Lecture 7:

Analysis and Design of T-Beams

T-Beams
T-Beams
 T-Beams

Typical Singly Reinforced

Concrete T-Beam

Typical Doubly Reinforced

Concrete T-Beam
T-Beams
 T-Beams

 Reinforced concrete floor systems are placed

monolithically with supporting beams.
 The slab can function as a flange for the beam.
 The portion of the beam below the slab is called
the web or stem.

6
 Effective Flange Width

 Stocky and compact flanges see a fairly uniform

compressive stress.
 Wide and thin flanges see a varying compressive
stress.
 The further a portion of the flange is from the
web, the smaller will be the compressive stress.

7
Compressive Stress Block of T-Section
(Brendel, 1967)

8
 Uniform Stress Distribution and
the Effective Flange Width Concept (MacGregor, 2005)

Realistic nonlinear distribution of

compressive stresses in T-Beams

Approximation of the nonlinear

distribution of stresses by
uniformly distributed
compressive stresses over a
smaller width (effective flange
width-be) in T-Beams.

9
 Effective Flange Width
Rather than considering a varying compressive stress across the
flange, the ACI Code uses the concept of an “effective flange
width”.

10
Effective Flange Width

11
 Effective Flange Width-T Beams
For T-beams with flanges on both sides of the web, the
effective flange width is limited to the minimum of:
a) One-quarter of the beam span. [L/4]
b) The web width plus 16 times the slab
thickness (eight times each side). [16hf+bw]
c) One-half of the clear distance to the
adjacent web. [0.5sw]

12
 Effective Flange Width-L Beams

For T-beams with a flange on one side of the web only,

the effective flange width is limited to the minimum of:
a) One-twelfth of the beam span [L/12]
b) The web width plus six times the slab thickness.
[6hf+bw]
c) One-half the clear distance to the adjacent web
[0.5sw]

13
 T-Beams – Strength Design

 Neutral axis may or may not fall in the flange.

 If the neutral axis falls in the flange, the design
procedure for bending is identical to that for
rectangular beams.
 If the neutral axis does not fall in the flange, the
compression area does not consist of a single
rectangle, and the rectangular beam design
procedure does not apply.

14
 Neutral Axis Location-2D Representation

Neutral Axis in the Flange

Neutral Axis in the Web

15
Possible Locations of Neutral Axis in T-Beams
 Analysis of T-Beams

 Determine the minimum area of positive moment

reinforcing steel using ACI Code Section 10.5.1.
 Compute the tensile force as T = Asfy
 Determine the area of concrete in compression (Ac)

𝑇
𝐶 = 𝑇 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝐴𝑐 =
0.85𝑓′𝑐

17
Analysis of T-Beams

NC=NT
0.85f’c AC=Asfy
18
 Analysis of T-Beams
As (min) Requirement
 The procedure for determining the minimum steel for a
T-beam is the same as for a rectangular beam when the
T-beam flange is in compression (positive moment).
 When tensile reinforcement is required by analysis, the
steel area, As, shall not be less than:
3 𝑓′𝑐 200𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≥
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
 For negative moment (flange in tension) in statically
determinate members:

19
 Continuous Beams

Both positive and negative moments occur in continuous beams.

The largest negative moment occurs over the supports.
The largest positive moment occurs near mid-span.
20
Reminder-Positive and Negative Moments

Negative Moment Positive Moment

21
 Example 1
Determine the design strength, fMn, of the T-beam
shown below. Use a concrete strength of 4,000 psi
and Grade 60 reinforcement. The beam has a span
of 30 ft. and is cast integrally with a 4-in-thick floor
slab. The clear distance between webs is 50 in.
Effective Width (beff. )

22
 Example 1-Solution
a) Determine the effective flange width (bEffective)
𝑏 ≤ 16ℎ𝑓 + 𝑏𝑤 = 16 4 𝑖𝑛 + 10 𝑖𝑛 = 74 𝑖𝑛

𝑏 ≤ 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑏 + 𝑏𝑤

= 50 𝑖𝑛 + 10 𝑖𝑛 = 60 𝑖𝑛 ←
𝑖𝑛
30 𝑓𝑡 12
𝑓𝑡
𝑏 ≤ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 4 = = 90 𝑖𝑛
4
bEffective = 60 in.

