86 Zero conditional (if/when/whenever + present tense, present tense) General or scientific facts and definitions | if you burn fossil fuels, carbon dioxide is produced. Gite R UC CUA ied ecb cu Sk nLLie RM SeSeEC D Real conditions nthe present or future and | If we continue to polite our planet, future generations will suffer. their resuits in the present or future To give conditional instructions If the people from Greenpeace call, tell them I'll call them back later. other modals and serimorals canbe used instead of win te est clase in fist condtionas. These inde be going to, can, could, may, might, shall, should, have to and ought to We might prevent disaster if we change the way we live now. Second conditional (if + past simple / past continuous, would + bare infinitive) Hypothetical conditions in the present or | What would the local government do if there was an earthquake in the area? future and their hypothetical results in the present or future i Other modals can be used instead of would in the result clause in second conditionals. These include might and could. ¥ Ifthe weather was better, we could have a picnic. pS vs EE Grammar - —. + InBrtish English, we can use both was and were after if with fist and third person singular. Were is more common in a formal style. In American English, itis usual to use were. UK: If was/were a gambler, Fd put money on Jim being late. US: fl were a gambler, fd put money on im being late. | + Inboth British and American English, wee is usually used inthe phrase If] were you, Third conditional (if + past perfect, would have + past participle) Hypothetical conditions in the past and their | A lot more people would have been trapped by the flood if there hadn't results in he past been a warning. E otrermodals can be usd instead of woul nthe est clause in hid condtonas. These ince might could ‘and should Ifyou hadn't had a lot of luck, you eould have lost al your money. Creo CT uy Hypothetical conditions in the past and You might not be in so much trouble if you hadn't started gambling. their results inthe present Hypothetical conditions inthe present and | If /were you, | would have made Pauia buy her own lottery ticket. | their results inthe pasteee ee Conditionals Unit 11 Inverted conditionals ‘More formal form of the first conditional ‘Should the drought continue, many people will be forced to leave their vilages. (with should) (= If the drought should continue ... / Ifthe drought continues ... ) ‘More formal form of the second conditional | Were we to stop using fossil fuels tomorrow, it would stil take decades for the | planet to recover. (= Hwe were to stop... / we stopped...) More formal form ofthe third conditional | Had Charles Darwin not visited the Galapagos Islands, he might never have developed his theory of evolution. ( = if Charles Darwin hadn't visited ...) + When the verb to be inverted is negative, we put not after the subject. ¥ Had we not attended the meeting, we would have had no idea ofthe council's plans. + When te ifclause comes before the result clause, we usually separate the two clauses with a comma, When the resuit clause comes first, we do not use a comma, = 7 Ifyou share a car to work, you can save on energy. You can save on energy if you share 2 car to work CoA cose ichih chi har ‘As/so long as Well go up to the mountains this weekend as long as the weather's okay. Provided/Providing that) | You can have a pet provided that you promise to look after it propery. On condition (that) ‘Applications for membership are accepted on condition that applicants are over 18. ‘Suppose/Supposing ‘Supposing the price of oil tripled tomorrow. What do you tink would happen? Wit wasn'/werent for + noun | think 'd be quite lonely if it wasn't/weren't for my dog, Buster. Were it not for + noun | Were it not for my dog, Buster, | think 'd be quite lonely. But for + noun But for your help, I wouldn't have been able to quit gambling, tithadn't been for + noun {fit hadn't been for your help, | wouldn't have been able to quit gambling. Had it not been for + noun Had it not been for your helo, [wouldn't have been able to quit gambling. I. (should) happen to Ifyou (should) happen to see Davina, ask her whether she would look after the cats this weekend. Ht... should If you should see Davina, ask her whether she would look after the cats this weekend. It... happened to If you happened to see someone drop litter in the street, what would you do? It... were to Do you think it would reduce pollution if the government were to introduce a new tax on petrol? Hf so/not | Are you concerned about the environment? If so, you might be interested in joining Greenpeace. Otherwise You should have your air conditioner serviced, otherwise you'll waste a lot of energy. Unless Unless governments act now, the environment is really going to suffer. In case of + noun |In case of fre, leave the building by the nearest emergency exit. Incase Take a coat with you in case the weather gets worse. To mean ‘itis true that” Ifyou were at the meeting, why didn't you raise the issue of recycling? Tomean youre wing tt _| you ewe, M show you toe ak manager ce ‘To mean im saying this in case’_| If you like zoos, the one in Singapore is fantastic. 