Improper Integrals ‘The integrals forthe areas in Examples 1 and 2 are improper integrals. Definition Integrals with infinite Limits of integration and integrals of functions that become infinite at a point within the interval of integration ere improper integrals, When the limits involved exist, we evaluate such integrals with the following definitions: 1. If f is continuous on [a, 00), then [roan ie ff soe ” 2. If f is continuous on (—99, b), then Z [foe = im, [foes @ 3 AF f is continuous on (a,b) then [sovds= im [row @) 4, IF f is continous on fa, ), then ‘i ; if See) dx = tin f Fads @ In each case, if the limit is finite we say that the improper integral converges and that the limit is the value of the improper integral. Ifthe limit fails to exist the improper integral diverges. Definition If f becomes infinite at an interior point d of {a,b}, then [roa =f toast f pra. ® ‘The integral from a to b converges if the integrals froma to d and d to b both converge. Otherwise, the integral from a to b diverges. Integrals from —c0 to co In the mathematics underlying studies of light, electricity, and sound we encounter integrals with two infinite limits of integration. The next definition addresses the convergence of such integrals. Definition - If f is continuous on (60, oo) and if f&,, fe)dx and J f(x) dx bath converge, we say that [%, f(x) dx converges and define its value to be £ fonds = [ foyar+ | Far. © If either or both of the integrals on the righthand side of this equation diverge, the integral of f from —co 0 oo diverges.Tests for Convergence and Divergence When an improper integral cannot be evaluated directly (often the case in practice) ‘we turn to the two-step procedure of first establishing the fact of convergence and then approximating the integral numerically. The principal tests for convergence are the direct comparison and limit comparison tests. Theorem 1 Direct Comparison Test Let f and g be continuouis on [a, oc) and suppose that 0 < f(x) < g(x) for all x > a. Then L [tox converses if ff aeris consesses 2 [atoax ives [sear aires Theorem 2 Limit Comparison Test If the positive functions f and g are continuous on [a, oo) and if jim 222 Oe Leo), » BS gay then [* f(x) dx and [ g(x)dx both converge or both diverge.‘Types of Improper Integrals Discussed in This Section Inpivire Luts oF INTEGRATION A. Upper limit 2. Lower limit 3, Both limits dx [reaRanp Becomes INFINITE 4. Upper endpoint 5. Lower endpint f Surin [ Se | | De er J, &- DF 7 -_ Interior point dx a (iter [eee |) +2 [ & a a [ & om ie if & ayeExercises 7.6 603 aan Exercises 7.6 Evaluating Improper Integrals Evaluate te integrals in Exercises 1-34 without using tables. 2[ os L * ade xéx ieee “4 a flats in oer "ast fie wf Le [ 1. [ws 18. [zws« , Tene | wea aamitsy 16 wn" » Comite 8 [TE af 9etd0 2a, [re sin odo w free 24 [mee . f'xinsds 26. ['cmnas os fists [icnne . [aie wm ft, 2 ds Hae = fi » fo eg x, [ Ls Yea b Jaa = do aia » [agers * Caaies Testing for Convergence In Brercses 35-64, se integration, the Ditect Comparison Test, of the Limit Comparison Tet to test the integral for convergence. IF ‘move than one metod applies, use whatever method you prefer. *n "a asf" tan ous a6, [ coxoas mf = [ott ». (ie ae wo. f ae [as [as (ees) af ts «fe ss fwmes 46, f) -snisies dx a. , Ba eft ~ ao 2 [it by VxEFT 2 [a EET yy a [fs = [Bete mf LinsChapter 7: Techniques of Integration ~ 20 on oath a [gee a [Le 60, [Tnaasyés a. [aie a [ope ° Lam = (eee Theory and Examples (65, Estimating the valve of @ convergent improper integral whose domain ie infinite 8) Show that [f evacn det comme, and hence that Se" dx < 0.000042. Explain why this ‘means that /2" e~* dx can be replaced by f e~# dx with- cut introducing an eror of magnitude greater than 0.000042, NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR Evaluate ed numeri cally (6. The infinite paint can or Gabrielshorn. As Example 8 shows, the integral f&° (dx/x) diverges. This means thatthe integral [piesa which measures the surface area ofthe solid of revolution traced out by revolving the curve y= 1/x, 1-< x, about the x-axis, aiverges also. By comparing the two integrals, we see that, for every finite value b > 1, [i Ey However, the integral [Ge for the volume of the solid converges. (8) Caleulate it (b) This solid of revolution is sometimes described as a can that does not hold enough paint to cover its own interior. Think about that fora ‘moment, I is common sense that finite amount of paint cannot cover an infinite surface. But if we fil the horn with paint a finite amount), then we will have covered an infinite surface. Explain the apparent contradiction 67. a) Show that if p> 1 but thatthe 8 shows what happens if p = 1 1) Show that Mae Jp x T= if p < 1 but thatthe integral diverges if p= 1. 68, Find the values of p for which each integral converges: a dx dx » [> » [oe ee Exe Exercises 69-72 are about the infinite region inthe fist quadrant between te cure y = et andthe x-axis 6. Find the area ofthe region 70, Find the centroid ofthe region. ‘TL. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region about the y-axis ‘72. Find the volume of the.solid generated by revolving the region about the x-axis 73, Find the area ofthe region that lies between the curves y and y = tan x from x= 0 tox =2/2. 74, The region in Exercise 73 is revolved about the x-axis to generate a solid 48) Find the volume of the solid. 1b) Show that the inner and outer surfaces of the solid have infinite area 1, [Horde my not nu jn #66: Show "© Dedx fp #41 diverges and hence that Lr 2edx [PHT diverges. Then show that re Ox dx Bizet