23
 Example 1-Solution

b) Check As,min
3 𝑓′𝑐 3 4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 10 𝑖𝑛 24 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑦 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 0.76 𝑖𝑛2
200𝑏𝑤 𝑑 200 10 𝑖𝑛 24 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ = = 0.80 𝑖𝑛2 ←
𝑓𝑦 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑠 = 6.00 𝑖𝑛2 > 0.80 𝑖𝑛2 𝑶𝑲

24
 Example 1-Solution

c) Determine tensile force, T

𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 6.00 𝑖𝑛2 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 = 360 𝑘

d) Determine Ac
𝑇 360 𝑘
𝐴𝑐 = = = 105.88 𝑖𝑛2
0.85𝑓′𝑐 0.85(4 𝑘𝑠𝑖)

< 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 60 𝑖𝑛 4 𝑖𝑛 = 240 𝑖𝑛2

Therefore the N.A. is in the flange

25
 Example 1-Solution

e) Calculate a, c and et
105.9 𝑖𝑛2
𝑎= = 1.76 𝑖𝑛
60 𝑖𝑛

𝑎 1.76 𝑖𝑛
𝑐= = = 2.07 𝑖𝑛
𝛽1 0.85

𝑑−𝑐 𝑖𝑛 24 𝑖𝑛 − 2.07 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.003
𝑐 𝑖𝑛 2.07 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
= 0.0318 > 0.005

𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 = 0.90

26
 Example 1-Solution

f) Compute flexural design strength

𝑎 1.76 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑟𝑚 = 𝑧 = 𝑑 − = 24 𝑖𝑛 − = 23.12 𝑖𝑛
2 2

𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝑇𝑧 = 0.90 360 𝑘 23.12 𝑖𝑛 = 7490.9 𝑘 − 𝑖𝑛

= 624.2 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

27
 Example 2
Determine the design strength of the T-beam.
Use a concrete strength of 4,000 psi and Grade 60
reinforcement.

28
 Example 2-Solution

a) Check As,min

3 𝑓′𝑐
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
3 4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 14 𝑖𝑛 30 𝑖𝑛 = 1.33 𝑖𝑛2
60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖

200𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥
𝑓𝑦
200 14 𝑖𝑛 30 𝑖𝑛
= = 1.40 𝑖𝑛2 ←
60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑠 = 10.12 𝑖𝑛2 > 1.40 𝑖𝑛2 𝑶𝑲

29
 Example 2-Solution

b) Determine tensile force, T

𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 10.12 𝑖𝑛2 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 = 607.2 𝑘

d) Determine Ac
𝑇 607.2 𝑘
𝐴𝑐 = = = 178.59 𝑖𝑛2
0.85𝑓′𝑐 0.85(4 𝑘𝑠𝑖)

> 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 30 𝑖𝑛 4 𝑖𝑛 = 120 𝑖𝑛2

Therefore the N.A. is in the web

30
 Example 2-Solution
bf (effective)= 30 in

58.6/14
= 4.19 in

58.6 in2

𝐴𝑐 = 178.59 𝑖𝑛2

𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 120 𝑖𝑛2

178.6 𝑖𝑛2 − 120 𝑖𝑛2 = 58.6 𝑖𝑛2

31
 Example 2-Solution

c) Locate the centroidal axis,

178.6 𝑖𝑛2 − 120 𝑖𝑛2 = 58.6 𝑖𝑛2

4.19
120 𝑖𝑛2 2 𝑖𝑛 + (58.6 𝑖𝑛2 )(4 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑖𝑛)
𝑦ത = 2
178.6 𝑖𝑛2

