Geotechnical

Engineering
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP
𝑷𝑰𝑳𝑬𝑺

𝟏. ) 𝑬𝒏𝒅 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔 2. ) 𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔

𝑭 𝑭

𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍

𝑭 = 𝑭𝒃 𝑭 = 𝑭𝒃 + 𝑭𝒇
𝑭𝒇
𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍

𝑭𝒃
𝒃𝒆𝒅 𝒓𝒐𝒄𝒌

𝑭𝒃

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 2

2. ) 𝑭𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝑭 𝑷𝑰𝑳𝑬 𝑪𝑨𝑷𝑨𝑪𝑰𝑻𝒀 (𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚)

a. Ultimate Bearing Capacity: Where:

Fb = C𝑁𝑐 𝐴 𝑇𝐼𝑃 c = cohesion of soil
α = Friction/ adhesion factor
P = Perimeter of the pile
b. Ultimate Frictional Capacity:
L = Length of the Pile
Ff = αcPL
𝐴 𝑇𝑖𝑝 = Area of the pile at the tip
𝑳
𝑁𝑐 = Bearing capacity factor
𝑭𝒇 c. Ultimate Capacity
𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
Fult = 𝐹𝑏 + 𝐹𝐹

d. Design or allowable capcity

Fall = Fult/FS
𝑭𝒃

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 3

Situation 18: A 0.3 m x 0.3 m concrete pile 22 m long is driven in a clayey soil having an unconfined shear strength of 60
kPa. The unit weight of the clayey soil 18kN/m3. Assume that the frictional constant is 0.76,Nc = 9 and use FS = 3.
𝑭
54. Calculate the capacity of pile due to skin friction only.
a. 1203.84 kN c. 601.92 kN
b. 655.51 kN d. 1311.02 kN

The ultimate Frictional Capacity is

𝑳 = 𝟐𝟐 Ff = αcPL = 0.76(60)(4 x 0.3)(22)

𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝑭𝒇 = 1203.84 KN

55. Calculate the end bearing capacity of the pile.

a. 48.6 kN c. 24.3 kN
b. 25.5 kN d. 50.9 kN

𝑭𝒃 The ultimate bearing capacity is

Fb = CAN = 60(0.3)2(9)
= 48.6 KN
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 4
Situation 18: A 0.3 m x 0.3 m concrete pile 22 m long is driven in a clayey soil having an unconfined shear strength of 60
kPa. The unit weight of the clayey soil 18kN/m3. Assume that the frictional constant is 0.76,Nc = 9 and use FS = 3.
𝑭

56. Calculate the design capacity of the concrete pile.

a. 453.97 kN c. 417.48 kN
b. 208.74 kN d. 227.00 kN

𝑳 = 𝟐𝟐 The design/allowable capacity is

𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝑭𝒇 = 1203.84 KN
Fall = ( Fb + Ff) / FS
= (48.6 + 1203.84) / 3
= 417.48 KN

𝑭𝒃 =48.6 KN

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 5

Situation 19: The soil stratification is shown in figure
𝑭
57. Calculate the capacity of pile due to skin friction only.
a. 431.28 kN c. 619.96 kN
b. 727.78 kN d. 545.61 kN
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎
C =30 Kpa 𝟒 𝒎 The ultimate Frictional Capacity is

𝑭𝒇𝟏 Ff = ΣαcPL
= Ff1 + Ff2
= 0.8(30)(π x 0.52)(4) + 0.9(45)(π x 0.52)(7)
= 619.96 KN
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
7𝒎
C =45 Kpa
𝑭𝒇𝟐

𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝒎∅

𝑭𝒃
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 6
 𝑭 58. Calculate the end bearing capacity of the pile.
a. 57.34 kN c. 86.01 kN
𝑭𝑺 = 𝟐. 𝟓
b. 91.50 kN d. 63.22 kN

𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 The end bearing capacity is

C =30 Kpa 𝟒 𝒎 Fb = CAN

𝑭𝒇𝟏 Note: If Nc and α are not given

Use Nc = 9.0 and α = 1.0

Fb = 45(0.25π(0.52)2(9.0) = 86.01 KN
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎
7𝒎
C =45 Kpa
59. Calculate the design capacity of the concrete pile.
𝑭𝒇𝟐
a. 176.10 kN c. 195.45 kN
b. 282.39 kN d. 316.40 kN

The design capacity is

𝟎. 𝟓𝟐 𝒎∅
Fdesign = (Ff + Fb)/FS
= (619.96 + 86.01) / 2.5 = 282.39 KN
𝑭𝒃
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 7
Situation 20: A 0.41 m square presstressed concrete pile is to be driven in a clayey soil with unconfined compressive strength
of 100 kPa, unit weight of 18.1 kN/m3 and Nc = 8. The design capacity of the pile is 360 kN with factor of safety of
2.0.
𝑭 𝑼𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
q = unconfined compressive strength
𝝉 C = unconfined shear strength
𝑞
𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝐶=
2
𝑪
𝑳 C = 100/2 = 50 Kpa
𝝈
𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝑭𝒇

