Name: Fadia Azizah Agustiana

NIM / Class: A73218054 / 4A

Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels – Big Hero 6 Movie

A. Introduction

Conversation is the one of the part to communicate with other people and we use the
language are familiar or we use daily language. Conversation is when the people is start
to speaks with other people, and conversation is usually consist of two people or more
in group of people. By the use of language in conversation is daily language, so people
can express the feeling, emotion, or we can share the information or idea. To get a good
conversation with people is being a good listener when people are speaks. A
conversation usually consists of two people with the structure is “You speak -- I speak”,
so it means that if one participants is speaks and the other is listen. In the conversational
structure, we should not quickly to respond the speaker, but we should not lately to
respond the speaker, so we can wait for the turn. When someone is speaks, and the other
one is listen it can make a comfortable conversation, and it can makes understandable
each other. Conversation analysis is the study about social interaction in everyday even
in verbal or non-verbal. Verbal conversation is like when we talk with people, or as we
can see on the television, movie, or we can listen on radio or telephone, etc. Non-verbal
conversation is like as we can read on a magazine, newspaper, books, etc. The aims in
this paper is the writer wants to analyze the pauses, overlaps, and backchannels in Big
Hero 6 Movie.

Pauses

Pauses is silence between turn, with the long is around 3 seconds or more and the short
is around 2 seconds. When your brain is try to find some idea or some word to say in
the next words, is called “Verbal pauses”. Verbal pauses or filled pauses is marked
with “ur – em – uh – um” or the other word. Because of this is verbal pauses or unfilled
pauses, the words “ur, em, uh, um, etc” is not scripted. Non-verbal pauses is when we
speaks and we lost the word or idea, and we keep silence or we can marked it with
dashes (--). Non-verbal pauses or it can call as silent pauses.

Overlaps

Overlaps is when two people trying to speak at the same time. When the first speaker is
not completed to speaks, and the other speaker is trying to speak to complete what the
first speaker is said. But, overlapping can makes the listeners are misunderstanding.
Because of, the first speaker are not completely to speak then overlapping by the other
speakers, and the listeners cannot clearly heard what the speakers said. The reason of
overlapping is when the speakers are lost their ideas to speak, or it can be when the
speakers are nervous, or another reason is when the information is not enough. When
someone is nervous, they will got the blank in their brain.

Backchannels

Backchannel is the feedback of the listeners to the speakers. Backchannels is the

indication of the listeners are pay attention to the speakers. There many ways to giving
the feedback such as head nods, smiles or the other expressions and the gestures. For the
vocal indications it called as simply backchannel or backchannel signal, such as “uh-uh”
“hmm, oh” “yeah, really?” or the other words that indicate if the listeners are pay
attention.

B. Finding and Discussions

In this chapter are explain the data that has collected from the movie. In this chapter the
writer wants to explain more about the pauses, overlaps, and backchannels in Big Hero
6 Movie. Also in this chapter are explain about the types of pauses, overlaps, and
backchannels in the movie. In this movie has 2 types of pauses: Attributable pauses, and
GAP, the data that has found is: 6. 2 types of overlaps: Turn terminal, and Turn Initial,
the data that has found is: 8. 2 types of backchannels: Acknowledgements, and change
of the activity, and the data has found is: 7.

Data
 1. Pauses

No Conversation Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels.

.
1. 00:12:21 --> 00:12:25
Tadashi: This chip is what makes
Baymax...
"Baymax."

(4seconds) Pauses

00:12:27 --> 00:12:28 Attributable Silence

Hiro: Vinyl?

00:12:28 --> 00:12:32

Tadashi: Yeah, going for a non-
threatening huggable kind of thing.

00:12:32 --> 00:12:34

Hiro: Looks like a walking
marshmallow.
No offense.
2. 00:14:31 --> 00:14:34
Hiro: If I don't go to this nerd school,
I'm gonna lose my mind!

00:14:34 --> 00:14:36

Hiro: How do I get in? Pauses

(3 seconds) Attributable Silence

00:14:39 --> 00:14:41

Tadashi: Every year, the school has a
student showcase.

00:14:41 --> 00:14:44

Tadashi: You come up with something
that blows Callaghan away, You're in.
3. 00:17:02 --> 00:17:05
Tadashi: Alright, Bro.
This is it!