=3.34 𝑖𝑛

32
 Example 2-Solution

d) Calculate a, c and et

𝑎 = 4 𝑖𝑛 + 4.119 𝑖𝑛 = 8.19 𝑖𝑛

𝑎 8.19 𝑖𝑛
𝑐= = = 9.64 𝑖𝑛
𝛽1 0.85

𝑑−𝑐 𝑖𝑛 30 𝑖𝑛 − 9.64 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.003
𝑐 𝑖𝑛 9.64 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
= 0.00634 > 0.005

𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 = 0.90

33
 Example 2-Solution

e) Compute flexural design strength

𝐴𝑟𝑚 = 𝑧 = 30 𝑖𝑛 − 3.34 𝑖𝑛 = 26.66 𝑖𝑛

𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 𝜑𝑇𝑧 = 0.90 607.2 𝑘 26.66 𝑖𝑛 = 14,569 𝑘 − 𝑖𝑛

= 1214 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

34
 Alternative Analysis of T-Beams

 Use alternative method when part of web is in

compression area.
 Divide the compression area into two sets of
rectangles.
 Compute the compressive force in the web and
the compressive force in the flange.

𝐶𝑤 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑤
𝐶𝑓 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 )ℎ𝑓 For a > hf

35
Alternate Analysis of T-Beams

As = Asw + Asf

36
 Alternate Analysis of T-Beams

 Compute the flexural design strength using the

following equation:

𝑎 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 =
2 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑛𝑓 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
𝑎 ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑤 𝑑 − + 𝐶𝑓 𝑑 − = 𝑀𝑛𝑤 + 𝑀𝑛𝑓
2 2

37
 Example 3

Repeat the previous example using the alternative

method.

38
 Example 3-Solution

0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓
𝐴𝑠𝑓 =
𝑓𝑦
(0.85)(4)(30 − 14)(4)
= = 3.627 𝑖𝑛2
60

𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠𝑓 = 10.12 − 3.63 = 6.49 𝑖𝑛2

𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑓𝑦 (6.49)(60)
𝑎= = = 8.18 𝑖𝑛
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 (0.85)(4)(14)

𝐶𝑤 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑤 = 0.85 4 8.18 14 = 389.8 𝑘

𝑐𝑓 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 ℎ𝑓 = 0.85 4 30 − 14 4
= 217.6 𝑘
39
 Example 3-Solution

𝑎 ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑤 𝑑 − + 𝐶𝑓 𝑑 −
2 2
8.18 4
= 389.8 30 − + 217.6 30 −
2 2
= 16,193 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑘 = 1349 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

𝜑𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 1349 = 1214 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

et and f are determined in the same way as

previous example where f was found to be 0.90.

40
 Design of T-Beams-Summary

 Usually the flange thickness has been determined

by the slab design.

 The size of the web is usually determined by

shear demands or by negative moments.

 The width of the web may be determined to be

wide enough to accommodate the reinforcing.

 If N.A. falls in the flange then the T-Beam can be

designed as a rectangular beam.

41
 Design of T-Beams-Iterative Process

 If the N.A. falls in the web, a trial and error

design process may be required.
 The “lever arm” is estimated.
 The amount of steel is estimated, based on the
estimated lever arm.
 A new estimate of the lever arm is made, based
on the steel requirement.
 A new estimate of the required amount of steel is
made.
 The process is repeated until acceptable
convergence is obtained.
42
 Design of T-Beams
 The trial and error procedure can be avoided if the T-Beam is
split into two sets of rectangles.
 The compressive force in the overhanging flanges is balanced
by part of the tensile reinforcement [NC=NT].
 The compressive force in the web is balanced by the
remaining tensile steel [0.85f’c AC=Asfy].

