Scribd
Upload
125 views

"Mathematical Biology": Mathematics Discipline Khulna University

This document is a student assignment on mathematical biology submitted to Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas. It discusses methods for graphing nullclines and isoclines of ordinary differential equations. Nullclines are sets of points where dx/dy=0 and isoclines are sets where dx/dy is constant. The assignment provides definitions and examples of nullclines and isoclines, including MATLAB code to graph different systems of ODEs. It also references lecture materials and online resources used in completing the assignment.

Uploaded by

joy bakshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
125 views

"Mathematical Biology": Mathematics Discipline Khulna University

This document is a student assignment on mathematical biology submitted to Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas. It discusses methods for graphing nullclines and isoclines of ordinary differential equations. Nullclines are sets of points where dx/dy=0 and isoclines are sets where dx/dy is constant. The assignment provides definitions and examples of nullclines and isoclines, including MATLAB code to graph different systems of ODEs. It also references lecture materials and online resources used in completing the assignment.

Uploaded by

joy bakshi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

AN ASSIGNMENT ON

“MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY”

Course No: Math-4217


Course Title: Mathematical Biology

Submitted to Submitted By
DR. MD. HAIDER ALI BISWAS KAZI MOHAMMAD NAZIB
Professor Student ID: 171206
Mathematics Discipline 4th Year, 2nd Term
Khulna University

Date of submission: 07 October 2020

MATHEMATICS DISCIPLINE
KHULNA UNIVERSITY
Page | 0
Table of Contents

Methods of Nullcines and Isoclines:................................................................................................2


Definition of Nullcline:............................................................................................................2
Definition of isocline:..............................................................................................................2
Some Examples:..............................................................................................................................3
Graph the isocline of....................................................................................................................3
Graph the nullclines of the following ordinary differential equations........................................5
Draw the graph of the following two isoclines in MATLAB......................................................6
Graph the isoclines of the following ordinary differential equations..........................................7
Graph the isoclines of the following ordinary differential equations..........................................8
Graph the isoclines of the following ordinary differential equations..........................................9
Graph the isoclines of the following ordinary differential equations........................................11
Reference.......................................................................................................................................12

Page | 1
Methods of Nullclines and Isoclines:

Approximating solutions of differential equations (DE) are sometimes obtained by


using graphical methods, via direction (i.e., slope)fields. However, there is one
idea, (not mentioned in the book) that is very useful to sketching and analyzing
direction fields, namely null clines and isoclines. The standard form of a first order
DE for which there is a slope field is;
dx
=f ( x , y )
dy

To sketch the direction field of such a system, at each point ( x 0 , y 0 ) in the xy-
plane, we draw a vector starting at ( x 0 , y 0 ) with slope f (x 0 , y 0 ) .
Definition of Nullcline: The nullcline is the set of points in the direction field so that
dx
=0
dy
Geometrically, these are the points where the vectors are horizontal. Algebraically,
we find the nullcline by solving f (x , y )=0

Definition of isocline: An isocline is a set of points in the direction field for which
dx
=c
there is a constant c with dy at these points.
Different c = Different isoclines.
Geometrically, the direction field arrows at the points of the isocline all have the
same slope. Algebraically, we find the isocline for a constant c by solving
f (x , y )=c
Method of isoclines for sketching direction fields steps:
1. We draw different isoclines with different c .
dx
2. As c is the numerical value of the slope dy of every solution curve as it
crosses the isocline, we draw hash mark constitute a part of the direction
field for the differential equation.