𝒒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 kpa

𝑭𝒃
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 8
Situation 20: A 0.41 m square presstressed concrete pile is to be driven in a clayey soil with unconfined compressive strength
of 100 kPa, unit weight of 18.1 kN/m3 and Nc = 8. The design capacity of the pile is 360 kN with factor of safety of
2.0.
𝑭 60. Calculate the end bearing capacity of the pile.
a. 55.10 kN c. 112.44 kN
b. 134.48 kN d. 67.24 kN

The ultimate Bearing Capacity of the clay is

𝑳 Fb = C𝑁𝑐 𝐴 𝑇𝐼𝑃

𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝑭𝒇 Fb = 50(8)(0.41)2 = 67.24 Kpa

𝑭𝒃
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 9
Situation 20: A 0.41 m square presstressed concrete pile is to be driven in a clayey soil with unconfined compressive strength
of 100 kPa, unit weight of 18.1 kN/m3 and Nc = 8. The design capacity of the pile is 360 kN with factor of safety of
2.0.
𝑭 = 360 61. Calculate the skin friction expected to develop
along the shaft of the pile if α = 0.76.
a. 623.20 kN c. 544.01 kN
b. 585.52 kN d. 652.76 kN

Fall = Fult/FS
𝑳

𝑭𝒇 Fall = ( Fb + Ff)/ FS
𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍

360 = (67.24 + Ff)/2

Ff = 652.76 KN

𝑭𝒃 = 67.24
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 10
Situation 20: A 0.41 m square presstressed concrete pile is to be driven in a clayey soil with unconfined compressive strength
of 100 kPa, unit weight of 18.1 kN/m3 and Nc = 8. The design capacity of the pile is 360 kN with factor of safety of
2.0.
𝑭 = 360
62. Calculate the length of the pile.
a. 4.70 m c. 10.47 m
b. 11.23 m d. 6.22 m

The ultimate Frictional Capacity is

𝑳
Ff = αcPL
𝒘𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝑭𝒇 = 652.76 KN
652.76 = 0.76(50)(4 x 0.41)(L)
L =10.47 m

𝑭𝒃 = 67.24
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 11
Analysis of Pile Groups
- Load Capacity of Pile Groups 𝑺𝒐𝒇𝒕 𝜶=𝟏
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚 𝟒𝒎
Situation 21: c= 20 kPa
The pile shown in the figure consists of 12 piles, each
0.30 m in diameter, arranged in a 3x4 matrix at a 𝜶=𝟏
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎
spacing of 1.20 m. the piles penetrate a soft clay ( c= 20 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆 c= 56 kPa 𝟓𝒎
kPa ); medium dense clay (c= 56 kPa), abd stiff clay (c 𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚
=95Kpa). 𝛼 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼 =
0.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦. 𝑁𝑐 = 9
𝑺𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟓
c =95Kpa 𝟑𝒎
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒄 = 𝟗

𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎
𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎

𝟏. 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟐

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 12

 63. Which of the following most nearly gives the capacity of the pile
𝜶=𝟏 group based on single pile failure mode?
𝑺𝒐𝒇𝒕
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚 𝟒𝒎 a. 10,190.58 kN c. 8,761.32 kN
c= 20 kPa
c. 7,598.53 kN d. 6,408.38 kN

𝜶=𝟏 based on single pile failure mode 𝑭𝒃𝒔 = C𝑁𝑐 𝐴 𝑇𝐼𝑃

𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆 c= 56 kPa 𝟓𝒎 𝑭𝒃𝒔 = 95(9)(0.25𝜋(0.30)2
𝜶=𝟏
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚 𝑭𝒇𝟏 𝟒𝒎 𝑭𝒃𝒔 = 60.44 KN
c= 20 kPa

𝑺𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑭𝒇𝒔 = 𝑭𝒇𝟏 + 𝑭𝒇𝟐 + 𝑭𝒇𝟑

𝟑𝒎 𝜶=𝟏
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚 c =95Kpa
𝑵𝒄 = 𝟗 c= 56 kPa 𝟓𝒎
𝑭𝒇𝟐 𝑭𝒇𝒔 = 1(20)(𝜋 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎)(𝟒)
+ 1(56)(𝜋*0.30)*5)
+ 0.5(95)(𝜋*0.30)(3)
𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑭𝒇𝒔 = 473.595 KN
𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎 𝑭𝒇𝟑 c =95Kpa 𝟑𝒎
𝑵𝒄 = 𝟗 𝑭𝑺𝑷𝑭𝑴 = (𝑭𝒃𝒔 +𝑭𝒇𝒔 )( 𝒏 )
0.30 m∅ 𝑭𝑺𝑷𝑭𝑴= (60.44 + 473.595)(12)
𝟏. 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟐 𝑭𝒃𝟏 𝑭𝑺𝑷𝑭𝑴= 6408.38 KN
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 13
 64. Which of the following most nearly
gives the capacity of the pile group
𝑺𝒐𝒇𝒕 𝜶=𝟏 based on block failure mode?
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚 𝟒𝒎
c= 20 kPa based on block failure mode a. 9,408.71 kN c. 12,599.05 kN
c. 13,567.28 kN d. 15,636.15 kN
𝜶=𝟏 𝑭𝒃𝑮 = C𝑁𝑐 𝐴 𝑇𝐼𝑃
𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆 c= 56 kPa 𝟓𝒎 𝑭𝒃𝑮 = 95(9)(10.53)
𝑾
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚 𝑭𝒃𝑮= 9003.15 KN
𝑳

