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N a t i o n a l C a pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Pi ñ a s C i t y

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Module in General Biology 1

Grade 12
First Quarter
Week 2
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features. (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-3)
• Classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the function(s) of each. (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4)
WHAT’S IN
Two Types of Cells
1) Prokaryotic Cell
A prokaryotic cell (Greek pro, before, and karyon, kernel referring to the nucleus) lacks a nucleus and its DNA is
coiled into a nucleoid region. Since no membrane surrounds the nucleoid region, the DNA is in direct contact with the rest
of the cell contents. Bacteria and archaea cells are classified as prokaryotic.

2) Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic cells (Greek eu, true and karyon, kernel) are more complex than prokaryotic cells. From the given
examples below, notice that most of the structures present in a eukaryotic cell are composed of membranes. These
membrane-bound structures are referred to as organelles. Also, its DNA has a nuclear membrane and is contained inside
the nucleus. Eukaryotic organisms include protozoans, algae, fungi, plants, and animals.

Table 1. Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

Structure Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell

Nucleus Present Absent

Number of chromosomes More than one Plasmid

Cell Type Usually multicellular Usually unicellular (some cyanobacteria may

be multicellular)

Cell size 10-100um 1-10um

Endoplasmic reticulum Present Absent

Mitochondria Present Absent

Golgi apparatus Present Absent

Chloroplasts Present (in plants) Absent

Vacuoles Present Present

Vesicles Present Present

Ribosomes Larger Smaller

Lysosomes Present Absent

Cytoskeleton Present May be absent

Microtubules Present Absent or rare

Cell wall Only in plant cells and fungi Usually chemically complexed

DNA wrapping on proteins. Eukaryotes wrap their DNA around Multiple proteins act together to fold and
proteins called histones. condense prokaryotic DNA.

Genetic Recombination Meiosis and fusion of gametes Partial, unidirectional transfer of DNA
 Eukaryotic cells occur among animals and plants, but there are a number of significant differences between the
cells of organisms in these two kingdoms. Diversity of forms and structures in plant and animal cells are related to their
functions. That is, cell structure is correlated to cellular function.

Features of Animal Cells

Animal cells are mostly round and irregular in shape. Multicellular

organisms contain billions or trillions of cells organized complexly. Animal
cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix consisting primarily of
proteins that provide structural support. It is believed that cell wall
disappeared with evolution and the animal cells developed with more
advanced cells, tissues, and organs which are more specified for their
function. Figure 3. Animal cell
Image source: https://www.biologyjunction.com /07-08-PlantCell-L.jpg

Features of Plant Cells

Plant cells are characterized by the presence of chloroplast, a cell wall

and a large central vacuole. The cell wall surrounds the cell membrane and
gives the plant cell its unique rectangular shape. Plant cell carries out the
function of photosynthesis, due to which the green plants are called as
autotrophs. This is done by the presence of chlorophyll in their chloroplast.
Figure 4. Plant cell
Image source: https://www.biologyjunction.com /07-08-PlantCell-L.jpg

Table 2. Comparison of Plant and Animal Cells

Cell Structure Animal Cell Plant Cell

Shape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)

Cell wall Absent Present (formed of cellulose)

Plasma Membrane Only cell membrane Cell wall and a cell membrane

Cytoplasm Present Present

Nucleus Present Present

Vacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than One, large central vacuole taking up to 90% of cell
plant cells). volume.

Centrioles Present in all animal cells Absent in higher forms of plants;

only present in lower plant forms

Chloroplast Absent Plant cells have chloroplasts to make their own food.

Plastids Absent Present

Ribosomes Present Present

Mitochondria Present Present

Endoplasmic Present Present

Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus Present Present

Cytoskeleton Present Present

Lysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm. Lysosomes usually not evident.

Cilia Present Most plant cells do not contain cilia.

Flagella Present in some cells Present in some cells

( e.g. mammalian sperm cells) (e.g. sperm of bryophytes and pteridophytes, cycads)

Modification in Cells
The human body has trillions of cells, each specialized for a specific purpose. Each of these cells varies in shapes
and sizes. These cells play a vital role during growth, development, and day-to-day maintenance of the body. For example,
epithelial cells protect the surface of the body and cover the organs and body cavities within. Bone cells help to support
and protect the body. Blood cells carry nutrients and oxygen throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide.
As we discussed above that the organelles in plant cell like – chloroplast, cell wall, and large central vacuoles
distinguishes them from the animal cells. The cell wall is usually rigid, non-living and permeable component surrounding
the plasma membrane. Specialized plant cell types include parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma which provide structural
support to the plant cell or used for storage of organic products. Xylem and phloem cells are water and food conducting
cells.

General Biology 1 Q1W2 Prepared by: Añano, JAP, Alvero, APS, & Taguas, MES