Live and LearnPee URL ‘© What does the title of the module mean to you? Why should we study history? ‘+ How important is education? Emule a ee y N n ie c 2) ‘+ famous people © protest + war & peace ‘+ education systems control & power ‘= places ina school © news & mysteries of —_*_ types of school history ‘= exams & qualifications mee eae tere respond news & media sympathy '* congratulate & console + narratives (2) * causative form+ ie ©D tare cure ¥ cp GY. Teme Lead-in 4 & Lookat the pictures of people from world history as well as the verbs in thelist. Tell your partner what they 7 are famous for. o sight compose * lect invent «ign + discover b. Think about ahistorical figure and ‘campaign » conquer + rule + claim # assassinate talk about them to your dass, The class guess who the person is, Talk (Christopher Columbus s famous for discovering America about b. Use verbs from the list above, as well as the useful language, to when and where they lived ask and answer, as in the example. what they ad / are known for how they died ‘Asking for confirmation '* any other important information © Wasn't it... who ..? + cas the one who .., wasn't he? 2 tewas Who ny wasn'tit? —¢ ve didn’t he? In your opinion, which present-day : figure(s) wil eventually become part Responding Positively Responding Negatively thistoey on scout thelr 6 Mes thers ra * Wen ee. exceptional contribution? Give + Yes, I think ifn wasidid * Thaven’t a clue mae Responding with Uncertainty | * | couldr'ttell you + Oh, imnot sure + Noway! it was... who 3. Paraphrase the following + Oh, ite might have been + Notat alll That was... (name). quotations. Do you agree or + Oh, can't remember. + No, it wasn't disagree? Why (not)? Discuss. ‘A: WasrtitGalieo who first claimed thatthe earth moved eround the sun? Seen 6 mean eae 8: Yes thats right character. Goethe) 2. @) You are going to listen to three people talking about different ‘The only thing we learn from historical figures. Listen and write who they are, What helped history is that we learn nothing you guess? from history. (Hegel) Speaker 1 Speaker 3 Speaker 2 121Reading 1 @ Look at the quotation at the beginning of the 2. Now, read the text carefully and, for questions 1-7, ‘text. What do you think it means? Discuss. ‘choose the correct answer A, B, C or D. Underline the parts of the text which helped you decide. b. How is the quotation related to the title ofthe attide? What do you think the text is going to ica was not actualy fr : bbe about? Read the first and the last paragraph 1. America was not actually free from British rule ; unt and try to guess. Skim the text to see if your A RaytFtE © February 17 | ures wie ponrect B November 1782, _D_ September 1783. | . Inpairs, guess if the following sentences are T 2 One thing that is definitely true is that (true) or F (False). Read quickly and check ‘A Christopher Columbus didn’t know he had found a new land. 1 America was granted independence the Native Americans had always been in America, ‘on ath July, 1776, : the Vikings were the fist to discover America D Amerigo Vespucci was the fist explorer to 2 Columbus wasn't the first European travel to America to come to America 3. People believe things that are not true because \ ; historical facts iaironinliniaiin soiree A. ate always from unreliable sources 1 importance to Europe. eg arannog B are not complicated. D_ are not simple. I . History Lessons "History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon." Napoleon Bonaparte Independence Day, the most important holiday in the 10 American calendar, which the Americans celebrate with parades and fireworks. It was on 4th July, 1776 that Congress approved the Declaration of Independence. It was a good start. However, the struggle continued for another seven years after this, 15, ‘with some of the most brutal fighting inthe whole war, as King George III was not willing to grant America total independence, which was the only arrangement that the American leaders would accept. So the fighting continued. The first draft of a Treaty of Peace 20 wwas signed in November 1782 and in February 1783 the King officially announced that the war would soon bbe over. This led to the signing of the Treaty of Paris ‘on 3rd September that same year. Think about the discovery of America, What's the 25 first name that comes to tind? More than likely i's ; Christopher Columbus. Was America really discovered Think of three historical figures. What do you py him? He had set out to reach Asia and that’s where know about them? Where did you get your he thought he was when he came to America. But there information from? The chances are that you either were many people there before him.’The frst ones were 30 read itsomewhere or someone who read itsomewhere certainly the Native Americans, thousands of years 5 told you about it. Did you ever think about who wrote efore 1492. Where had they come from? Even the down these facts? How can you be sure that they are Vicnps had made a number of expeditions, with Leif true? ‘The thing is} many historical ‘wruths’ are Eriksson landing there in around 1000 AD. Pethaps historical myths. Amerigo Vespucei was the discoverer of America, After 35 Lets take some examples. In America, th July is gy, unlike Columbus before him, he was the fist 1224 Columbus is credited with the discovery of B History is deception. ‘America because © History es, His, ies! A. the fact that he travelled there is true. D_Thepen is mightier than