Industrial Applications of Gas Chromatography
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Assem Ashraf KhidhrIndustrial Applications of Gas Chromatography
Uploaded by
Assem Ashraf Khidhr21/11/2018
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
PRINCIPLE:
1. Stationary phase
a. Solid support
b. Liquid support
2. Mobile phase (Inert gas):
a. Argon
b. Helium
3. Basis of separation: Boiling point
4. Notes: Samples are volatilized
USES:
1. Analysis
a. Qualitative
i. GC data only.
e.g. Retention data
ii. GC & other data.
e.g. Mass Spectrometry
iii. Without-peak
identification.
i.e. Fingerprint analysis
b. Quantitative
i. Peak size measurement
e.g. Peak height
ii. Standardization
2. Separation of volatile oils mixture
APPLICATIONS
Petrochemical
The term “petrochemicals” refers to the basic
chemicals that are derived from refinery petroleum
cuts. They are produced by separation of the
byproducts from the cracking (pyrolysis) of
hydrocarbon streams. These streams range from
natural gas to the heavy distillate (gas oil) cuts from
a refinery primary fractionator. Some chemicals,
such as the aromatics, are separated from various
refinery streams. The basic petrochemicals, which
are produced in the largest volumes, are separated
into two classes: olefins and aromatics. The olefins
include ethylene, propylene, and 1,3-butadiene. The
aromatics are benzene and the xylenes. These
chemicals are used primarily for the manufacturing
of plastics, synthetic rubbers, and fibers. A wide range of other chemicals is also produced in somewhat lesser
volumes, but with a variety of applications.
Clinical and Pharmaceutical
i. Amphetamines
ii. Inhalational anesthetics
iii. Tricyclic antidepressants
iv. Antiepileptics
v. Blood alcohol
Environmental
The industrial revolution and growth of America through the
nineteenth century created a great deal of prosperity in America, but it was also accompanied by a number of
far-reaching environmental crises that became public and disturbed the awakening social conscience of the
1960s. Legislators were pressured by public opinion to pass laws to regulate and monitor the chemicals being
released into the environment. Concurrently the development of analytical instrumentation enabled the
detection of these pollutants at trace levels. The technique of gas–liquid chromatography developed by James
and Martin in 1952 became a primary tool in environmental analysis. Gas chromatography plays a central role
for the determination of many organic compounds that are of environmental concern. Although it is a mature
or classical technique, It has been enhanced since the early 1950s with new sample introduction techniques,
columns, and detectors. These additions have made it a very valuable and versatile tool for use in the analytical
methods that are required to quickly and reliably detect trace levels of numerous organic contaminants in
environmental samples. When coupled with the purge and trap technique1, long lists of volatile organic
1Gas chromatography plays a central role for the determination of many organic compounds that are of
environmental concern. Although it is a mature or classical technique, It has been enhanced since the early
compounds can be determined in soil and water samples. The nitrogen phosphorus detector and electron
capture detector have made the detection of pesticides at part per billion concentrations routine. The coupling
of mass spectrometry with gas chromatography has provided another dimension to the data that allows for
qualitative confirmation of target analytes and the tentative identification of unknown organic compounds.
Forensic
Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of drugs of abuse
REFERENCES
1. Grob, R. L., & Barry, E. F. (Eds.). (2004). Modern practice of gas chromatography. John Wiley & Sons.
2. Skoog, D. A., Holler, F. J., & Crouch, S. R. (2017). Principles of instrumental analysis. Cengage learning.
3. Wikipedia contributors. (2018, November 7). Gas chromatography. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.
Retrieved 20:56, November 21, 2018, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gas_chromatography&oldid=867645695
1950s with new sample introduction techniques, columns, and detectors. These additions have made it a very
valuable and versatile tool for use in the analytical methods that are required to quickly and reliably detect
trace levels of numerous organic contaminants in environmental samples. When coupled with the purge and
trap technique, long lists of volatile organic compounds can be determined in soil and water samples. The
nitrogen phosphorus detector and electron capture detector have made the detection of pesticides at part per
billion concentrations routine. The coupling of mass spectrometry with gas chromatography has provided
another dimension to the data that allows for qualitative confirmation of target analytes and the tentative
identification of unknown organic compounds.
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