87See Unit 11 88 Grammer A. Match to make sentences. If you stay with us for three days, IF you decide not to vote in the election, If you didn't eat your lunch so fast, If there were a few more people working, 1 we might get served a bit more quickly. 2 3 4 5 Ifyou forget to take your passport, 6 7 8 9 give us a call and well come to pick you up. very few people would obey the law. you wouldn't get hiccups, would you? they have to go through a complicated procedure. we'd be happy to give you a good reference. I'm pretty sure they won't et you check in. more areas of natural beauty will be destroyed. welll have enough time to see a few sights. you can't really complain about the government. If the hire car isn't there when you arrive, If the city continues to expand, If the police didn't fine people, If you did decide to leave the company, 10 If MPs wish to resign, e-zemmcem> B_ Rewrite using an appropriate conditional form, starting with the words given. Sue didn't get me a birthday present, which is why | didn't get her one. If Sue 2. We didn't pay them on time because they made a mistake with our order. Hf they 3. The climate is undergoing such radical changes that scientists are worried. if 4. Did California become an important area because they found gold there? Would . - ? 5 It’s the sunset that attracts tourists to that place. leit 6 There was a traffic jam on the motorway so | was late for my interview. I there 7 I suggest you use a sunblock, and then you won't go red, i were 8 The accident happened as a result of the driver's not paying attention to the road, Ifthe driver C Complete using the correct form of the verbs in bold. Add any other words you need. 17#f march So, today marks one year since | became a Park Ranger. If | (1) — (do) that then, | never | (2) .... (have) so many fantastic experiences. If you (3) (ask) me now, | | would say that | knew nothing when | started, but I've learnt a huge amount. In a typical day, I'll deal with ‘complaints, check on the running of the park and lead guided tours, if any (4) (book). If it's low season, | (5) (have) time to check on forest management and fire control measures. |Itcan get stressful at times, especially if visitors to the park (6) some (get) lost or injured. We had a case last week, which wouldn't (7) w (happen) if the woman involved (8) (be) a bit more careful. You see, if you (9) (wander) around a large National Park like this without a map, you're bound to get lost. This particular case might (10) (be) so bad if it (11) (start) raining. She was only wearing light clothes, so she was wet through and freezing when we found her. | dread to think what might (12) (happen) if we hadn't!ee hr D Circle the correct word or phrase. Rone 8 9 10 ll 12 Conditionals Unit 11 lf we hadn't taken a wrong turning back there, we wouldn't be / have been in this mess now. Should / Would you need any further assistance, please dor't hesitate to ask. Had they not / Hadn't they warned people in time, a lot more lives could have been lost. lf you worked / had worked last weekend when the boss asked you, then you wouldn't have to work this weekend. Were all the members of staff to attend the conference, would the hotel have / have had enough rooms for everyone? Had the government acted sooner, the general public wouldn't be worrying / have worried so much about the current situation, ‘Tom Cruise wouldn't be the star he is today had he not / should he not have made a good impression in his early films. Weren't we / Were we not to build more roads, the traffic system would collapse by 2020. It would be hard enough to pass the exam tomorrow even if you went / had gone to all the lectures this year. You can contact the hotel manager on extension 142 should / could you need to. Shouldn't you / Should you not receive confirmation of your flight by e-mail, please click the link below. | would have asked the person for ID before | let him in, if| were / have been you. E Complete using the words in the box. evans case * condition * long * otherwise * provided * so * suppose * unless Do you want a highly-paid career, and, if {im quite happy to lend you money, as The village fair should be a great success, weather as last year. Itd be great to see you on Saturday evening, Could you go to the shop for me? I have to stay in in Your idea sounds fine in theory, but just Write your name at the top of your essay, The judge allowed the accused to stay at home on every morning. F Write one word in each gap. | would never be able to afford a new house if tfithadn't have got the job. How do you think you'd feel if someone happened , are you prepared to retrain? Contact us. as you make sure | get it back we don't have the same problems with the you've already got other plans. the courier