the sword B this historical myth happens to be completely bs 3 What happened on these dates? his voyage there had important consequences #1776 © 1782 + 1783 + 1492 * 1000 AD for 15th-century Europe + 3rd September + 15th century hewrtethenisoryofNew Wot expatons, 5 If native people had written the history of the “@) Vocabulary Practice New World, then history would have been ‘hecide Me ea 4, Replace the highlighted parts ofthe text with pees rae aie ‘words and phrases from the list below, 6 What the writer means by "that is not the + straightforward + occurs to you * in fact whole story’ lines 62-63) is that ‘tend to + havea critical attitude A istory should always be written by the losers. + cid not want to + acknowledge his contribution B_ the writing of history depends on many factors. some truth * very likely the history ofthe discovery of the New World was never finished. b. Explain the words in bold. _ history should not be written by the winners. 7 What might be a suitable alternative title for = Text Analysis +this text? A. There's no history, only biogtaphy. 5 ‘History is ahvayssubjectve"Explain in your own ‘words what the writer means. Give examples from ‘the text to support your answer. Do you agree with filtcenth-century explorer to realise where he was, or the watter? rather, where he definitely wasn’t. So, maybe the word 2 “rediscover is more accurate when it comes to Discussion Columbus it hisoryisto ae imag evediatall, 40 In pairs, i sti ee te In pairs, discuss the following questions. you, they got them from what they thought was a reliable + Do you like reading history? Why (not)? Do you source. But how can such things be written down in the ‘think it is important to know what happened in first place? One of the reasons must be that history is ‘the past? Why (not)? seldom "eat and dried, The events are often complicated 45 ‘© Is there a country or civilisation whose history you ‘and messy. The achieving of American independence was, find particularly interesting, exciting and rewarding. a lengthy affair. Presumably 4th July was chosen as the ‘to read? Discuss in pairs and give some examples. date to celebrate because it was seen as more significant ‘than the date of the actual end of the war. Another reason is that such myths always contain ‘Columbus was not the first person to travel to America, ‘but he was the firs fifteenth-century explorer to go there. His "re-discovery" was, from a historical point of view, extremely significant for Europe since his voyages opened up large-scale commerce between Europe and 55 America, History has traditionally been written by the winners. If the conquered indigenous peoples had written the history ofthe discovery of the New World, it would most probably have been very different, but not necessarily 60 objective: the point of view of the conquered can be just as biased as the point of view of the conqueror. But that is not the whole story. The writing of history depends not only on the "side" the writer is on, but also on the calture and attitudes ofthe era its written in. 6 History is always subjective. So, remember: when you read history, Why is history the swctest legen’ 2 123©) war & Peace 1 Language Focus a. In pairs, make a list of at least ten words related to the idea of ‘war, Then compare your lst to those of your classmates. fight, battle etc. b, Look at thelist of words given and together with the words in your list, arrange them in the spideraram below. ‘navy * private « surender » attack + disarmament « ally + pacifist * conquer + general + major « admiral treaty Dead G=)~< =< = Cia ©) Taking Control 2 @ Youare going to listen toa conversation between a young woman and her father, Look at the picture and the lst of words ‘and expressions below. Can you ‘guess what their conversation will be about? © ger the right co vote © demonstration © go on hunger strike ‘© make apoint © de for the cause 124 1. International nuclear 3. Napoleon was forced to 4. The exhausted soldiers 5. The Romans (soldier | (captain - Choose wards from the spidergram above and use them in the correct form to complete the sentences below, will be the first step towards world peace. 2. The definitive end to many wars has been marked by a peace from Moscow in 1812, due to the bitter cold of the Russian winter, their position bravely, but in the end they were defeated by the enemy, Britain in 55 BC, but they didn’t conquer it until many years later. 4. In pairs, choose six words and make your own sentences, © things get out of control 4 get enough attention | Foren i | © make history I (B) Now listen to the conversation and mark the statements below as true (7) or false (F) 11 Women got the right to vote easly. 2. Tina's grandmather was a suffragette, 3 Suifragettes suffered alot. 4 1918 in England, all ‘women had the right, to vote. 5 In America, women ‘earned the right to vote before women in England. Use the words and expressions in Ex. 2a, as well as your answers in Ex, 2b, to ask and answer questions, a in the examples. ‘A: When did women get the right to vote inEgland? 8: Ithinkthey gotit in 1918. ‘A: Why did suragettes go on demonstrations? 