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Sanitary sewage flow depends on population, water consumption, the percentage of water that returns to sewers, and variations in domestic sewage flow. Stormwater runoff quantity depends on the surface drainage area, rainfall intensity, and the condition of the surface. The Rational Method is used to determine stormwater flow and relates peak runoff rate to average rainfall intensity and drainage area. Key factors in the Rational Method include time of concentration, runoff coefficient, and rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationships.

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54 views

ch2 PDF

Sanitary sewage flow depends on population, water consumption, the percentage of water that returns to sewers, and variations in domestic sewage flow. Stormwater runoff quantity depends on the surface drainage area, rainfall intensity, and the condition of the surface. The Rational Method is used to determine stormwater flow and relates peak runoff rate to average rainfall intensity and drainage area. Key factors in the Rational Method include time of concentration, runoff coefficient, and rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationships.

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Rohit Yadav
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CHAPTER 2

QUANTITY of SANITARY SEWAGE (DESIGN FLOW RATES)

Sanitary sewage flow depends on:

1. Population: Future populations at the end of design period should be estimated.


(Population forecasting methods have already been given in Enve 311 notes).
2. Water consumption:
 Sewage flow curve is closely parallel to water consumption curve.
 Time lag is obvious.
 Peaks on the curve flattened due to storage space in sewers and flow time. In
general, industrial countries and large communities have 300 - 400 LCD,
developing countries and small communities have 150 - 250 LCD water
consumption.
3. Percentage of water returns to the sewer: About 60 - 90 % (average 70%) of the
consumed water. Percentage is increasing due to better sewer systems.
4. Variations in sewage flow (domestic):

Figure 1: Sewage variations

Common ratios:

Multiply Q_ave_daily by 2.25 to convert Q_max_daily

Multiply Q_ave_daily by 3 to convert Q_max_hourly

Peak coefficient:

P.K = Peak Flow / Average Flow


To find peak flow coefficient French formula is used. French formula gives the maximum
peak hourly coefficient.

By using French formula "P" is found.

Where

P: Peak coefficient

a: 1.5

b: 2.5

qm: average flow in L/s

QUANTITY of STORM WATER


Storm water runoff is that the portion of precipitation which flows over the ground during
and a short time after a storm.

The quantity depends on:

1. Surface drainage area (ha)


2. Intensity of the rainfall (L/s.ha)
3. The condition of surface (runoff coefficinet, C)

Rational Method

 This method is used to determine the storm flow.


 It can be applied anywhere, and runoff is related to rainfall intensity by the formulae:

Where Q is in L/s, i is in L/s.ha and A is in ha.

Rational Method Assumptions


1. The peak rate of runoff is a function of average rainfall intensity during the time of
concentration.
2. The frequency of peak discharge is the same as the frequency of the average rainfall
intensity.
3. The time of concentration is the time required for the runoff to become established and
flow from the most remote part (in time) of the drainage area to the point under design.
Time of Concentration (tc)

Figure 2: Time of concentration (tc), flow time (tf) and inlet time (ti).
Time of concentration for B = inlet time PA + flow time AB

tc = ti + tf

Example 1:

Time of flow (tf):

Inlet time (ti):

 It is the time required for water to flow over ground surface and along gutters to sewer
inlet.
 It is a function of rainfall intensity, surface slope, surface roughness, flow distance,
infiltration capacity and depression storage.
 Common values:
o Densely developed areas, inlets closely spaced: 5 minutes
o Well developed areas, flat slopes: 10 - 15 minutes
o Flat residential areas, inlets widely spaced: 20 - 30 minutes
o 5 - 15 minutes are the most commonly used ones

Runoff coefficient (C) or imperviousness (I):

 It requires greatest exercise of judgement by engineer


 It is an assumed constant, actually variable with time
 It is a function of infiltration capacity, interception by vegetation, depression storage,
evapotranspiration for each drainage area.

Rainfall Intensity (i or r):

Factors to consider:

 Average frequency of occurrence of storm


 I-D-F characteristics of rainfall
 Time of concentration

Average frequency of occurrence (f of 1/n):

If the frequency of rain is once a 5-year then f=5 or 1/n=5.

The probability of occurrence, n=0.2

Range of frequency often used:

 Residential area: f=2-10 years (5 years most common)


 Commercial and high value districts: f=10-50 years
 Flood protection: f=50 years

Intensity - Duration - Frequency (IDF) relationship:

 Basic data derived from gage measurement of rainfall over a long period.
 A rainfall height diagram obtained by a rain gage is shown in Figure 3. Slope of the
curve or rain height per unit time is defined as "rain intensity".

To convert L/s.ha, use


Figure 3. Rainfall height diagram.

Example 2:

An automatic rain gage record is given in table. Find the progressive arithmetic mean rate, or
intensity of precipitation for various durations. The record is shown in columns 1 and 2 of
table.

The intensity - duration curve of the example rain is given below in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Intensity - duration curve of the example.

Example 3:
The number of storms of varying intensity and duration recorded by a rain gage in 45 years
are listed in Table 1. Determine the time intensity values for the 5-year storm.

Table 1: Record of intense rainfalls. Number of storms of stated intensity (inches per hour) or more.

If it is assumed that the 5-year storm is equaled or exceeded in intensity Y=9 (45/5) times in
45 years, the generalized time-intensity values may be interpolated from the summary by
finding (a) for each specified intensity the duration that is equaled or exceeded by nine
storms and (b) for each specified duration the intensity that is equaled or exceeded by nine
storms. Interpolation proceeds along a broken diagonal line both vertically and horizontally.
The results obtained are brought together in Table 2 and Figure 5. A smooth curve drawn
through them traces the course of the 5-year storm-rainfall. Similar calculations for the 1, 2,
and 10-year rainfall yields the remaining members of the family of curves included in Figure
5.
Table 2. Calculation of storm frequencies (example 3).
(a)Duration
5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 80 100
(min)
(a)Intensity
6.50 4.75 4.14 3.50 2.46 2.17 1.88 1.66 1.36 1.11
(in/hr)
(b)Intensity
1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
(in/hr)
(b)Duration
116.0 89.9 70.0 52.5 46.7 29.0 25.7 16.0 9.3 7.5
(min)

Figure 5. Intensity - Duration - Frequency of rainfalls.

Intensity - Duration - Frequency relationships may be expressed in a graphical form (as


above), tabular or equation form.

General Equations (for t < 2 hours)

; ;
Constants A, B and n depend on locality and climatology [i:in/hr, t:min].

For example: for eastern USA or for Chicago (f=5 year).

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