Electrons Theory

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853-1928), Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate. Lorentz was born in
Arnhem and educated at the Leiden University, where he became professor of mathematical physics in
1878. He developed the electromagnetic theory of light and the electron theory of matter and
formulated a consistent theory of electricity, magnetism, and light.

Electron- negatively charged particle found in an atom. Electrons, along with neutrons and protons,
comprise the basic building blocks of all atoms.
-electrons, neutrons, and protons are elementary particles—that is, they are among the
smallest parts of matter that scientists can isolate.

A The electron theory, which is the basis of

modern electrical theory, was first advanced
by Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz in
1892. American physicist Robert Andrews
Millikan accurately measured the charge on
the electron in 1909. The widespread use of
electricity as a source of power is largely due
B to the work of pioneering American engineers
and inventors such as Thomas Alva Edison,
C Nikola Tesla, and Charles Proteus Steinmetz
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Models of the Atom

Once scientists discovered the electron, they set out to explain how electrons behave in atoms.

A. In the model developed by British physicist Ernest Rutherford, electrons moved around a tightly packed, positively charged
nucleus.

B. Danish physicist Neils Bohr began with Rutherford’s model, but then postulated further that electrons could only move in certain
orbits and have certain energies.

C. Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger, electrons are described not by the paths they take but by the regions of space where they are
most likely to be found.

Flow of Electrons Based on the Electron Theory Conventional theory movement of current

Electricity - refers to the group of effects caused by charged particles, such as electrons and protons.
Each charged particle creates an electric field around it that attracts or repels other charged particles.

Electricity, one of the basic forms of energy. Electricity is associated with electric charge, a

property of certain elementary particles such as electrons and protons, two of the basic
particles that make up the atoms of all ordinary matter. Electric charges can be stationary, as
in static electricity, or moving, as in an electric current.

Electrostatic Force- the attraction

Major Uses of Electricity
between the nucleus and the electron,
1. For water supply;
which holds the electrons in an orbit.
The protons and atoms attract each
other inside the atom. It has been
known that by nature, unlike charges
attract each other while like charge
 2. Transportations;
3. Communication.
4. To power home appliances.
5. Energize industrial equipment.
6. Provides lights and other entertainment uses.

Sources of Electricity
1. Friction
2. Chemical Reaction
3. Heat Action
4. Light Action
5. Pressure
6. Mechanical Action
7. Alternative Energy which could produce Electricity.
a. Geothermal Plant
b. Hydro plant
c. Wind
d. Solar
e. Bio-gas
f. Tidal effects
g. Nuclear Energy
h. Coal Plant Magnetic Field of a Permanent Magnet
Iron filings arrange themselves along the lines

Electromagnetism- Both spinning and orbiting activities of electrons are materials in the
production of magnetic effects. Magnetic forces are produced by the motion of charged
particles such as electrons.

Magnet- is a body having the property of polarity and of attraction and repulsion found in the
lodestone. Every magnet, except the ring magnet,, has at least two opposite poles, the north
pole and the south pole.

Classes of Magnets

a. Natural magnets- are iron ores, called magnetite, discovered centuries ago near
Magnesia in Asia Manor. The earth is a huge natural magnet.
b. Permanent magnets- are bars or hardened steel which have been permanently
magnetized.
c. Electromagnets- are soft iron cores wound with a coil or insulated wire. When
electricity flows through the coil ceases the core loses its artificial magnets.

Magnetic Circuits- the route or path followed by the magnetic lines of force of a magnet.

Direction of Lines of Force- this can be traced by a magnetic spectrum or by moving a

suspended needle or magnetic compass along a force line. The lines always flow from the
north to the south pole inside the work.

The flux of a magnetic field- this is the total number of lines of force comprising the field, or
the amount or quality of magnetism in that field. Flux is usually represented by the Greek
letter phi.

Maxwell- is one unit of magnetic flux.This means that 1 maxwell= 1 line.

Different forms of Electromagnet

Solenoid coil relay buzzer electric bell
Factors Determining the Strength of Magnetism
1. Permeability of the iron core used
2. Increasing current flow in the electromagnet
3. Increasing the number of turns on the electromagnet
4. The cross sectional area of the core
 5. Size of magnet wire

3 Electrical Quantities of Electricity

1. Voltage- it creates electrical pressure in the circuit.The term potential difference and
voltage are often used interchangeably to mean the “push”, thus, you may see the term
electromotive force (emf) or just the word potential to escribe the electron push in
certain instances.
a. Volt- basic unit of voltage
b. v- symbols for voltage
c. E- electrical formula represents voltage
d. Allessandro Volta- person who discover voltage
e. Voltmeter- electrical instrument used to measure voltage
f. 1kv- unit to be used if one volt is too small to be used.

Two forms of voltage

1.AC- alternating current
2.DC- direct current

2. Electric Current- electrons in motion from low to high potential.

a. Ampere- basic unit of Electric Current
b. A- symbols used for Electric Current
c. I- Electrical formula represents Electric Current
d. Ammeter- Electrical Instrument used to measure Electric Current
e. Andre Marie Ampere- person who discovered Electric current
Specific resistance at 20o C:

Material Element/Alloy (ohm-cmil/ft) (ohm-cm·10-

6
)
==================================================================
==
Nichrome ------- Alloy ---------------- 675 ------------- 112.2
Nichrome V ----- Alloy ---------------- 650 ------------- 108.1
Manganin ------- Alloy ---------------- 290 ------------- 48.21
Constantan ----- Alloy ---------------- 272.97 ---------- 45.38
Steel* --------- Alloy ---------------- 100 ------------- 16.62
Platinum ------ Element --------------- 63.16 ----------- 10.5
Iron ---------- Element --------------- 57.81 ----------- 9.61
Nickel -------- Element --------------- 41.69 ----------- 6.93
Zinc ---------- Element --------------- 35.49 ----------- 5.90
Molybdenum ---- Element --------------- 32.12 ----------- 5.34
Tungsten ------ Element --------------- 31.76 ----------- 5.28
Aluminum ------ Element --------------- 15.94 ----------- 2.650
Gold ---------- Element --------------- 13.32 ----------- 2.214
Copper -------- Element --------------- 10.09 ----------- 1.678
Silver -------- Element --------------- 9.546 ----------- 1.587

* = Steel alloy at 99.5 percent iron, 0.5 percent carbon.