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Chapter 4 - Intellectual Revolutions

This document summarizes three major intellectual revolutions: 1) The Copernican Revolution introduced heliocentrism, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system rather than the Earth, challenging the previous geocentric view of Ptolemy. 2) Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in On the Origin of Species introduced natural selection, proposing that populations evolve over generations as less fit individuals are less likely to survive and pass on their traits. 3) Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposed that the human mind is composed of the id, ego and superego and that human behavior can be explained by unconscious motivations and drives.

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Aira Joy Anyayahan
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48 views

Chapter 4 - Intellectual Revolutions

This document summarizes three major intellectual revolutions: 1) The Copernican Revolution introduced heliocentrism, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system rather than the Earth, challenging the previous geocentric view of Ptolemy. 2) Charles Darwin's theory of evolution in On the Origin of Species introduced natural selection, proposing that populations evolve over generations as less fit individuals are less likely to survive and pass on their traits. 3) Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposed that the human mind is composed of the id, ego and superego and that human behavior can be explained by unconscious motivations and drives.

Uploaded by

Aira Joy Anyayahan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4: Intellectual Revolutions

Copernican Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus introduced the concept of Heliocentrism (the Sun is the center of the Solar System, and not the
Earth). This challenged Claudius Ptolemy’s Geocentrism (the Earth is the center).

Heliocentrism as posited by Nicolaus Copernicus provides that the Sun is at the center of the Solar System where Earth,
along with other planets, are revolving around it.

Geocentrism by Claudius Ptolemy, on the other hand, posits that the Earth is at the center of the Universe. This has
been generally accepted by people and by the Roman Catholic Church.

Darwinian Revolution
Charles Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species, he introduced the Theory of Evolution (populations pass through a
process of natural selection where only the fittest would survive).

Natural Selection -the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or
behavioral traits.

Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior.

Psychoanalysis - the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides
psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology.
According the Sigmund Freud, the human mind is composed of the three structures of the human mind – the id, ego, and superego. 

Summary:
Intellectual Revolutions were named as such for a good reason - they really are revolutionary.  Scientific luminaries like
Copernicus, Darwin and Freud has single-handedly led all of mankind to a new path to development, all thanks to the
paradigm shift they have started.

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