8: Because they wanted to get attention. dd. At what age do people have the Fight to vote in your country?3 Look at the different uses of the word "control” Then use the expressions in the correct form to complete the sentences. ‘tl + nme 90cm overt » encom fh» eto cont ‘ave cn ath ah estan) ender contol 6h estan) fhjeodoncsonte ¢ tse fe Strikers caused a bit of trouble here earlier, but everything is now. 2 tt was a really peaceful demonstration, Then. suddenly, it 3. Yes, I know. I's @ large group of children. But I'm completely & , $0 don’t worry 4 Ie was terrible! He suddent.. the car He later discovered that the steering had gone. 5 When the pilot said that he felt il, the co-pilot Immeciately the plane. 6 By the time the fire fighters arrived, the forest fire 7 Nowadays, it seems that parents less their children than in the past, ) Words often confused 4 Underline the correct item. 1 “Tom has always been interested in classicalclassic studies; he's an expert on ancient Greek mythology. Napoleon's army was defeated/arrested by the British and the Prussians at Waterloo on June 18th, 1815. July 4th, 1778 was a historichistorical day for America ‘The general decided to invade/attack the enemy camp at night so as to have the advantage. ‘The Conservatives had been in powerlstrength for over ten years before the Labour Party was elected again Fill in time or times. 1 Ie feltjust ike old 2 | just feel tired all the 3 I's the worst natural disaster of modern 4. think he's the greatest musician of all 5 They used to go there from to 6 I felt ke crying at during the film. 7 Hegot three ‘the number of votes. 8 The company hasn't moved with the 6 Match the adjectives to the nouns. 11 pure, sheer, good. bad CHANCE 2 lite, sight, iyi, good Luck 3 pure, sheer unfortunate = ACCIDENT > Idioms & Fixed Phrases 7 cy Underline the correct item, 11 She belongs to a very ancient familys she can trace her/pass into history back tothe Norman Conquest. 2A large number of historical events have taken place in the Tower of London over the centuries; it's recorded/steeped in history 3. Nell Armstrong ivmade history on 20th July, 1969 when he became the fist man to walk on the moon. 4 When Enrico Fermi split the atom in 1934 (without realising it), he changed the coursefoute of history. 5 During/Throughout history t seers thatthe reasons for war are essentially the same; history repeats ise. Phrasal Verbs Jp Appencl2 Replace the phrases in bold with the phrasal verbs in the list in the correct form. + take over * carry out + blow up » go off “bring about + back out * beat up 1. The war memorial was destroyed by an explosion. 2. The prisoner was hit and kicked many times by the enemy soldiers. 3. The bomb exploded in the town centre 4 The soldiers claimed they were acting in accordance with orders. 5 The government had agreed to help the refugees, ‘but when they realised how expensive it would be, they decided not to. 6 The revolution did not cause any major palitical changes. 7 During the military coup, the army gained control of the parliament buildin. =) Prepositions “Jp 9 Appendix 1 Fill in of for by or in, then make sentences about historical figures from your country using the phrases. D IWVONEM enon} 2 10 Fight soon Sthy 3 to believe sth; 4 to die a disease; 5 luckichance/accident 125[0 ESS * Stu a. Look at the two pictures showing different ‘ways of learning. Compare and contrast them saying which way you think is more effective. b, Do you think there are subjects Which should not be taught at school? Which AX. ones and why (not)? . Look at the two pictures showing different ways of protesting. Compare and contrast the pictures saying which is likely to be heard and/or have some effect. d, Have you ever taken part in a demonstration or protest? What was the reason? Did it have any effect? 4, ()) Listen to two candidates doing the speaking “ask. Compare and contrast their performances and assess them in terms of personal response to the pictures (how they feel about what is shown in the pictures, how they relate the pictures to personal experiences). ®D communication ‘= Narrating personal experiences 5 a. Read the two dialogues below and say in what ways they are similar/different. 1A: You'll never guess who | just saw in the bank! George Ciooney! B: George Clooney. Yeah, right! ‘A: No, really. He was changing dollars at the foreign exchange. You're not serious, are you? 2. A: Wait til you hear what happened to me in the supermarket yesterday! I got tothe checkout and discovered that | had no money! 8: No money! How embarrassing! What dd you do? A: I had to leave everything and rush to the bank ‘They kept my shopping for me, though. B: That was nice of them. b. Use the phrases in the box to act out similar dialogues in the situations below. Starting the conversation © Listen to this, + You'll never guessoelieve + Wait til you hear + Do you know ...? Expressing surprise/disbelief | Expressing sympathy ‘© That's incredible/amazing/ | + How awful terrible/ unbelievable! embarrassing! + don't believe itt Commenting * You're not serious, are © That was lucky! you? © That was nice (of + You can't be serious! him, her, etc) Yeah, right! * 0h, no/Ihate that! ‘Your bestfriend is getting married and moving to Australia © You took a friend out for dinner, but you didn’t have enough money to pay the bill. ‘The bank machine took your card and you had no money for the weekend. ®D everyday English * Luck 6 Can you guess what the other speaker says? ‘We're in luck! | can’t believe your luck! Better luck next time! (Oh, you lucky thing! Hard luck! Just my luck! A: Werein uck! 8: Why?lsitopen? 