𝑺𝒕𝒊𝒇𝒇 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑭𝒇𝑮 = αcPL

c =95Kpa 𝟑𝒎 𝑭𝒇𝑮 = 1(20)(13.2)(𝟒)
𝑪𝒍𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒄 = 𝟗 𝐿 = 0.15 + 3 ∗ 1.2 + 0.15 + 1(56)(13.2)*5)
L = 3.9 m + 0.5(95)(13.2)(3)
W= 0.15 + 2 ∗ 1.2 + 0.15 𝑭𝒇𝑮 = 6633 KN
𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎 W = 2.7 m
𝟏. 𝟐 𝒎 𝑭𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 =( 9003.15 + 6633)
A = 3.9 *2.7 = 10.53 sq.m
P = 2(3.9 +2.7) = 13.2 m 𝑭𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 = 15636.15 KN
𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 14
 65. Which of the following most nearly gives
the minimum center to center spacing of
𝑾
S piles achieve 100% efficiency?
𝑳 a. 0.78 m c. 1.08 m
S
b. 0.61 m d. 0.86 m

𝐿 = 0.15 + 3 ∗ 𝑆 + 0.15 𝑭𝒃𝑮 = C𝑁𝑐 𝐴 𝑇𝐼𝑃

𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 S S S 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 L = 3S + 0.30 𝑭𝒃𝑮 = 95(9) (3S+0.30)(2S+0.30)
𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 W= 0.15 + 2 ∗ 𝑆 + 0.15
W = 2S +0.30 𝑭𝒇𝑮 = αcPL
𝑭𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑
𝑬= 𝑭𝒇𝑮 = 1(20)(10S +1.2)(𝟒)
𝑭𝑺𝑷𝑭𝑴 A = (3S+0.30)(2S+0.30) + 1(56)(10S +1.2)*5)
𝑭𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 P = 2(3S + 0.30 + 2S +0.30) + 0.5(95)(10S +1.2)(3)
1.0 = P = 10S +1.2
𝑭𝑺𝑷𝑭𝑴
𝑭𝑺𝑷𝑭𝑴 = 𝑭𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑
𝑭𝑺𝑷𝑭𝑴 = 𝑭𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒑 6408.38 = 95(9) (3S+0.30)(2S+0.30) + 1(20)(10S +1.2)(𝟒)
+ 1(56)(10S +1.2)*5)
𝑭𝑺𝑷𝑭𝑴 = 6408.38 KN + 0.5(95)(10S +1.2)(3)
𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝒎

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 15

𝑪𝑶𝑴𝑷𝑹𝑬𝑺𝑺𝑰𝑩𝑰𝑳𝑰𝑻𝒀 𝑶𝑭 𝑺𝑶𝑰𝑳

𝑆𝑂𝐼𝐿 𝑆𝐸𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐸𝑀𝐸𝑁𝑇:

a. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT a. Immediate settlement

b. PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT 1−𝜇2
∆ Hi = pB 𝐼𝐹
𝐸
c. SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
Where:
𝑭 P= net pressure applied
∆𝐻𝑖 B= Width or diameter of the
∆𝐻𝑃
∆𝐻𝑠
foundation
𝜇= Poisson’s ratio
𝐸=Modulus of elasticity of soil
𝐼𝐹 = Influence factor

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 16

 𝒆
b. Primary Consolidation Settlement 𝑷𝒐 = 𝑷𝒄

Compression index:
𝑪𝒄 = 0.009(LL - 10) 𝒎 = 𝑪𝒄
∆𝒆
𝑒𝑓 − 𝑒𝑜
𝑪𝒄 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑷 −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑷
𝒇 𝒐 𝑒𝑜
𝒃. 𝟏 𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑜
𝑷𝒐 = 𝑷𝒄 𝑒𝑓
𝑷
−(𝑒𝑓 −𝑒𝑜 ) 𝑃𝑜 (𝒍𝒐𝒈)
𝒎 = 𝑪𝒄 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑃𝑓 )−log(𝑃𝑜 ) 𝑃𝑓

𝑒𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓 𝑷𝒇 𝑯∆𝒆
𝑪𝒄 = ∆𝒆 = 𝑪𝒄 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ∆𝑯 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑃𝑓 −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑃0 𝑷𝒐 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒐

𝑯 𝑷𝒇
∆𝒆 ∆𝑯𝒑 = 𝑪 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝑪𝒄 = 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒐 𝒄 𝑷𝒐
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑃𝑓 −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑃0

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 17

𝒃. 𝟏 𝑶𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒍

𝑷𝒄 > 𝑷𝒇

𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 1: 𝑷𝒄 > 𝑷𝒇
𝑷𝒇
𝑷𝒐 𝑷𝒄 ∆𝒆 = 𝑪𝑺 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝑷𝒐

𝒎 = 𝑪𝑺
𝑒𝑓 − 𝑒𝑜 𝑯 𝑷𝒇
∆𝑯𝒑 = 𝑪𝒔 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝑒𝑜 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒐 𝑷𝒐

𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑜
𝑒𝑓
𝑷
𝑃𝑜 (𝒍𝒐𝒈)
𝑃𝑓

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 18

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2: 𝑷𝒄 < 𝑷𝒇 𝒀=𝒎𝑿

∆𝒆 = ∆𝒆𝟏 + ∆𝒆𝟐

𝒆
𝑷𝒄 𝑷𝒇
𝑷𝒐 𝑷𝒄
∆𝒆 = 𝑪𝑺 𝒍𝒐𝒈 + 𝑪𝑪 𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝑷𝒐 𝑷𝒄
𝒎 = 𝑪𝑺
∆𝒆𝟏
𝑯∆𝒆
𝑷𝒄 − 𝑷𝒐 ∆𝑯 =
∆𝒆 𝒎 = 𝑪𝑪 𝟏 + 𝒆𝒐
∆𝒆𝟐
𝑷𝒇 𝑯 𝑷𝒄 𝑷𝒇
∆𝑯𝒑 = {𝑪𝑺 𝒍𝒐𝒈 + 𝑪𝑪 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝑷𝒄)}
𝟏+𝒆𝒐 𝑷𝒐
𝑷𝒇 − 𝑷𝒄

𝑷
(𝒍𝒐𝒈)

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 19

Where:
H= Thickness of the consilidating clay
𝐶𝑐 = Compression Index
𝐶𝑠 = Swell Index
𝑒𝑜 = Initial void ratio
𝑃𝑜 = Initial vertival effective soil stress
𝑃𝑓 = Final vertical effective soil stress
𝑃𝑐 = Preconsolidation pressure

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 20

c. Secondary Consolidation Settlement

𝐻𝐶α 𝑡2
∆Hs = log( )
1+𝑒𝑝 𝑡1

Where:
H= Thickness of the consolidating clay
𝐶α = Secondary Compression Index
𝑒p = Void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
𝑡1 = Time for completion of primary settlement
𝑡2 = Time after completion of primary settlement

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 21

Situation 22: The soil is acted upon by a uniformly distributed load
of 60 kPa at the ground surface
∆𝑝 = 60 𝐾𝑝𝑎

𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑
4 𝑚 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝑮𝑾𝑻

𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
8𝑚
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑

𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑
6𝑚
e = 0.85
LL = 48%

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 22

66. Compute the settlement of the clay layer caused by primary consolidation if the soil is normally consolidated.
a. 75.8 c. 48.3
b. 96.7 d. 151.7 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + 𝛥𝑃
∆𝐻𝑃 = lo g( ቇ
∆𝑝 = 60 𝐾𝑝𝑎 1 + 𝑒 𝑃𝑜

𝑇he effective overburden pressure at midheight of the consolidating

𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑 clay layer is
4 𝑚 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝑮𝑾𝑻 Po = 𝛴𝛾𝑒ℎ = 16.5(4) + (18 - 9.81)(8) + (20 – 9.81)(3)
Po = 162.09 Kpa
The compression index of the clay layer is
𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
8𝑚
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑 Cc = 0.009(LL – 10) =0.009(48 – 10) = 0.342
The settlement of the normally consolidated clay layer is

𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜+𝛥𝑃
S= log( )
𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚 1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜
3𝑚
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑
6𝑚 0.342(6000) 162.09+60
e = 0.85
LL = 48%
S = 1+0.85 log( 162.09 )
S = 151.71 mm
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 23
67. Compute the settlement of the clay layer caused by primary consolidation pressure of clay is 230 kPa. Use 𝑐𝑠 =𝑐𝑐 /5.
a. 30.3 mm c. 15.2 mm
b. 17.1 mm d. 41.5 mm
∆𝑝 = 60 𝐾𝑝𝑎
Since Pc > Po therefore over consolidated

𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑 The final vertical effective soil stress is,

4 𝑚 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
Pf = Po + 𝛥𝑃
𝑮𝑾𝑻 Pf = 162.09 + 60 = 222.09 Kpa

When Pf < Pc
𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 The settlement of the over consolidated clay layer is
8𝑚
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑
𝑯𝑪 𝑷𝒇
∆Hp = 𝟏+𝒆𝒔 log (𝑷 )
𝟎 𝒐

𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚 ∆Hp =
6000(0.342/5)
log
222.09
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑 1+0.85 162.09
6𝑚
e = 0.85
LL = 48% ∆Hp = 30.34 mm Ans. (a)

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 24

68. Compute the settlement of the clay layer caused by primary consolidation if the preconsolidation pressure of clay is
200 kPa.Use 𝑐𝑠 =𝑐𝑐 /5.
a. 70.7 mm c. 60.8 mm
b. 35.4 mm d. 21.5 mm
∆𝑝 = 60 𝐾𝑝𝑎
Since Pc > Po therefore over consolidated

𝟑
When Pf > Pc
𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝑲𝑵/𝒎 The settlement of the over consolidated clay layer is
4 𝑚 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝑮𝑾𝑻
𝐻𝐶 𝑃 𝐻𝐶 𝑃𝑓
∆Hp = 1+𝑒𝑠 log (𝑃𝑐 )+ 1+𝑒𝑐 log ( 𝑃 )
0 𝑜 0 𝑐

𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
8𝑚 ∆Hp =
6000(0.342/5) 200
log (162.09)+
6000(0.342) 222.09
log ( )
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑 1+0.85 1+0.85 200

∆Hp = 70.71 mm Ans. (a)

𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑
6𝑚
e = 0.85
LL = 48%
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 25
Situation 23:
A soil formation is composed of 5 m thick clay and 5 m thick clay and 5 m thick sand being the sand above the clay. The
ground water table (GWT) is located at 2 m below the ground surface. Assume E= 6900 kPa, 𝐼𝐹 = 0.79 and 𝜇 = 0.2

170 kN 69. A rigid column footing 1.2 m in diameter is constructed. The load on the footings is
170 kN. Determine the immediate settlement.
a. 24.6 mm c. 16.1 mm
b. 19.8 mm d. 27.0 mm
𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟔𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑 a. Immediate settlement
2 𝑚 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 1−𝜇2
∆ Hi = pB 𝐼𝐹
𝑮𝑾𝑻 170 kN 𝐸
Where:
P= net pressure applied
𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅 B= Width or diameter of the foundation
3𝑚 𝜇= Poisson’s ratio
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟑/𝒎𝟑
𝐸=Modulus of elasticity of soil
𝐼𝐹 = Influence factor
𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚 1.2 𝑚∅
eo = 0.60
5 𝑚 Gs = 2.60 1−𝜇2 170 1 − 0.22
∆ Hi = pB 𝐼𝐹 = 2
1.2 0.79 = 0.0198 𝑚
LI = 64% 𝐸 0.25𝜋 1.2 6900
PL = 20% 𝜔 = 40%
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 26
70. Calculate the primary compression index. The compression index of the clay layer is
a. 0.623 c. 0.590
b. 0.371 d. 0.222 Cc = 0.009(LL – 10)

𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟔𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑 The liquidity index of the soil is

2 𝑚 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝜔−𝑃𝐿
𝑮𝑾𝑻 LI = 𝐿𝐿−𝑃𝐿

40 −20
0.64 = 𝐿𝐿 −20
𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
3𝑚
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟑/𝒎𝟑 LL = 51.25%

Cc = 0.009(51.25 – 10)
𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚
eo = 0.60 Cc = 0.37125
5 𝑚 Gs = 2.60
LI = 64%
PL = 20% 𝜔 = 40%

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 27

 71. Calculate the primary consolidation settlement of the normally consolidated clay layer if there is a surcharge of
40 kPa acting on the ground surface. (Neglect footing’s load)
a. 179.8 mm c. 89.9 mm ∆𝑝 = 40 𝐾𝑝𝑎
b. 201.5 mm d. 100.7 mm

𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + 𝛥𝑃 2.60 + 0.60)(9.81 𝜸𝒅 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝑲𝑵/𝒎𝟑

∆𝐻𝑃 = lo g( ቇ 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 19.62 Kpa
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 1 + 0.6 2 𝑚 𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝑮𝑾𝑻
𝑇he effective overburden pressure at midheight of the consolidating clay
layer is
𝒔𝒂𝒏𝒅
Po = 𝛴𝛾𝑒ℎ = 17.66(2) +(20.93- 9.81)(3) + (19.62 -9.81)(2.5) 3𝑚
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟗𝟑/𝒎𝟑
Po = 93.205 Kpa

0.371(5000) 93.205 + 40
∆𝐻𝑃 = lo g( ቇ
1 + 0.60 93.205 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒚
2.5𝑚 eo = 0.60
∆𝑯𝑷 = 179.8 mm 5 𝑚 Gs = 2.60
LI = 64%
PL = 20% 𝜔 = 40%

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 28

72. Calculate the secondary settlement of the clay layer 5 years after the completion of the primary consolidation
settlement. Time for completion of primary settlement is 2 years. Use 𝑐𝛼 = 0.02.
a. 34.9 mm c. 17.6 mm
b. 14.5 mm d. 25.8 mm
𝑡1 = 2 𝑦𝑟𝑠
𝑡2 = 5 yrs
𝐻𝐶α 𝑡2
∆Hs = log( ) 𝑒𝑝 = 𝑒𝑓
1+𝑒𝑝 𝑡1