43
 Design of T-Beams
 The design flexural strength of the overhanging
flanges is given by:
ℎ𝑓
𝑀𝑢𝑓 = 𝜑𝐴𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2

 The moment not resisted by the flanges is given

by:
𝑀𝑢𝑤 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢𝑓

 Useful steel expressions are:

𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 𝜌𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓 + 𝐴𝑠𝑤
44
 Example 4

Determine the positive moment steel area required for

a T-beam for the floor system shown. The span is
simply supported and has a length of 20 ft.
Use a concrete strength of 4,000 psi and Grade 60
reinforcement. MD= 80 k-ft. and ML=100 k-ft.

Cross-section of floor system

45
Continuous Beams-Reminder

46
 Example 4-Solution
a) Determine the effective flange width

20 𝑓𝑡
= 5𝑓𝑡 − 0 𝑖𝑛 = 60 𝑖𝑛 ←
4
12 𝑖𝑛 + 8 4 𝑖𝑛 2 = 76 𝑖𝑛 beffective = 60 in.
𝑖𝑛
10 𝑓𝑡 12 = 120 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡

47
 Example 4-Solution

b) Compute required flexural strength, assume f = 0.90

𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 80 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡 + 1.6 100 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
= 256 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
256 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝑛 = = 284.4 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
0.90

c) Try a lever arm of the larger of 0.9d and [d – hf / 2]

𝑧 = 0.9 18 𝑖𝑛 = 16.20 𝑖𝑛 ←
𝑜𝑟
4 𝑖𝑛
𝑧 = 18 𝑖𝑛 − = 16.00 𝑖𝑛
2

48
 Example 4-Solution

d) Estimate the required steel

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑧 ≈ 𝑀𝑛

𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝑛 12 284.4 𝑘
𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 3.51 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 𝑧 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 16.20 𝑖𝑛

49
 Example 4-Solution

e) Determine a and re-calculate z:

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

0.85 4 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐴𝑐 = 3.51 𝑖𝑛2 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝐴𝑐 = 61.9 𝑖𝑛2 < 4 𝑖𝑛 60 𝑖𝑛 ; 𝑁𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

61.9 𝑖𝑛2
𝑎= = 1.033 𝑖𝑛
60 𝑖𝑛

𝑎 1.03 𝑖𝑛
𝑧 = 𝑑 − = 18 𝑖𝑛 − = 17.48 𝑖𝑛
2 2
50
 Example 4-Solution

f) Re-calculate the required steel

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑧 ≈ 𝑀𝑛

𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝑛 12 284.4 𝑘
𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 3.254 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 𝑧 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 17.48 𝑖𝑛

51
 Example 4-Solution

g) Determine a and re-calculate z

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

0.85 4 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐴𝑐 = 3. 25 𝑖𝑛2 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝐴𝑐 = 57.4 𝑖𝑛2 < 4 𝑖𝑛 60 𝑖𝑛 ; 𝑁𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

57.4 𝑖𝑛2
𝑎= = 0.96 𝑖𝑛
60 𝑖𝑛

𝑎 0.96 𝑖𝑛
𝑧 = 𝑑 − = 18 𝑖𝑛 − = 17.52 𝑖𝑛
2 2
52
 Example 4-Solution

h) Re-calculate the required steel

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑧 ≈ 𝑀𝑛

𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝑛 12 284.4 𝑘
𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 3.25 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 𝑧 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 17.52 𝑖𝑛

Close enough to previous value

53
 Example 4-Solution

i) Determine the minimum steel

3 𝑓′𝑐 3 4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 12 𝑖𝑛 18 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑦 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 0.68 𝑖𝑛2
200𝑏𝑤 𝑑 200 12 𝑖𝑛 18 𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ = = 0.72 𝑖𝑛2 ←
𝑓𝑦 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑠 = 3.25 𝑖𝑛2 > 0.72 𝑖𝑛2 𝑶𝑲