127ulture Clip 128 Reading - Part 1 1 @ Look at the picture, the title, the {quotation and thelist of words. What do you think the text is about? * airshows + watch aerial stunts + promate fying ‘take Fying lessons «record-breaking stunts « organise cross-country ar races * form women pilots’ organisation * crashes * celebrity + transatlantic crossing record «final fight # mystery + bottom of the sea b. In pairs, think of three questions Yyou would like to ask about ‘Amelia, Read the text quickly and see if your questions are answered. a. Read the first sentence of each paragraph, What is each paragraph about? Can you ‘match the sentences to the headings A to I? b. Now read the text and choose from the list (Al) the sentence which best summarises each part (1-7) ofthe article. Were your guesses correct? Where are you? "decide whether o nt the goat is wath tke sks auolied. f ti, stop wornying." Amelia Sorkart (ol Possibly the most famous female pilot ever, Amelia Eathart was bom in 1897 in Kansas, USA. Amelia had a difficult and unsettled childhood. Her family travelled a great deal so her father could find work. Although she often missed school, Amelia was nevertheless considered to be very bright academically. She enjoyed reading and poetry, as well as sports, especially basketball and tennis, A flying start, A chance ofa lifetime ‘A mysterious disappearance A strong partnership The uncertainty continues A tisky business A shining example A change of direction ‘An unusual beginning -ratmone> oe After graduating from high school, instead of going to college, Amelia decided to study nursing. During the First World War, she worked as a military nurse in Canada. When the war ended, she became a social worker back in America and taught English to immigrants. In her free time, Amelia enjoyed going to air shows and watching aerial stunts, which were very popular during the 1920s. Her fascination with flying began when, at one of these shows, she took a ten-minute plane ride, and from that moment on she knew she had to learn to fly. Amelia took on several odd jobs to pay for the flying lessons and, after a year, she had saved enough money to buy her own plane. In 1922, she began taking part in record-breaking attempts and stunts raand promoting flying for women. She organised cross-country air races for women pilots and formed a now famous women pilots" organisation, called the "Ninety-Nines’, ii During this time it is reported that Amelia had many crashes. In those days planes were very unreliable and most of her accidents ‘were probably the result of engine failure. However, Amelia's first instructor and close friend, Anita Snook, later admitted that she had had her doubts about Amelia’s skills asa pilot and her ability to take on the death defying feats and the long distance flights she became famous for. fi Flying was still only a hobby for Amelia, who continued to teach, ) until one day she received an invitation to be the first woman ever to make the flight across the Atlantic from Canada to Britain, Amelia made the flight in 1928 and, although she was only @ passenger and two men flew the plane, it made her a celebrity. She also met her future husband, George Putman, a publisher, who + arranged the flight and organised all the publicity. fe SS ee In 1932 Amelia and George, who were now married, decided ‘Amelia should make the Atlantic crossing from America to Britain alone. She broke several records on this flight; she became the first woman to fly the Atlantic solo, the only person to have flown it ) twice and she established a new transatlantic crossing record of 13 hours and 30 minutes. Understandably, she became even more famous as a result, earning respect for women pilots all over the world by proving that women could fly just as well as men, if not better. SS SS Se 5 In June 1937, Amelia took her final flight. Together with Fred Noonan, her navigator, she set out from Miami, Florida in an attempt to fly around the world. From Miami, they successfully flew to South America, from there to Atrica and then across the Sahara Desert to Thailand, Singapore, Java and Australia. However, 0 somewhere between New Guinea and Howland Island, their next, port of call, Amelia’s plane disappeared, The last message the coast guard received from Amelia said that she couldn't see the island due to bad weather and that fuel was running out. She never arrived. The US Navy searched for days, but there was no sign of S the plane, No wreckage or bodies were ever found. ee ee ‘Mystery still surrounds the disappearance of Amelia Earhart. There have been many theories about what happened to her. Some say that Amelia was a spy for the American government and had been sent on a secret mission and was captured. Others believe she spent 0. the rest of her life living on a desert island, while others think that she deliberately crashed her plane into the Pacific. No one knows the truth, although the most likely explanation is that Amelia ran bout of fuel and crashed into the sea and that she and her plane are stil lying somewhere off Howland Island, at the bottom of the sea. > Vocabulary Practice 3 @ Read the article again and find words which mean, + changeable (line 2) * clever (ine 5) # not to be trusted (line 23) + Famous person (line 33) + arrested (ine 59) * on purpose (line 61) Explain the words and phrases in bold, = Speaking Make notes about Amelia's life in ‘the correct chronological order, then talk about her. Can you suggest another title forthe article? a 5 Take roles and act out dialogues between: ‘© Amelia & George Putman when they first meet. (para 4) ‘+ Amelia & George when they decide on her transatlantic crossing. (paras 4-5) Amelia & Fred Noonan while fying from Miami to South ‘America, (para 6) © Discussion Which of the following adjectives best describe Amelia? Justify your answers, a * optimistic » stubborn * courageous + determined + daring + easy-going + rebelious * patient 7 Name two women who featured in ‘your country’s history and talk about them in terms of; + when they lived + what they are known for 8 _ Roleplay: Choose a paragraph and act out an interview between a reporter and Amelia, 129130 a w 1 a ~ 3 Pastforms Grammar Reference Put the verbs in the correct past form. Smallpox «=. that’s history now! Edward Jenner (1748 ~ 1823) 1) (make) a iscovery that 2) (change) he course of history. Many people 3)... (le) from smallpox in eighteenth-century England, and for a long time, Jenner 4) (try) to find a cure. Jenner 5) - (live) in the country, andhe 8) so nsnnnn (otCe) that the local mikmalds never 7) sonsnnen (Catch) smallpox. After experimentation, Jenner 8) (conclude) that this was because they al 9) (suffer) from cowpox at least once in ther life and therefore, 10) (become) immune to smalipox. Based on these obsewvations, Jenner 11) (develop) the method of “vaccnation® and in 1798 he 12) (ublish) his findings. In 1853, vaccination 13) (be) compulsory in Britain and in 1980 it was declared by the World Health Assembly thet smallpox 18) 7 3 (beveradicated) ‘throughout the wold ‘You are telling someone about a party that took place lastnight. Look at the example, then make a new sentence ta match each given sentence, You have to use all four words in the box in each sentence. Paul leave Tina arrive Paul wanted to see Tina, but didn’t know she was already there Paul left without knowing that Tina had aleady arrived. 2 Paul wanted to avoid Tina 3 Paulwas keen to see Tina. 4° Tina was justin time to catch Paul 5 Tina just missed Paul 6 Paul bumped into Tina on the doorstep. Past Modals —e Grammar Reference Use the phrases (a ~ h) to rephrase the sentences -8), a itsapity ett was wrong b lamsure f I'm almost certain lexpected them 4g There's a chance d. tmnot sure he's unlikely They must have won the lottery or something, ‘They should have arrived by now. They can't have received my message. ‘They shouldn't have mentioned the surprise They might not have known how to get here. They could have been lucky and got in. They couldn't have known we were coming They should have come with us. I's lovely here. ‘fm almost certain they have won the lottery or something. 4. Rephrase the following sentences in as many ways 5 possible. 1. There's no reply; pethaps she wrote down the ‘wrong number, There's no reply; she 2 It's freezing! it was sly of me not to bring any warm clothes! I's freezing! | 3 It's possible tat ey sass tes \ 4 ies icly that Rchard has borrowed the ca. Richard 5. ts terrible that didn’t remember her birthdayl \ 5 ill in the gaps with needn'thave or didn't need to ‘and the correct form of the verb in brackets, 1. Rachel, you (do) all the work; you should have let me help you! 2 Bertha (make) dessert as John had already bought a big cake, so she didn't 3. The boys (lie) about the broken ‘window; we wouldn't have punished them anyway. 4 Susan .. mi (take) a taxi home; Frank offered to aive her a lit 6 Inpairs, act out exchanges. 11 John didnt come to the party. (must) ‘A: Didyouhearthat John didntcome tothe party? B: Oh,hemust have had something beterto do. 2. Tony was driving a BMW yesterday. (can’t) 3. Ann bought 2 really expensive designer outfit. (may) 4 kathryn wasn't accepted at Oxford. (should) 5 Lydia had a hard time finding a fat. (could) ‘Make sentences using appropriate past modals. Bill looks {Bint 3 John missed his Pine he} Tia it tun up at the meeting.) ee Hemust have been working al night.a * Word Formation: Verbs Form verbs using: ise,-enor en. Use the verbs to form sentences, rich 2 deaf 3 terror Adlose : 5 character 5 6 sympathy 3 Tmemory Brage English in Use - Part 3 9 Complete the sentences using the ‘word given, Use between two and five ‘words. Do not change the word given. 1. It was wrong of you to put the blame on Nina not You the blame on Nina. 2 When | got home, the kids were already in bed ‘time The kids had gone to bed home 3. This project will need a lot of care. have This project carefully 4 | don't think she recognised me. have She . 5. Mary falied to impress them. succeed Mary them. 6 How did she find out about the ‘competition? known How the competition? 7. | suppose they have been delayed somewhere, could They somewhere. 8 Leaving without saying goodbye would not be right, to think we we leave. 