𝑒𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓
Where:
𝑪𝒄 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑃𝑓 −𝒍𝒐𝒈𝑃0
H= Thickness of the consolidating clay
0.60 − 𝑒𝑓
𝐶α = Secondary Compression Index 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟏 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈 93.205+𝟒𝟎 −𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟗𝟑.𝟐𝟎𝟓)
𝑒p = Void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
𝑡1 = Time for completion of primary settlement
𝑡2 = Time after completion of primary settlement
𝒆𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟐𝟒

𝐻𝐶α 𝑡2 5000(0.02) 5
∆Hs = log = log( )
1+𝑒𝑝 𝑡1 1+0.5424 2
∆Hs = 25.80mm
ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 29
Situation 25:
Two footings rest in layer of sand 2.7 m thick. The bottom of the footings are 0.9 m below the ground surface.
Beneath the clay layer is hard pan. The water table is at a depth of 1.8 m below the ground surface.

73. Compute the stress increase at the center of clay layer

assuming that the pressure beneath the footing is
spread at an angle of 2 vertical to 1 horizontal.
a. 18.17 kPa c. 25.51 kPa
` `
b. 41.32 kPa d. 33.09 kPa

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 30

73. Compute the stress increase at the center of clay layer assuming that the pressure beneath the footing is spread at an
angle of 2 vertical to 1 horizontal. 4.2 By ratio and proportion, the value of X is
a. 18.17 kPa c. 25.51 kPa
b. 41.32 kPa d. 33.09 kPa 𝑋 1
=
2.7 2
𝑃 = 450 𝐾𝑁 1.5 + 2𝑋
4.2 X = 1.35 m

1.5 + 2𝑋
0.90 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑
` = 18.5
1.5 𝑚
The stress increase below the footing A at the center of
0.90
the clay layer is

0.90 𝑃 450
2 𝛾𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑
= 20.8
2.7 𝑚 𝛥𝑃𝐴 = 𝐴 = (4.2)2
1

0.90 𝜟𝑷𝑨 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟏 𝑲𝒑𝒂 Ans.(c)

𝑚𝑖𝑑height of clay 𝛾𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦
𝑋 1.5 𝑚 = 18.8
0.90 𝑋

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP

31
 74. Determine the size of the footing B so that the settlement in the clay layer is the same beneath footings A and B.
Footing A is 1.5 m square.
a. 2.52 m c. 3.24 m
b. 4.34 m d. 1.97 m
𝑃 = 450 𝐾𝑁 Assume that the clay is normally consolidated. If the
settlements in the clay layer is the same beneath
footings A and B, then

0.90 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 18.5

SA = SB
`
0.90
𝐵 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜+𝛥𝑃𝐴 𝑐𝐶 𝐻 𝑃𝑜+𝛥𝑃𝐵
log = 1+𝑒 log
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑜

0.90
2 𝛾𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 20.8 2.7 𝑚
𝛥𝑃𝐴 = 𝛥𝑃𝐵
1
450 900
2 = 2
0.90 1.5 + 1.35 + 1.35 𝐵 + 1.35 + 1.35
𝑚𝑖𝑑height of clay 𝛾𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 18.8
𝑋 1.5 𝑚
0.90 𝑋 B = 3.24 m Ans. (c)

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 32

 75. Determine the settlement beneath footing A. The vertical effective stress at midheight of the clay layer is
a. 46.65 mm c. 35.04 mm
b. 68.27 mm d. 57.52 mm Po = 18.5(1.8) + (20.8 - 9.81)(0.9) + (18.8 – 9.81)(0.9) = 51.282 Kpa

The settlement of the footing beneath A is

𝑃 = 450 𝐾𝑁
𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + 𝛥𝑃𝐴
𝑆𝐴 = log
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜

0.3(1800) 51.282 + 25.51

𝑆𝐴 = log
0.90
1 + 1.03 51.282
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑
` = 18.5
0.90 1.5 𝑚 SA = 46.65 mm Ans.(a)

0.90
2 𝛾𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 2.7 𝑚
1 = 20.8

0.90
𝑚𝑖𝑑height of clay 𝛾𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦
𝑋 1.5 𝑚 = 18.8
𝑋
0.90

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 33

Situation 26 : A group of friction piles are shown in the figure. The total load on the piles less the weight of the
soil displaced by the foundation is 1, 800 KN. The silt is 2 m thick and the clay is 16m thick,
1, 800 𝐾𝑁