comes, something goes wrong. What then? | won't know which one's yours. she reported to the police wasn't for all the overtime I've been doing. for the fact that his uncle was a partner in the business, Angus would never damage your car like that? for the kindness of a complete stranger, | would never have found the hotel. | don't think I'd be surprised in the slightest, moving abroad. Don't forget to mention the new schedule to Veronica if you this evening. Football matches would be ideal family outings Ifit hadn't been | would have lost the game Ityou Paul were to suddenly announce that he was happen to see her it not for the danger of violence. the children, 'm sure Trisha would have left Tom a long time ago. it not been for some quick thinking, find the book | was asking you about, give me a call 8990 G Rewrite the sentences, starting with the words given. H 1 ‘The only reason we won the contract was Debbie's fantastic presentation. We wouldn't have The eventual arrival of the ferry prevented a fight from breaking out amongst the passengers. If ithhadn't been for None of the passengers was injured because of the driver's quick reaction. But We'll have to cancel the meeting if Wendy doesn't turn up soon. Unless Mr Jones would be quite lonely if he didn't have his daughter's visits. Were it Here's my phone number, because you might need it. Incase Agree to be back by midnight and you can go. Providing Officer Hughes prevented the robbers from escaping Had it Choose the correct answer. 1 Ifyou saw another student cheating in an exam, somebody? C would you tell D have you told A did you tell B do you tell Make sure you mix the ingredients well, ‘you might get lumps in your cake. Aunless C provided B otherwise D supposing Were my dad, | would never have started playing tennis in the first place. Ait for Citto be for Bit hadn't been for Ditnot for Hh. hear from Nigel, I'l tell him you were asking after him. ‘Ahappened B should happen to C should to D will happen to ‘The book would have been perfect the ending. Abad it not been for B it had not been for C it hadn't been for D hadn't it been for 6 If you hadn't taken the money, you in prison now. ‘A wouldn't have been B hadn't been C haven't been D wouldn't be 7 Do you think that if we might not have missed the coach? earlier we Ahave been leaving Chad left Bleft D have left 8 Unless Ray here soon, I'm going to leave because I'm getting bored. A doesn't get C won't get Beets D will get 9 What if! you that there's a good chance I can get tickets for the concert? A were to tell C have told B were telling D would to tell 10 If there happen to be any reason for late delivery, please inform our Accounts Department. A might B could C would D should0 Conditionals. Unit 11 | Write one word in each gap. Had (2) not been for the invention of CFCs (chlorofiuorocarbons) in the 1920s, at least one environmental problem might have been avoided. In fact, (2) they to be invented today, they 3) 1no doubt be immediately banned, For fifty years, though, if you bought an air conditioner or a spray, there (4) ‘a good chance that it contained CFCs ~ and those CFCs are still around in the atmosphere if you (5) able to travel into the upper layers of the atmosphere, you (6) see the chlorine and fluorine from CFCs breaking down the ozone (a form of oxygen). Ozone could damage your lungs (7) ‘you were to breathe it, but high in the atmosphere it performs the function of blocking ultraviolet rays from the sun, rays which can cause skin cancer if you (8) exposed to them. We might (9) have known about the process (10) it not been for the work of two American scientists, Frank Rowland and Mario Molina. A number of industries fought against their conclusions, and might have won (11) the evidence not been so clear Rowland and Molina received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1995 for their work on the ozone layer, but (a2) wihich we might today be facing an even greater problem. CFCs | J Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1 Without this new diet, Henry would never have lost so much weight. it Had this new diet, Henry would never have lost so much weight. 2. Unless the plans change, we'll see you on the 19, no Provided the plans, we'll see you on the 19", 3. If you applied now, there's a good chance you would get the job. apply Were «there's a good chance you would get the job. 4 didn't know about your problem so | didn't offer to help. have IF fd known about your problem, to help 5 It could get cold at night, so take some warm clothes. in Take some warm clothes ... cold at night 6 I'd love to travel the world if | didn’t have to pay off my mortgage. having Were to pay off my mortgage, I'd love to travel the world. 7 Ten years ago, people would have complained at seeing this film. seen Had , they would have complained, 8 Drivers are allowed to park here if they display a local resident permit. condition Drivers are allowed to park here sone they display a local resident permit 91