9 Glen last wrote to him a month ago. heard He for a month, 10 | wish Bill had let us know he wasn't coming! let Bill he wasn't coming! English in Use - Part 2 40 Read the text and filin the word that best fits each gap. Use only one ARCHASOLOGY: THE BARE BONES? ‘we want to find 0) out what happened in the past, WE 1) ...u.nan- Toad history books. Another 2) to earn about the past is archaeology the study ofthe past through the things people have left 3) ‘The written word and archaeological remains are very different from 4) mows: other, of course, but is ‘one mote reliable than the other? You might $) ‘tempted to say that something written down is 6)...» dependable than a pile of old hones, say, oF ‘weapons from a prehistoric period, But stop @ minute and think: is this really the case? ‘On an archaeological dig, excavation invelves uncovering artefacts and structures that have been buried for a 7) time. Things literally eome to light". Modern scientific techniques enable archaeologists 8) nnn» get detailed information on what they have discovered, Tike 9) ....0me different foods have ‘been cooked in a clay pot, for example, 10) - the sex, age and size of a human skeleton, It is probably almost impossible to be completely objective U1) ennne Weiting history, whatever period one is writing in [Reading history, therefore, and doing historical research, is also @ process of uncovering: the objective truth 12) suas 10 be separated from the subjective falseho0d. 13) wemnum archaeological remains and historical documents need to be interpreted: neither can be taken at face value, The 14) is the evidence from a clay pot or a pile of bones may be just 15) cn tliable a6 writen historical acount, English in Use - Part 4 41 Read the text below and look carefully at each line. IF line is correct, put a tick (V) by it fit has a word which should not be there, write the word at the end of the line. Strange Coincidences Its very amazing how many coincidences there are between the 0 very lives and deaths of the two assassinated American presidents, 00 ‘Abraham Lincoln and John F Kennedy. & hundred of years exactly separate the following events: Abraham Lincoln was lected it to Congress in 1846 while John F Kennedy was lected in 1946. Lincoln became the president in 1860, Kennedy in 1960. So what, you may think - a few of dates correspond. tis an one interesting idea, but you don't think itis too amazing, ‘Wall just wait. ft gets more better Both presidents were particulary involved in cil rights. And what is about the fact that they were bath advised on the day they got shot not togo tothe 9 theatre n the case ofthe former, and Dallas, in the case ofthe 10 latter? That isnot all, both of presidents were shot on a Friday, 11 and both in the head while were sitting beside their wives! 2 Lincoln died in 1865 while his successor, named Andrew Johnson, 13, passed far away in 1875. Kennedy died in 1963, his successor, 14 called by Johnson, in 1873. Here's the final part of the puzzle: 15, both assessins were in turn assassinated before their tials. 131132 When we vite a story, we can use flashback narration. This is when the story starts in the middle and then earlier events are introduced using the Past Perfect. The story continues using normal past tenses, leading the readers to the point whee it began, then goes onto the end of the story In narrative we can aso use the following techniques: + escrntion of people: When. describing someone's physical appearance, start with the general features (height, build, age) and move on to more specific ones such as har, eyes, nose etc. A description of the clothes the person is wearing can ais be aided. + description of places/buldings!scenes When desaibing a place, start by describing its location folowed by 2 vvid descintion of its interior (tooms, furniture ete) or exterior (what itis made ofA variety of adjectives or reference to the senses (sight, hearing, tasta and touch) can also be included + participles at the beginning of sentences (eg ‘Exhausted hewenthome’instead of Hewas exhausted sohewent home’) a variety of verbs (. Sreame instead of said) similes (e.g, Hefetsoreeved that hecried tke a baby.) S) understanding the Rubric 1 a. Read the rubric below, paying careful attention to the underlined phrases. Then answer the ‘questions that follow. A popular magazine is holding a short story ‘competition and you have decided to enter. Your story ust end with the folowing words ‘He neva he walked ava. that he would never return, 1 Who going to read your story? 2's the story tod inthe Fistor til person? 3. Think of answers to these questions about the main character in your stony + Whats is name? © Where did he walk away from? Why? + How did he fee? 4 Which of the following should your story contain? Tick W). [verbs in present and present perfect tenses ya vancty oF past onses F] an explanation of why he “would never return” Eo avarety of complex characters 1] an interesting and believable plot the given ist sentence = Analysing a Story b, Read the model and put the paragraphs in the correct order. Does the story fit the ending given in the rubric? No Looking Back tad ail started when he had entered a short story competition in his favourite magazine. He hadn't thought. his story was very good, so he was extremely surprised when it won first prize. The prize was a holiday in the French countryside. [B] John picked up the cardboard box full of his belongings and left his office. He knew, as he walked away, that he would never return, [CIE] As soon as he returned to England, John started writing @ novel. He worked late every right for two years, writing page after page. When the book was finished he sent it to a publisher. the novel became a best seller, and john became very wealthy. He bought himself a lovely stone house in France and told his boss that he was leaving the company. John emptied the drawers of hhis desk and put the contents into a large cardboard box. He felt a little sad to be leaving this office. After all, he had spent eight hours a day here for the last ten years. Now he was leaving his job, and his country. [CE] the cottage he had stayed in was beautiful, it was a small white building with carved wooden shutters on the windows and a heavy old wooden door with pink roses around it. John loved the place from the first moment he saw it. He decided that one day, he would buy a hhouse just lke this, and live in France for the rest of his fe Underline the adjectives used to describe the cottage. Which are related to size/opinion/ rmateria/colour?