3𝑚
3
2𝑚 𝛾 = 16 KN/𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑡

𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝛾 = 17.8 KN/𝑚3 2 𝑚

2𝑚
𝐺𝑊𝑇

𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 10 𝑚

16𝑚

𝛾 = 18.7 KN/𝑚3
W = 38.24%
PL = 23.34%
LI = 0.8o
e= = 0.78

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 34

76. Which of the following most nearly gives the effective overburden pressure at mid height of the consolidating clay layer?
A. 210.10 Kpa C. 118.57 Kpa
B. 242.13 Kpa D. 150.57 Kpa
1, 800 𝐾𝑁 3𝑚

2𝑚 𝛾 = 16 KN/𝑚3 2𝑚
𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑡

2𝑚 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝛾 = 17.8 KN/𝑚3

𝑫
4.6667𝑚 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝐷.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 2 2
𝐷 = 3 𝐿 = 3 10 = 6.6667 𝑚
2
1
9.3333
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
a 3 a
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 is

Po = Σ𝛾𝑒ℎ
Properties of clay: Po = 16(2) +17.8(2) +(18.7- 9.81)[4.6667+0.5(9.333)]
𝛾 = 18.7 KN/𝑚3 Po = 150.57 Kpa
W = 38.24%
PL = 23.34%
LI = 0.8o
e= 0.78 ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 35
 77. Which of the following most nearly gives the compression index of the clay layer?
A. 0.29 C. 0.36
1, 800 𝐾𝑁
B. 0.43 D. 0.22

2𝑚 𝛾 = 16 KN/𝑚3
𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑡
𝑇ℎe liquid of the clay layer is
𝜔−𝑃𝐿
2𝑚 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝛾 = 17.8 KN/𝑚3 LI =
𝐿𝐿−𝑃𝐿
𝑫
4.6667𝑚 38.24−23.34
0.8 = LL = 41.960%
𝐿𝐿−23.34
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦
2 The Compression index of the clay layer is
1
9.3333 Cc = 0.009(LL – 10)
a 3 a CC = 0.009(41.96 -10) = 0.2877

Properties of clay:
𝛾 = 18.7 KN/𝑚3
W = 38.24%
PL = 23.34%
LI = 0.8o
e= 0.78 ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 36
78. Which of the following most nearly gives the settlement of the foundation ?
1, 800 𝐾𝑁
Cc = 0.2877
By similar triangle, the value of a is
2 (9.33Τ2)
2𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑡
𝛾 = 16 KN/𝑚 3 = a = 2.3333
1 𝑎

2𝑚 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝛾 = 17.8 KN/𝑚3 The dimension at midheight of the consolidating clay layer in the plane of the
paper is
x = 3 + 2a = 7.6666m
4.6667𝑚

The dimension at midheight of the consolidating clay layer perpendicular to the

𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 plane of the paper is
2 y = 2 + 2a = 6.6666m
1
9.3333
a a Area at midheight of the consolidating clay layer is
3
A = xy = 7.6666(6.6666) = 51.1102𝑚2

3𝑚
𝑦 = 2 + 2𝑎

2𝑚

X = 3 + 2𝑎
78. Which of the following most nearly gives the settlement of the foundation ?
1, 800 𝐾𝑁

2𝑚 𝛾 = 16 KN/𝑚3
𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑡
Area at midheight of the consolidating clay layer is
2𝑚 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝛾 = 17.8 KN/𝑚3 A = xy = 7.6666(6.6666) = 51.1102𝑚2

4.6667𝑚 The stress increase at midheight of the consolidating clay layer is

𝐹 1, 800
Δ𝑃 = = = 35.2180 𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦 𝐴 51.1102
2
1
9.3333 The settlement of the pile foundation is
a 3 a
𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜+Δ𝑃 0.2877(9.3333) 150.5735+35.2180
S= log( )= log( )
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 1+0.78 150.5735
3𝑚
S = 0.13769490 m = 137.6949 mm
2𝑚

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 38

Situation 27: A soil profile consists of dry sand and clay being the latter as the bottom layer. The ground water table is
initially located at the interface of the two soils. The sand has e = 0.65, G = 2.66 and H = 3 m while the clay
has e = 0.90, G = 2.75, H = 11 m, LI = 42.4% and PL = 20%.

79. Determine the compression index.

a.0.43 c. 0.51 The compression index of the clay layer is
b.0.36 d. 0.22
Cc = 0.009(LL – 10) =0.009(50.02 – 10) = 0.36 Ans. (b)
The liquidity index of the soil is
𝜔−𝑃𝐿
LI = 𝐿𝐿−𝑃𝐿

Since the clay is saturated, S = 100% or 1.0

𝜔𝐺𝑠
𝑆= 𝑒
𝜔(2.75)
1.0 = 0.9
𝜔 = 0.3273 𝑜𝑟 32.73%

32.73 −20
0.424 = 𝐿𝐿−20

LL = 50.02

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 39

80. Determine the effective stress increase with the water table lowered by 5 m.
25.8 kPa
a. c. 93.3 kPa
63.9 kPa
b. d. 30.7 kPa 2.66(9.81)
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 15.815
1 + 0.65
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