This is the theoretical area of steel. If bars are selected, the

actual area is generally larger, and that larger area would be
used in this calculation.
54
 Example 4-Solution

j) Calculate et and f

𝑎 0.96 𝑖𝑛
𝑐= = = 1.13 𝑖𝑛
𝛽1 0.85
𝑑−𝑐 𝑖𝑛 18 𝑖𝑛 − 1.13 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.003
𝑐 𝑖𝑛 1.13 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
= 0.045 > 0.005

𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 = 0.90 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 3.25 𝑖𝑛2

55
 Example 5
Design a T-beam for the floor system shown. The
span is simply supported and has a length of 18 ft.
Use a concrete strength of 3,000 psi and Grade 60
reinforcement.
MD=200 k-ft and ML=425 k-ft

Cross-section of floor system

56
 Example 5-Solution
a) Determine the effective flange width
18 𝑓𝑡
= 4 𝑓𝑡 − 6 𝑖𝑛 = 54 𝑖𝑛 ←
4
15 𝑖𝑛 + 16 3𝑖𝑛 = 63 𝑖𝑛 beffective = 54 in.
𝑖𝑛
6 𝑓𝑡 12 = 72 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑡

57
 Example 5-Solution

b) Compute required flexural strength assume f = 0.90

𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 200 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡 + 1.6 425 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡 = 920 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

920 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝑛 = = 1022 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
0.90

c) Try a lever arm of the larger of 0.9d and d – hf / 2

𝑧 = 0.9 24 𝑖𝑛 = 21.60 𝑖𝑛
𝑜𝑟
3 𝑖𝑛
𝑧 = 24 𝑖𝑛 − = 22.5 𝑖𝑛 ←
2

58
 Example 5-Solution

d) Estimate the required steel

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑧 ≈ 𝑀𝑛

𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝑛 12 1022 𝑘
𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 9.08 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 𝑧 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 22.5 𝑖𝑛

59
 Example 5-Solution
e) Determine a and re-calculate z

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85 3 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐴𝑐 = 9.08 𝑖𝑛2 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑐 = 213.6 𝑖𝑛2 < 3 𝑖𝑛 54 𝑖𝑛 = 162 𝑖𝑛2 ;

Therefore the 𝑁. 𝐴. 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

3.44 𝑖𝑛
162 𝑖𝑛2 1.5 𝑖𝑛 + (51.6 𝑖𝑛2 )(3 𝑖𝑛 + )
𝑦ത = 2 = 2.28 𝑖𝑛
213.7 𝑖𝑛2

𝑧 = 24 𝑖𝑛 − 2.28 𝑖𝑛 = 21.72 𝑖𝑛

60
 Example 5-Solution

f) Re-calculate the required steel

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑧 ≈ 𝑀𝑛
𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝑛 12 1022 𝑘
𝑓𝑡
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 9.410 𝑖𝑛2
𝑓𝑦 𝑧 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 21.72 𝑖𝑛

61
 Example 5-Solution
g) Cycle again since steel areas differ significantly
0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
0.85 3 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝐴𝑐 = 9.41 𝑖𝑛2 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑐 = 221.4 𝑖𝑛2 < 3 𝑖𝑛 54 𝑖𝑛 = 162 𝑖𝑛2 ;
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑁. 𝐴. 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

3.96 𝑖𝑛
162 𝑖𝑛2 1.5 𝑖𝑛 + (59.4 𝑖𝑛2 )(3 𝑖𝑛 + )
𝑦ത = 2 = 2.43 𝑖𝑛
221.4 𝑖𝑛2
𝑧 = 24 𝑖𝑛 − 2.43 𝑖𝑛 = 21.57 𝑖𝑛