[EE d. Now put these events from the story in the order in which they happened. Where does the j_Michael dosed the door behind him and laoked at himself writer choose to begin? 3 in the 1)small miror on the wal. Hs 2) beautiful face © seemed paler than usual and all of a sudden he fet [7 John won fist prize ina short story competition 3) very tired. He thought of all the 4) bad things that had [John started writing 2 novel happened that day. was clear to him now that he didn’t [John put his belongings ina cardboard box. belong in this 5) big 6) ualy ity [John went on holiday to the French county [Bi John left his office 7 John's novel became a best sale It was a 1) nice sunny morning when we set off on our journey. The sty looked 2) very blue with only a few - Flashback 3)small douds on the distant horizon. The ship we traveled on was 4)big and had 5) good cabins. We Read the following plot line (isted in chronological must have been halfway there when | was roused from corder) for a story entitled Home AtLast and choose an ry nap by a 6) bad scream. It took me a while to come event to begin with so you can tell the story as a to my sonses, but then I saw a 7) small woman in front flashback. Then tell the story, using appropriate past ‘of me, looking 8) very scared tenses a: ane ce vlna bk aval ga Fast In pairs, talk about what could have happened bray before and after each ofthese extracts. + she founda chap favonl ting she coutdaord/ “Feelings dark, filthy + she started looking for ajob/no results 4. Read the speech bubbles. How do the speakers ‘+ soon she gat behind with rent /landlady gave last feel? Match the adjectives (1- 6) to what the warning speakers say (A) + one right half asleeo half avake / someone tied breakin ve Twonderhow it) ‘packed her bags and went back home / promised happened, never to leave hometown again © Asiectivesadverbs 3 a The following adjectves/adverbs can be used instead of the simplistic ones in the table to describe people/ places. Put them in the correct. box, then say which can be used for people, A which for places and which for both. A th (\ f handsome * rather * massive * extremely if nasty * enormous # tiny # disgusting lovely Dalene «© miniature » superb * amazingly * wonderful | job? * hideous « ei) « huge * attractive « wicked «short © fabulous + terible + absolutely —— « pleasant # microscopic + charming r fm looking forward to-writing my fist big novell small beautiful on 1 worried «3 curious 5 excited ras 2 amazed annoyed © arwious bad b. Now, with the help ofthe adjectives and the speech bubbles, make sentences, as in the Now replace the words in bold in the following cwamnple paragraphs with suitable words from the boxes above. ‘She was curious ofind out what had happened, 133Writing: Narrative 55 Put the words and expressions describing feelings in the correct box. Some fit in more than one category, Then use them to make sentences. * scared stff » delighted + miserable » triled * downhearted « pleased + overoyed * entertained ‘frightened + moody « terified # over the moon * desperate + elated ‘amused happy sad excited scared When she saw the black gure infront of hey, she was scared stf S verbs 6 _ @ Read the paragraph, then replace the verbs in bold with verbs in thelist in the correct form. * groan * mumble stare « scream * peer » whisper “Watch out!" | 1) said at the top of my voice, but it was already too late. Jim and | both stood there 23 looking at the cyclist flying off his bike and hitting the enormous hole in the road, ‘ls he hurt?" Jim 3) said Quietly, trembling with fear. "| don’t know," 4 ‘cid softly. At that moment the young man slowly lifted his head and 5) looked at us in contusion, ‘What happened? he 6) soid in pain. "Where am I?" . Can you suggest a beginning/ending to the story? > Participles 7 _ Join the sentences using present or past participles, 134 asin the example, 1. Tracy was arying. She ran into her mothers loving arms. ying Tracyran into her mother’ loving arms. 2. He was fascinated. He walked towards the bright light. 3 She was terified. She hid under the bed. 4. Heleft the restaurant. He met an old school fiend, OVoununs 5 Sheila felt cold, She closed the window. 6 Dave was disgusted. Dave paid his bill and left the restaurant, 7. Tom was very brave, He entered the haunted house alone. 8 He clung to the side of the cliff. He waited for daylight to come. 9. We shivered with cold. We finally reached the shore 10 They didn’t want to wake their parents. They crept down the stairs. D simites 2. Match column A to column B to complete the simile, 25 in the example. A B as quick as as fresh as. as pleased as as ight as torunike as white as toay lke to have a memory ike yeseance b, Nowr use the smiles to write sentences, as in the example. ‘As quick as a fash, she skied down theslope, © Understanding the Rubric 2 ‘a. Read the following rubric and answer the uestions. ‘The editor of @ student magazine has invited readers to send in a story, The story must begin with the following sentence: "Icanttbeliev thisishappening,Ithoughy, a sow Jane walk int the restaurant 8868 ‘The best story wins a flee meal at a restaurant of your choice, Write your