00:17:05 --> 00:17:08

Tadashi: Come on, don't leave me Pauses
hangin'.
 Attributable Silence
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10
Tadashi: What's going on?

(8 seconds)

00:17:11 --> 00:17:14

Hiro: I really wanna go here.

00:17:14 --> 00:17:16

Tadashi: Hey...
you've got this.
4. 00:33:09 --> 00:33:12
Hiro: My microbots?

(6 seconds)

00:33:15 --> 00:33:18

Hiro:Someone's making more. Pauses

(7 seconds) GAP

00:33:24 --> 00:33:25

Baymax: Hiro?

00:33:25 --> 00:33:27

Hiro:You gave me a heart attack.
5. 00:40:44 --> 00:40:46
Baymax: I am sorry about the fire.

00:40:46 --> 00:40:49

Hiro: It's okay, it was an accident.

(7 seconds)
Pauses
0:40:56 --> 00:40:58
Hiro: Unless... GAP

00:40:58 --> 00:41:01

Hiro: Unless it wasn't a...

00:41:01 --> 00:41:05

Hiro: Ah! Ah! The showcase, the guy
in
the masked stole my microbots and set
the fire to cover his tracks.
No Conversation Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels.
.
6. 01:03:59 --> 01:04:02
Honey Lemon: Uh, Guys, you might
wanna see this.

(13 seconds) Pauses

01:04:15 --> 01:04:17 GAP

Honey Lemon: What do you think it is,
genius?

01:04:17 --> 01:04:19

Hiro: Ah! I'm not sure.

01:04:19 --> 01:04:20

Hiro: But look.

01:04:22 --> 01:04:23

Honey Lemon: Hiro.

(27 seconds)

01:04:50 --> 01:04:51

Hiro: Krei.

2. Overlaps

No Conversation Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels

1. 00:09:45 --> 00:09:47
Tadashi: Not bad, Honey Lemon.

00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 Overlaps

Hiro: "Honey Lemon?" Turn Terminal
"Gogo?" "Wasabi?"

00:09:50 --> 00:09:54

Wasabi: I spilled wasabi on my shirt
one time people. One time!

00:09:54 --> 00:09:57

Tadashi: Fred is the one who comes up
with the nicknames.
2. 00:16:28 --> 00:16:31
Wasabi: What you need, little man?
Deodorant? Breath mint, fresh pair of Overlaps
under pants?
Turn Terminal
00:16:31 --> 00:16:34
Gogo: Under pants? You need serious
help.
3. 00:33:25 --> 00:33:27
Hiro: You gave me a heart attack.

00:33:28 --> 00:33:30

Baymax: My hands are equipped with Overlaps
defibrillators.
Turn Terminal
00:33:30 --> 00:33:32
Baymax: Clear!
Hiro: Stop! Stop!

00:33:32 --> 00:33:34

Hiro: It's just an expression!
4. 00:43:46 --> 00:43:48
Hiro: Yeah, fist bump!

00:43:48 --> 00:43:51 Overlaps

Baymax: Fist bump is not in my
fighting database. Turn Terminal

00:43:51 --> 00:43:53

Hiro: No, this isn't a fighting thing.
It's what people do sometimes when
 they are excited or pumped up.
5. 00:46:18 --> 00:46:21
Wasabi: Is that Baymax?
Hiro: Yeah, but you really...

00:46:21 --> 00:46:24 Overlaps

Gogo: Ahh! Why is he wearing carbon
fiber under pants? Turn Terminal

00:46:24 --> 00:46:25

Baymax: I also know Karate.

00:46:26 --> 00:46:29

Hiro: You guys need to go.
6. 01:01:02 --> 01:01:04
Hiro: That was...
Overlaps
01:01:05 --> 01:01:06
Hiro: That was... Turn Initial

01:01:07 --> 01:01:08

Baymax: Sick.
It is just an expression.
7. 01:01:27,303 --> 01:01:31,385
Baymax: I can deactivate if you say:
"You are satisfied with your care." Overlaps

01:01:31,422 --> 01:01:32,734 Turn Initial

Hiro: What?

