percent relative humidity enters the tower at the rate
of 10,200 m3/hr and leaves at 32 ⁰C and saturated. Determine the mass of water
evaporated per hour during the cooling process.
Solution:
Mass of water evaporated,
mw = ma (SH2 – SH1)
From Psychrometric Chart:
Entering air @ 16 ⁰C and 55% RH:
V1 = 0.83 m3/kg; SH1 = 0.07 kg/kg
Leaving air at 32⁰C and 100% RH (Saturated)
SH2 = 0.307 kg/kg
Mass of air entering the tower:
ma = (10,200 m3/hr) / (0.83 m3/kg)
= 12, 289.16 kg/hr
Then; mw = 12,289.16 (0.307 – 0.07)

mw = 2,912.53 kg/hr

4. Determine the approximate load on a cooling tower if the entering and leaving
temperatures are 96 ⁰F and 88 ⁰F, respectively and the flow rate of the water over the
tower is 30 gpm.

Solution:
Tower load = 8.33 V ∆t BTU/min
= 8.33 (30gpm) (96 – 88)

Tower load = 2000 BTU/min

10. Dryers
1. A rotary sand dryer produces 20 metric tons per hour of dried sand containing 0.5%
moisture from a wet feed containing 10% moisture. Temperature of wet sand is 30℃ and
that dried sand is 115℃, specific heat of sand is 1.0 kJ/kg – K, neglecting radiation
losses, Calculate:
a. Raw materials introduced into the dryer, kg/hr
b. Amount of water evaporated
Given:
m5 = 20 MT
y 5 = 0.5%
y 4 = 10%

Solution:
a) Raw material introduced into the dryers (m 4 ), kg/hr

mw 4 mw 4
y4 = = (eq. 1)
m4 mds +mw 4

mw 5
y 5= =0.005 (eq. 2)
m5

m w 5 = 0.005(20MT/hr)(1000kg/MT) = 100kg/hr
m5 = mds +mw 5 (eq. 3)
m ds = 20(1000) – 100 = 19,900 kg/hr

From eq. 1
mw 4
0.10 =
19,900+ m w 4
m w 4 = 2,211.11 kg/hr

Therefore,
m 4 = m ds +m w 4
= 19,900 + 2,211.11 kg/hr
b) Amount of water evaporated, mevap.
m evap = m w 4 - m w 5
¿ 2,211.11 – 100
= 2,111.11 kg/hr
2. A room being air conditioned is being held at 25℃ dry bulb and 50% relative humidity.
A flor rate of 5 m3/s of supply air at 15℃ dry bulb and 80% RH is being delivered to the
room to maintain that steady condition at 100 kPa. What is the sensible heat absorbed
from the room air in kW?

Given:
T1 = 15℃
T2 = 25℃
V = 5 m3/s
P = 100 kPa

Solution:

PV = mRT
Qs =mC p ¿)
Gas constant = 0.287 kJ/kg.K
Air C p = 1.003 kJ/kg.K

Solving for m:
PV = mRT
1000(5) = m (0.287)(15 + 273)
m = 6.049 kg/s

thus;
Qs =(6.049)(1.003)¿)
Q s = 60.80 kW

11. Evaporators