𝑖𝑛 Another cycle
𝑀𝑛 121022 𝑘
𝑓𝑡 results
2 in 9.51 in2
𝐴𝑠 ≈ = = 9.48 𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑦 𝑧 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 21.57 𝑖𝑛
62
 Example 5-Solution
h) Determine the minimum steel
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00333 𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑥 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴. 7
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00333 15 𝑖𝑛 24 𝑖𝑛 = 1.20 𝑖𝑛2 < 9.48 𝑖𝑛2 𝑂𝐾

i) Compute, et and f
𝑎 = 3 𝑖𝑛 + 3.96 𝑖𝑛 = 6.96 𝑖𝑛
𝑎 6.96 𝑖𝑛
𝑐= = = 8.19 𝑖𝑛
𝛽1 0.85
𝑑−𝑐 𝑖𝑛 24 𝑖𝑛 − 8.19 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.003
𝑐 𝑖𝑛 8.19 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
= 0.0058 > 0.005
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 = 0.90 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 ≈ 9.51 𝑖𝑛2
63
 Example 6

Repeat Example 5 using the alternative method.

Cross-section of floor system

64
 Example 6-Solution
We know this is not true, but
normally we would not have
a) Assume a is in the flange already worked the problem
another way.

𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏
𝑀𝑢 (920 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡)(12 )(1000 )
𝑓𝑡 𝑘
2
= 2
= 394.4 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜑𝑏𝑑 0.9 54 𝑖𝑛 24 𝑖𝑛
𝜌 = 0.0072 𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑥 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴. 12
𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑑 0.0072(60 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(24 𝑖𝑛)
𝑎= = = 4.06 𝑖𝑛 > ℎ𝑓 = 3 𝑖𝑛
0.85𝑓′𝑐 0.85(3 𝑘𝑠𝑖)

a is in the web…acts like a T-beam

65
 Example 6-Solution

b) Assume f = 0.90 and calculate required area

of steel:

0.85(3 𝑘𝑠𝑖)(54 𝑖𝑛 − 15 𝑖𝑛)(3 𝑖𝑛)

𝐴𝑠𝑓 = = 4.97 𝑖𝑛2
60 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑀𝑢𝑓 = 0.90 4.97 𝑖𝑛2 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 24 𝑖𝑛 − 1.5 𝑖𝑛
= 6039 𝑘 − 𝑖𝑛 = 503 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡
𝑀𝑢𝑤 = 920 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡 − 503𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡 = 417 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡

66
 Example 6-Solution

c) Design the steel for the web portion – as a

rectangular beam having a 15 in. width and a
design moment of Muw = 417 k-ft

𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑏
𝑀𝑢𝑤 (417 𝑘 − 𝑓𝑡)(12 )(1000 )
𝑓𝑡 𝑘
2
= 2
= 643.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜑𝑏𝑤 𝑑 0.9 15 𝑖𝑛 24 𝑖𝑛
𝜌𝑤 = 0.0126 ; 𝑆𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑥 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐴. 12
𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 0.0126 15 𝑖𝑛 24 𝑖𝑛 = 4.54 𝑖𝑛2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑤 + 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 4.97 𝑖𝑛2 + 4.54 𝑖𝑛2 = 9.51 𝑖𝑛2

67
 Example 6-Solution

d) Compute, et and f
𝜌𝑤 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 (0.0126)(60)(24)
𝑎= = = 7.12 𝑖𝑛
0.85𝑓′𝑐 0.85(3)
𝑎 7.12 𝑖𝑛
𝑐= = = 8.37 𝑖𝑛
𝛽1 0.85
𝑑−𝑐 𝑖𝑛 24 𝑖𝑛 − 8.37 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.003
𝑐 𝑖𝑛 8.37 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
= 0.0056 > 0.005
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 = 0.90 𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 ≈ 9.51 𝑖𝑛2

10#9 bars in 2 layers

68
Table of Area of Groups of Bars
Table A.7 r -values

70
Table A.5 for Minimum Beam Width, bmin

71
ACE 318-14 T-Beam Geometry

72