01:01:32,824 --> 01:01:35,315

Hiro: No, I don't want you to
deactivate.

No Conversation Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels

.
8. 01:16:00 --> 01:16:02
Honey Lemon: Wait! Wait, stop!

01:16:02 --> 01:16:04

Honey Lemon: There is!

01:16:05 --> 01:16:07

Hiro: With the pilot? Overlaps

01:16:09 --> 01:16:10 Turn Initial

Hiro: Hang on!

01:16:12 --> 01:16:15

Abigail Callaghan: We've invited all
these people.
We'll see.

01:16:16 --> 01:16:19

Hiro: The pilot was Callaghan's
daughter!

3. Backchannels

No Conversation Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels.

.
1. 00:12:27 --> 00:12:28
Hiro: Vinyl?
Backchannels
00:12:28 --> 00:12:32 Acknowledgement
Tadashi: Yeah, going for a non-
threatening huggable kind of thing.
2. 00:29:47 --> 00:29:48
Hiro: Hi, Aunt Cass. Backchannels
Acknowledgement
00:29:48 --> 00:29:51
Aunt Cass: Wow, you're up?
Hiro: Yeah, I figured it was time.
3. 00:35:17 --> 00:35:18
Hiro: Microbots!
Backchannels
00:35:19 --> 00:35:20
Police officer: Microbots. Acknowledgement
 00:35:21 --> 00:35:25
Hiro: Yeah, he was controlling them
telepathically with a neurocranial
transmitter.
4. 00:38:35 --> 00:38:38
Baymax: Hairy baby. Backchannels
Change of the activity
00:38:39 --> 00:38:41
Hiro: Alright, come on.
5. 00:52:00 --> 00:52:02
Baymax: Your body temperature is Backchannels
still low. Change of the activity

00:52:02 --> 00:52:04

Hiro: Yeah, uh-huh.

00:52:11 --> 00:52:14

Fred: Ahh! It's like spooning
a warm marshmallow.
6. 01:02:01 --> 01:02:03
Gogo: Killer view! Backchannels
Acknowledgement
01:02:03 --> 01:02:07
Wasabi: Yeah, If I wasn't terrified of
heights, I'd probably love this.
7. 01:27:55 --> 01:27:57
Baymax: Hiro...

01:27:58 --> 01:28:01

Baymax: I will always be with you.
Backchannels
01:28:24 --> 01:28:27 Change of the activity
Hiro: I'm satisfied with my care.

01:29:03 --> 01:29:05

Wasabi: Hiro!

01:29:05 --> 01:29:07

Fred: Yeah, they made it!

01:29:11 --> 01:29:12

Wasabi: Baymax?

Discussion
 1. In the first table is the data of pauses in Big Hero 6 Movie, in there any two
kind of pauses. First is Attributable pauses and the second is GAP, it can also called
as filler and unfilled pauses. Pauses is a silence when we speaks, we can take the pauses
is for breathe. When we are speak and we need to take some breath, then this situation is
called as pauses, after takes a breath we can continue to speak. It is looks like
“overlaps” but, pauses and overlaps are different. In pauses we can continue to speak by
ourselves but, in overlaps it can continue by the other speaker. There are any two kind
of pauses in Big Hero 6 Movie

Attributable pauses is the pauses when the first speaker are gives a question to another
speaker, but the second speaker are too late to answer it.

Tadashi: This chip is what makes Baymax... "Baymax."

(4seconds)

Hiro: Vinyl?

Tadashi: Yeah, going for a non-threatening huggable kind of thing.

Hiro: Looks like a walking marshmallow.

No offense.

This conversation is after Tadashi introduce Baymax as robotic nurse and Hiro is
guessing what Baymax is made of. There are any pauses around 4 seconds, this pause is
called as Attributable pauses. Attributable pauses in there is when Hiro asking Tadashi
about vinyl, because of the use attributable pauses is when the speaker feeling not sure
for what will say.

GAP is the second type of pauses, is the pauses when the first speaker is telling to the
next speaker before the next speaker is realize that.

Honey Lemon: Uh, Guys, you might wanna see this.

(13 seconds)
 Honey Lemon: What do you think it is, genius?

Hiro: Ah! I'm not sure.