Page | 2
Some Examples:
Graph the isocline of
dy
 x y
i) dx

Solution:

The isoclines are the straight lines


x+ y=c or y=−x +c
which mark slope c on each isocline (there are some isoclines here too)

Matlab Code:
clear all
clc
[x,y]=meshgrid(-4:0.2:4,-4:0.2:4);
m=x+y;
L=sqrt(1+m.^2);
quiver(x,y,1./L,m./L)
axis tight
hold on
x=[-4:0.2:4];
y=[-4:0.2:4];
for c=-4:1:4
y=c-x;
plot(x,y,'r')
end
axis([-4 4 -4 4])
axis tight equal
axis([-4 4 -4 4])

Page | 3
dx
=2 x 2 − y
ii) dy , y (0 )=0

Solution:

Th Isoclines are the parabolas 2 x 2 − y=C y=2 x 2 +C


Matlab Code:
clear all
clc
[x,y]=meshgrid(-4:0.2:4,-4:0.2:4);
m=2.*x.^2-y;
L=sqrt(1+m.^2);
quiver(x,y,1./L,m./L)
axis tight
hold on
x=[-4:0.2:4];
y=[-4:0.2:4];
for c=-4:1:4
y=2.*x.^2-c;
plot(x,y,'r')
end
axis([-4 4 -4 4])
axis tight equal
axis([-4 4 -4 4])

Page | 4
Graph the nullclines of the following ordinary differential equations
dx  x
 2 x  1    xy
iii) dt  2

dy 9 
 y   y2   x2 y
dt 4 
Solution:

 x
2 x 1    xy  0
 2
 x 2  x  y  0

Either x  0 or 2  x  y  0  x y  2

Again,

9 
y   y2   x2 y  0
4 
9 
y   y2  x2   0
4 

9
 y2  x2  0
Either y  0 or 4
MATLAB Code:

Page | 5
clear all
clc
[x,y]=meshgrid(-4:0.2:4,-4:0.2:4);
m1=2.*x*(1-(x/2))-x*y;
m2=y*((9/4)-y.^2)-x.^2*y;
quiver(x,y,m1,m2)
axis tight
hold on
x=[-4:0.2:4];
y=[-4:0.2:4];
y=2.*(1-x/2);
plot(x,y)
y=sqrt((9/4)-x.^2);
plot(x,y)
axis([-4 4 -4 4])
axis tight equal
axis([-4 4 -4 4])

Draw the graph of the following two isoclines in MATLAB.


dx Lx
 f  x, y   A  Bx 
dt  1  Mx   1  Ny 
dy Lx F
 g  x, y   D
dt  1  Mx   1  Ny   1  Hy 
Solution:

f  x, y   0 g  x, y   0
For nullclines and
So,
Lx Lx F
A  Bx  0 D 0
 1  Mx   1  Ny  and  1  Mx   1  Ny   1  Hy 

Page | 6
MATLAB Code:

Graph the isoclines of the following ordinary differential equations


dx
 x   x  3 y  150 
dt
dy
 y  2 x  y  100 
dt
Solution:

dx dy
For isoclines dt and dt are zero.
So

x   x  3 y  150   0

Either x  0 or x  3 y  150 Which is a straight line

y  2 x  y  100   0
And

Either y  0 Or 2 x  y  100 which is also a straight line.


Matlab code

Graph the isoclines of the following ordinary differential equations


dx
 x  10  x  y 
dt

Page | 7
dx
 y  30  2 x  y 
dt
Solution:
MATLAB Code:

Graph the isoclines of the following ordinary differential equations


dx  x
 2 x  1    xy
dt  2

dy 9 
 y   y2   x2 y
dt 4 
Solution:
MATLAB Code:

Page | 8
Graph the isoclines of the following ordinary differential equations
dx
 x  4 x  y  160 
dt
dy
 y   x 2  y 2  2500 
dt
Solution:
MATLAB Code:

Page | 9
Reference
(1) From the lecture of our honorable teacher DR. MD. HAIDER ALI BISWAS, Professor,
Mathematics Discipline, Khulna University.
(2) en.wikipedia.org
(3) www.mat.univie.ac
(4) Non-linear systems of ordinary differential equations, MASSOUD MALEK.
(5) www.mathworks.com

Page | 10

You might also like