(2.75)(9.81)
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 14.4
𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 + 0.9
3𝑚
(2.75 + 0.90)(9.81)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 18.85
𝐺𝑊𝑇 1 + 0.9

𝑇he Initial effective overburden pressure at midheight

𝟓. 𝟓 𝒎
of the consolidating clay layer is
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦
11 𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 Po = 𝛴𝛾ℎ = 15.815(3) + (18.85 - 9.81)(5.5) = 97.14 Kpa

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 40

𝑇he final effective overburden pressure at midheight of the consolidating 2.66(9.81)
clay layer after the water table was lowered by 5m is 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = = 15.815
1 + 0.65

(2.75)(9.81)
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 14.4
1 + 0.9
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑
(2.75 + 0.90)(9.81)
3𝑚 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = = 18.85
1 + 0.9

𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 Pf =15.815(3) + (14.4)(5) + (18.85-9.81)(0.5) = 122.96 Kpa

5𝑚
𝑮𝑾𝑻 5.5 𝑚
0.5 𝑚
11 𝑚
𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦
𝑚𝑖𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 The effective stress increase with the water table lowered
by 5 m is

𝛥𝑃 = 𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑜
𝛥𝑃 = 122.96 − 97.14 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟐 𝑲𝒑𝒂 Ans. (a)

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 41

 𝛥𝑃 = 𝑃𝑓 − 𝑃𝑜
81. Determine the settlement.
𝛥𝑃 = 122.96 − 97.14 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟐 𝑲𝒑𝒂
a. 248.8 mm c. 409.6 mm
b. 457.8 mm d. 213.4 mm
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
The settlement of the normally consolidated clay
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 layer is

𝐶 𝐻
𝑐 𝑃𝑜+𝛥𝑃
S = 1+𝑒 log(
𝑃𝑜
)

𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦
5𝑚 0.36(11000) 122.96
𝑮𝑾𝑻
S= 1+0.90
log(
97.14
)
0.5 𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
S = 213.35 mm Ans. (d)
𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 42

Situation 28 : A tank 12 m high filled with oil having a unit weight of 9.4 kN/m3 is to be built on a site. The existing soil
profile consists of a 3.6 m sand layer underlain by a 16 m clay layer. The water table is on the ground surface.
Neglect the weight of the tank.
Properties of clay: Property of sand: ϒSat= 18.88 kN/m3
ϒSat= 17.31kN/m3
e = 1.27 LI = 0.645 PL = 20%
w = 40%
82. Which of the following most nearly gives the 𝐺𝑊𝑇
compression index of clay?
0.544 c. 0.289
𝛾0𝑖𝑙 = 9.4 12 𝑚
a.
3.6 𝑚 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑
0.331
b. d. 0.369
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 18.88
The liquidity index of the soil is
𝜔−𝑃𝐿
LI =
𝐿𝐿−𝑃𝐿
40 −20 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦
0.645 = 16 𝑚
𝐿𝐿−20
LL = 51.01 𝛾𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 17.31

The compression index of the clay layer is

Cc = 0.009(LL – 10) =0.009(50.01 – 10) = 0.369

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 43

 83. Which of the following most nearly gives the settlement
under the center of the tank?
902.0 mm
a. c. 899.7 mm
754.6 mm
b. d. 750.1 mm
𝐺𝑊𝑇
𝑇he effective overburden pressure at midheight
of the consolidating clay layer is
3.6 𝑚 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾0𝑖𝑙 = 9.4 12 𝑚
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 =18.88 Po = 𝛴𝛾ℎ = (18.88 – 9.81)(3.6)+(17.31– 9.81)(8) = 92.652 Kpa

increase in pressure at midheight of the clay layer is

𝛥𝑃 = 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝐻𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 9.4 12 = 112.8 𝐾𝑝𝑎
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦
16 𝑚
𝛾𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 17.31 The settlement of the normally consolidated clay layer is
𝐶 𝐻 𝑃𝑜+𝛥𝑃
S = 𝑐 log( 1+𝑒
)
𝑃𝑜

0.369(16000) 92.652+112.8
S= 1+1.27
log(
92.652
)

S = 899.53 mm Ans. (c)

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 44

 84. Which of the following most nearly gives the
minimum depth in the ground to which the tank must
be placed in order to minimize settlement?
𝐺𝑊𝑇 15.4 m
a. c. 14.3 m
b. 5.1 m d. 6.2 m

3.6 𝑚 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾0𝑖𝑙 = 9.4 12 𝑚

𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 18.88 𝒁 To minimize the settlement, the weight of the soil excavated
must be equal to the weight of the oil.
𝒛 − 𝟑. 𝟔
Woil = Wsoil
9.4(12*Atank) =18.88(3.6Atank) + 17.31[(z-3.6)(Atank)]
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑦
16 𝑚
𝛾𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 17.31 Z = 6.19 m Ans.(d)

ENGR. LOUIE A. ALCANTARA, CE, RMP 45