Hiro: But look.

GAP in there is when Honey Lemon want to show Hiro and the other what she looks,
and there are any long pauses then Honey Lemon ask to Hiro again, but Hiro still
confuse about it. GAP is occur, because of the next speaker is feeling not sure for what
will say. The other reason of GAP is because of the next speaker are not focus, so they
are not sure or feeling afraid to say that.

2. In second table is the data of Overlaps. Overlaps as we know is when the two
person wants to speak at the same time. There are any two kind of Overlaps in this
movie. Overlaps it occurs when the first speaker and the other speaker are having
differences argument, or the next speaker is realize what the current speaker saying.
Another reason of overlaps is when the speaker wants to completing the sentence. In
this movie has two kind of Overlaps is Turn Terminal and Turn Initial.

Turn Terminal is the type of Overlaps, this type is occur when the current speaker is
done or maybe almost done with the explanation, but the other speakers having theirs
argument.

Tadashi: Not bad, Honey Lemon.

Hiro: "Honey Lemon?" "Gogo?" "Wasabi?"

Wasabi: I spilled wasabi on my shirt one time people. One time!

Tadashi: Fred is the one who comes up with the nicknames.

In this conversation when Tadashi call his friend “Honey Lemon” it makes Hiro
confuse. Hiro thinks that she is loves Honey Lemon, or she is like Honey and Lemon, or
anything else. Not only Honey Lemon that makes Hiro confuse, but also Gogo, and
Wasabi. Then Wasabi just explain their arguments why they call him Wasabi.
Turn Initial is the second types of Overlaps. This overlaps is occur when the speaker
are realize what the other speaker is want to say, and sometimes it occurs for calming
each other.

Hiro: That was...

Hiro: That was...

Baymax: Sick.

It is just an expression.

In this conversation Baymax are overlapping Hiro, when Hiro say “That was” Baymax
are realize what Hiro will say. But when Baymax overlapping Hiro with the word
“sick”, it would makes Hiro thinks about the other meaning, then Baymax said “It is just
an expression”. From the way Baymax say “It is just an expression”, is just for calming
Hiro.

3. In the third or the last table is about Backchannels. Backchannels it occurs

when the current speaker asking to the other speaker, then the other speaker are giving
the feedback, this feedback is called “Backchannels”. The feedback it can be an
agreement or disagreement, and this feedback is called “Acknowledgement and
Change of the activity”

Acknowledgement this types it mostly occurs when the other speaker are showing
agreement or understanding with the current speaker saying.

Hiro: Vinyl?

Tadashi: Yeah, going for a non-threatening huggable kind of thing.

The acknowledgement in this conversation it can see when Tadashi say “Yeah”.
Because of the character of acknowledgement is when the other speaker are agree with
it and they are say “yeah”. Then when Tadashi is say “Yeah” it means Tadashi are
agree what Hiro saying.

Change of the activity is the second type of the way to give a feedback. This feedback
it mostly occurs when the other speaker are wants to change the topic, or activity.
 Baymax: Your body temperature is still low.

Hiro: Yeah, uh-huh.

Fred: Ahh! It's like spooning a warm marshmallow.

From this conversation Baymax are telling Hiro if his temperature is low, then the
responds Hiro is just “yeah”, then Baymax giving Hiro a warm hug. From the feedbacks
Hiro it can change the activity of Baymax.
 Conclusion

Based on this paper, the writers are focus on the finding data and discussion. For
the total data is 21, 6 is for pauses, 8 for the overlaps, and 7 for the backchannels. The
writers are concludes in this movie is only have 2 types of Pauses (Attributable pauses
and GAP), 2 types of Overlaps (Turn Terminal and Turn Initial) and the last is 2 types
of Backchannels (Acknowledgement and Change of the activity). As the explanation of
the writer about pauses the writers are concludes, pauses is a silence between turn, even
long pauses or short pauses. The writers concludes that pauses and overlaps is different.
In pauses, we can take a long or short pauses then we can continue by ourselves. But in
overlaps, we can take a long or short pauses but when the other have their argument
they can overlapping what the speaker say with their argument. In overlapping,
everyone can continue what we say, even we are done with it or not. Overlaps in there is
any 2 types (Turn Terminal and Turn Initial). For the last is Backchannels, as the writers
explain about Backchannel is giving a feedback, the writers conclude that giving a
feedback is not always about the agreement but also disagreement. Also in
Backchannels we can express our feedback by giving a reaction, such as saying “yeah”
with smiling, or the other gestures.
 References

Khapsoh. 2017. An Analysis of Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels in The Reasonable

Doubt by Petter Howitt (Graduation Paper). Jakarta: Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic
University.