story for the magazine. Who is teling the story? ‘Where does the story take place? Who could Jane be? What age could they be? How do you think they know each other?b. Read the two models (A & 8), then answer the questions 1 to 16. “I can’t believe this is happening,” | thought, a5 | saw Jane walk into the restaurant. She hadn't changed at all. She was stil tal and beautiful, with wavy blonde hair and bright green eyes. | smiled and ‘thought of how my life had changed since we had last met It had all started when I noticed her ata party | had followed her to the buffet and started talking to her about the food. "You seer very interested in food,” she laughed. "Well 'm a great cook," I told her It was a le, but I had to find an excuse to see her again. "Why don't cook you dinner sometime?” The dinner party was extremely embarassing. | ordered food from a nearby restaurant and pretended that had cooked it. She offered to wash up and found the delvary boxes in the kitchen. She laughed at me and felt awful Angry with myself | decided then and thereto learn how to cook {never saw Jane after our terrble dinner date. | started a cookery course and found that | was good at it after all, | went on to train to be a chef. | worked hard and saved up until | was able to open my own restaurant. "Now she had walked into my restaurant. Feng as pleased as punch, | pretended Iwas a weiter and walked tober table, “Ready to order, madam?" asked | can’t believe this is happening to me, | said to ‘myself when Jane Harris was coming into the restaurant. It was a long time since we saw each other, but she didn’t look very diferent. She is stil very nice and tal. Some weeks ago | met her at 2 party. We talked about food, we both liked food and I told her | was a chef. That was ale. | wasn'ta chef but | wanted to see her again so | told her ta come to my house for dinner. It ‘was very bad. | couldn't cook so | ordered take-away and told her | had cooked it. She believed me. When she ‘went into the kitchen to wash the dshes, she found the empty boxes, She wasn't angry, she only laughed at me, bout I was shaking lke a leaf. then decided to leam to cook, And now she's here. | never thought | would see her again, but eamt to cook. I was very good. I became a chef and now | have my own restaurant Escargot. I's very famous and my specialty is chicken and epple casserole. | have lots of wealthy customers and | have ‘even won a few awards. But | never expected to see Jane here. It was a bit of 2 shock, but now I will cook her the best meal she ever had ‘Which model 1 10 " 2 13 4 15 16 ‘opens with the sentence as given in the rubric? contains both present and past tenses? has a variety of adjectives and adverbs? ses past tenses correctly? contains simplistic and repetitive use of vetbs and adjectives? has used a simile comecty? indudes direct speech? Jumps back and forward in time in a confusing way? has a clear flashback section leading the reader back to the distant past? Includes irelevant personal facts? descibes the characters feelings? has serious errors in tenses? has a different beginning ftom the one given in the rubric? has a simile that doesn't fit the context? makes no reference to the character's feelings at all? does not have welLorganised paragraphs? O05 00 0000 0 ooo OOOO In pairs, suggest ways of improving the weak ‘model, then think of another ending. Compare your ending to another pair's. Which do you prefer? In pairs, look at the good model and lst the ‘event in the order they really happened. Where does the story begin? Which events happened before this point? Which events happened afterwards? (a 135136 10 Read the following rubrics, underline the key words and, for each one, answer the questions that follow. A 11 @ You have been invited to write a short story for an Intemational magazine for young people. The story must end with e the words: He knew he could never tell anyone, Because they would never believe him, ‘Write your story A local redio station is running a short story competition. The competition rules say that the story must begin of end. with the following sentence: ‘Sixmonths of hard work had finally paid off. Write your story. ‘A magazine is offering a prize for the best short story with the ttle: The Disaster You decide to enter the competition, ‘Write your story You have decided to enter a short story competition. The competition rules say that the story rmust begin with the following words: ‘couldn't believe the moment had finaly arrived. Write your story. Who is going to read your story? 2 Will your story be narrated in the first or third person? 3. Whos the main character? How old is helshe? How many people are involved? 5. Where/vhen could your story take place? ‘What could your story be about? ‘What happened exacty? ‘What tenses will you use most? ‘Where could you use a flashback in your story? How could the character(s) feel at the end of the story? Using the information you have learned in this unit, write any of the stories above. You should write between 120-180 words. D checktist When you have finished writing your story, check the following: ‘the plots easy to follow you have used the appropriate tenses Yyour paragraphs are clear and well organised Your story beginsfends n an interesting way. ‘+ there are no spelling mistakes ‘you have used the sentence given in the rubric in the correct position you have used adjectives and acverbs to make the story more interesting to the reader