Ummu, R. D. 2018. An Analysis of Pauses, Overlaps, and Backchannels in The Zathura

Movie by John Favreau (Graduation Paper). Yogyakarta: Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic
University.
 Appendixes

No Conversation Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels.

.
1. 00:12:21 --> 00:12:25
Tadashi: This chip is what makes
Baymax...
"Baymax."

(4seconds) Pauses

00:12:27 --> 00:12:28 Attributable Silence

Hiro: Vinyl?

00:12:28 --> 00:12:32

Tadashi: Yeah, going for a non-
threatening huggable kind of thing.

00:12:32 --> 00:12:34

Hiro: Looks like a walking
marshmallow.
No offense.
2. 00:14:31 --> 00:14:34
Hiro: If I don't go to this nerd school,
I'm gonna lose my mind!

00:14:34 --> 00:14:36

Hiro: How do I get in? Pauses

(3 seconds) Attributable Silence

00:14:39 --> 00:14:41

Tadashi: Every year, the school has a
student showcase.

00:14:41 --> 00:14:44

Tadashi: You come up with something
that blows Callaghan away, You're in.
3. 00:17:02 --> 00:17:05
Tadashi: Alright, Bro.
This is it!

00:17:05 --> 00:17:08

Tadashi: Come on, don't leave me Pauses
hangin'.
Attributable Silence
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10
Tadashi: What's going on?

(8 seconds)

00:17:11 --> 00:17:14

Hiro: I really wanna go here.

00:17:14 --> 00:17:16

Tadashi: Hey...
you've got this.
4. 00:33:09 --> 00:33:12
Hiro: My microbots?

(6 seconds)

00:33:15 --> 00:33:18

Hiro:Someone's making more. Pauses

(7 seconds) GAP

00:33:24 --> 00:33:25

Baymax: Hiro?

00:33:25 --> 00:33:27

Hiro:You gave me a heart attack.
5. 00:40:44 --> 00:40:46
Baymax: I am sorry about the fire.

00:40:46 --> 00:40:49

Hiro: It's okay, it was an accident.

(7 seconds)
Pauses
0:40:56 --> 00:40:58
Hiro: Unless... GAP

00:40:58 --> 00:41:01

 Hiro: Unless it wasn't a...

00:41:01 --> 00:41:05

Hiro: Ah! Ah! The showcase, the guy
in
the masked stole my microbots and set
the fire to cover his tracks.

No Conversation Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels.

.
6. 01:03:59 --> 01:04:02
Honey Lemon: Uh, Guys, you might
wanna see this.

(13 seconds) Pauses

01:04:15 --> 01:04:17 GAP

Honey Lemon: What do you think it is,
genius?

01:04:17 --> 01:04:19

Hiro: Ah! I'm not sure.

01:04:19 --> 01:04:20

Hiro: But look.

01:04:22 --> 01:04:23

Honey Lemon: Hiro.

(27 seconds)

01:04:50 --> 01:04:51

Hiro: Krei.

No Conversation Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels

1. 00:09:45 --> 00:09:47
Tadashi: Not bad, Honey Lemon.

00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 Overlaps

Hiro: "Honey Lemon?" Turn Terminal
"Gogo?" "Wasabi?"

00:09:50 --> 00:09:54

Wasabi: I spilled wasabi on my shirt
one time people. One time!

00:09:54 --> 00:09:57

Tadashi: Fred is the one who comes up
with the nicknames.
2. 00:16:28 --> 00:16:31
Wasabi: What you need, little man?
Deodorant? Breath mint, fresh pair of Overlaps
under pants?
Turn Terminal
00:16:31 --> 00:16:34
Gogo: Under pants? You need serious
help.
3. 00:33:25 --> 00:33:27
Hiro: You gave me a heart attack.

00:33:28 --> 00:33:30

Baymax: My hands are equipped with Overlaps
defibrillators.
Turn Terminal
00:33:30 --> 00:33:32
Baymax: Clear!
Hiro: Stop! Stop!

00:33:32 --> 00:33:34

Hiro: It's just an expression!
4. 00:43:46 --> 00:43:48
Hiro: Yeah, fist bump!

00:43:48 --> 00:43:51 Overlaps

Baymax: Fist bump is not in my
fighting database. Turn Terminal

00:43:51 --> 00:43:53

Hiro: No, this isn't a fighting thing.
It's what people do sometimes when
 they are excited or pumped up.
5. 00:46:18 --> 00:46:21
Wasabi: Is that Baymax?
Hiro: Yeah, but you really...

00:46:21 --> 00:46:24 Overlaps

Gogo: Ahh! Why is he wearing carbon
fiber under pants? Turn Terminal

00:46:24 --> 00:46:25

Baymax: I also know Karate.

00:46:26 --> 00:46:29

Hiro: You guys need to go.
6. 01:01:02 --> 01:01:04
Hiro: That was...
Overlaps
01:01:05 --> 01:01:06
Hiro: That was... Turn Initial

01:01:07 --> 01:01:08

Baymax: Sick.
It is just an expression.
7. 01:01:27,303 --> 01:01:31,385
Baymax: I can deactivate if you say:
"You are satisfied with your care." Overlaps

01:01:31,422 --> 01:01:32,734 Turn Initial

Hiro: What?

01:01:32,824 --> 01:01:35,315

Hiro: No, I don't want you to
deactivate.

No Conversation Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels

.
8. 01:16:00 --> 01:16:02
Honey Lemon: Wait! Wait, stop!

01:16:02 --> 01:16:04

Honey Lemon: There is!

01:16:05 --> 01:16:07

Hiro: With the pilot? Overlaps

01:16:09 --> 01:16:10 Turn Initial

Hiro: Hang on!

01:16:12 --> 01:16:15

Abigail Callaghan: We've invited all
these people.
We'll see.

01:16:16 --> 01:16:19

Hiro: The pilot was Callaghan's
daughter!

No Conversation Pauses, Overlaps, Backchannels.

.
1. 00:12:27 --> 00:12:28
Hiro: Vinyl?
Backchannels
00:12:28 --> 00:12:32 Acknowledgement
Tadashi: Yeah, going for a non-
threatening huggable kind of thing.
2. 00:29:47 --> 00:29:48
Hiro: Hi, Aunt Cass. Backchannels
Acknowledgement
00:29:48 --> 00:29:51
Aunt Cass: Wow, you're up?
Hiro: Yeah, I figured it was time.
3. 00:35:17 --> 00:35:18
Hiro: Microbots!
Backchannels
00:35:19 --> 00:35:20
Police officer: Microbots. Acknowledgement

00:35:21 --> 00:35:25

Hiro: Yeah, he was controlling them
telepathically with a neurocranial
 transmitter.
4. 00:38:35 --> 00:38:38
Baymax: Hairy baby. Backchannels
Change of the activity
00:38:39 --> 00:38:41
Hiro: Alright, come on.
5. 00:52:00 --> 00:52:02
Baymax: Your body temperature is Backchannels
still low. Change of the activity

00:52:02 --> 00:52:04

Hiro: Yeah, uh-huh.

00:52:11 --> 00:52:14

Fred: Ahh! It's like spooning
a warm marshmallow.
6. 01:02:01 --> 01:02:03
Gogo: Killer view! Backchannels
Acknowledgement
01:02:03 --> 01:02:07
Wasabi: Yeah, If I wasn't terrified of
heights, I'd probably love this.
7. 01:27:55 --> 01:27:57
Baymax: Hiro...

01:27:58 --> 01:28:01

Baymax: I will always be with you.
Backchannels
01:28:24 --> 01:28:27 Change of the activity
Hiro: I'm satisfied with my care.

01:29:03 --> 01:29:05

Wasabi: Hiro!

01:29:05 --> 01:29:07

Fred: Yeah, they made it!

01:29:11 --> 01:29:12

Wasabi: Baymax?