Building Technology 1  FINE AGGREGATE

- consists of sand, stone screenings or other

BUILDING MATERIAL
inert materials or similar character
- is any material which is used for a construction
 COURSE AGGREGATE
purpose
- consists of crushed stones, gravel or other
CONCRETE inert materials of similar character
 SPECIAL AGGREGATES
LIME - such as cinders, blast furnace slag,
- one of the oldest manufactured building materials expanded shale or clay, perlite, vermiculite
used as a mortar and plaster by all the early and sawdust
civilization; manufactured by the calcination of
limestone WATER
- combines with the cement to form a paste which
 Quicklime  Slaked lime coats and surrounds the inert particles of
 Hydrated lime  Hydraulic lime aggregates
SLUMP TEST
GYPSUM - used for measuring the consistency of a concrete
- like lime, was used as a plaster by the Egyptians, mix; state of fluidity of the mix
Greeks and Romans; Plaster of Paris
 The strength of a workable concrete mix
CEMENT depends upon the water-cement ratio.
- first developed by the Romans by mixing slaked
lime with pozzolana (volcanic ash) which hardened METHODS OF PROPORTIONING CONCRETE
under water; refers to Portland cement  ARBITRARY PROPORTION
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT - in this method, the aggregates are
measured by loose volume, that is its
 Slow-setting cement volume as it is thrown into a measuring box
 Quick-setting high early strength cement  WATER-RATIO AND SLUMP TEST
 Sulfate-resisting cement  WATER-RATION, SLUMP AND FINENESS
 White cement or stainless cement MODULUS
CONCRETE - same as the second except that the
- a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and proportions of the fine and course
water; strong, durable, uniform quality, thoroughly aggregate are determined by the fineness
sound modulus method

MORTAR, STUCCO OR PLASTER CONCRETE PROPORTIONS

- mixture of water and a fine aggregate of less than  CLASS “AA” – 1:1.5:3
6mm - for concrete under water, retaining walls
REINFORCE CONCRETE  CLASS “A” – 1:2:4
- strengthened by embedded steel - for suspended slabs, beams, columns,
arches, stairs, walls of 1000mm (4”)
AGGREGATES thickness
- inert mineral fillers used with cement and water  CLASS “B” – 1:2.5:5
in making concrete - for walls thicker than 1000mm, footings,
TYPES OF AGGREGATES steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill
  CLASS “C” – 1:3:6
- for concrete plant boxes, any non-critical
concrete structures
 CLASS “D” – 1:3.5:7 MASONRY
- for mass concrete works
MORTAR
MIXING OF CONCRETE - is a cement mix used to glue masonry units to
 MACHINE MIXING each other, or other surface finishing materials
o Batch mixers PLASTER
o Continuous mixers - is mortar applied to wall surfaces as a
 HAND MIXING preparation or a hard finish coat
KEEPING THE CONCRETE FROM DYING OUT TOO CEMENT MORTAR
RAPIDLY - is a proportioned mixture of cement, fine
 Covering the concrete aggregate and water
 Removal of forms at prescribed time PLASTER
 Sprinkling with water - is a mortar of cementitious material which is
 Using curing compounds, admixtures applied in coats to give a hard finish surface
ADMIXTURES TYPES OF PLASTER
- substances added to cement, mortars, and
 LIME PLASTER
concrete for the purpose of improving or imparting
- lime putty, mixed on the job with sand
particular properties
and gypsum plaster
 Accelerators  Retarders  GYPSUM PLASTER
 Air-entraining  Inert, finely - Plaster of Paris mixed with clay, lime
agents divided powder and other materials in combinations
 Waterproofing  Colored covered by trademarks or patents
compounds pigments  PORTLAND CEMENT PLASTER
- mixed with water, sand and lime putty
TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE  SGRAFFITO
- is highly decorated type of plaster
 AEROCRETE
work developed in Italy during the
- this is a light-weight, expanded structural
Renaissance
concrete
 GUNITE MASONRY
- this is the mixture of sand and cement - is a built up construction or combination of
deposited under high pneumatic pressure building materials as clay, concrete, or stone set in
 PORETE mortar
- a Portland cement concrete to which a BED
chemical foam is added to generate gases in - the horizontal surfaces on which the stones or
the process of deposition bricks of walls lie in the course
 HAYDITE
- this is processed concrete added with COURSE
lightweight aggregate - a continuous layer of bricks, stones, or other
masonry units
WYTHE OR TIER  RUBBLE WORK
- each continuous vertical section of the wall, one - masonry of rough, undressed stone
masonry unit thick  RANDOM WORK
- stones fitted together at random without
BOND
any attempt to lay them in course
- the connection between bricks, stones or other
 ASHLAR
masonry units formed by lapping them one upon
- squared stones in regular courses
another carrying up the work
BRICKS
STRETCHER
- are structural units of clay or shale formed while
- a brick or block masonry laid lengthwise of a wall
plastic and subsequently fired
HEADER
TYPES OF BRICKS
- a brick or block masonry extending over the
thickness of the wall  COMMON OR BUILDING BRICK
- used for all purposes, including facing
HEADING COURSE
 FACING BRICK
- a course in which the bricks or other masonry
- specifically processed to give certain
units are all headers
specific surface characteristics
SOLDIER  GLAZED BRICK
- a unit laid on its end with its face perpendicular to - these have smooth outer surface with a
the face of the wall dull satin or high gloss finish
QUOINS  FIRE BRICK
- the corner stones at the angles of buildings - these are ordinarily made from a mixture
of flint clay and plastic clay
BOND STONES
- stones running through the thickness of the wall TYPES OF BRICKWORK
at right angles to its face  COMMON BOND
BLOCKING OR BLOCKING COURSE - consists of five stretcher courses and then
- a course of stones placed on top of cornice a header course
crowning the walls  ENGLISH BOND
- consists of alternate courses of stretchers
STONE and headers
- is largely used as a surface finishing material for  FLEMISH BOND
both the exterior and interior of buildings - consists of alternate headers and
CLASSIFICATION OF STONE stretchers in each course
 HERRINGBONE
 RUBBLE STONE - the bricks are laid diagonally to form a
- stone delivered from the quarries, rough herringbone pattern
and irregular shape
 DIMENSION STONE CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
- stone cut into specific size squared to - is a hollow masonry unit, with two cells or cores,
dimensions and to a specific thickness made from the following ingredients: water,
Portland cement, and various types of aggregates
TYPES OF STONEWORK such as sand, gravel and crushed stone
TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
  Stretchers  Corner blocks  ELECTROPLATING
 Headers  Jamb blocks - aluminum can be covered with a
 Beam or lintel blocks protective or decorative film or another
metal, usually by electrodeposition
DURISOL BLOCK  PORCELAIN OR VITREOUS ENAMEL
- is a lightweight block made from fiber and cement - this finish forms a hard, resistant surface
 PAINT
PLASTER BLOCK
- gypsum partition blocks; are usually made of IRON
gypsum, vegetable fibers as binders and - a tough, malleable silvery-white metal that is soft
reinforcement and ductile as copper, easily magnetized

STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE TYPES OF IRON

- are hollow masonry units, open at two ends with  CAST IRON
interior web or partitions - is an iron-carbon alloy that contains more
 Load-bearing wall tile than 1.7% carbon
 Non-load bearing, fireproofing, partition  WROUGHT IRON
and furring tile - is soft, malleable, tough, fatigue-resistant,
and resistant to progressive corrosion
METALS STEEL
ALUMINUM - refers usually to plain carbon steels which is
- is a soft, nonmagnetic silvery metal defined as alloys of iron and carbon

ALCLAD TYPES OF STEEL

- is a term applied to certain aluminum products,
 WROUGHT CARBON STEELS
refers to the protective coating applied, primarily
o Structural steel
for corrosion resistance
o Reinforcement of concrete
TYPES OF ALUMINUM o Sheet and strip
o Corrugated steel
 Aluminum Sheet and Strip
o Steel, mesh and wire cloth
 Aluminum Foil
o Steel windows and doors
 Corrugated Aluminum
o Hardware
TYPES OF ALUMINUM FINISHES  ALLOY STEELS
- steels to which manganese, silicon,
 MECHANICAL FINISHES
aluminum, titanium and molybdenum have
- obtained by grinding, polishing, scratching,
been added insufficient quantity to produce
sandblasting, embossing or other treatment
properties unobtainable in carbon steels in
of the surface to achieve a desired effect
cast, rolled or heat-treated form
 CHEMICAL FINISHES
o High-strength low-alloy steels
- based on chemical reactions with the
o Stainless steels
aluminum surface
 ELECTROLYTIC FINISHES COPPER
- anodized finishes; based on the specific - is ductile, malleable, nonmagnetic metal with a
ability of aluminum to develop a protective characteristic bright, reddish brown color
coating of oxide on its surface
TIN
- is a soft, ductile, malleable, bluish-white metal
ZINC
WOODS AND PLASTICS
- is medium hard, bluish-white metal characterized CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
by brittleness and low strength
 SOFTWOODS
BRASS - come from the conifers (evergreens)
- fundamentally an alloy of copper and zinc with which have needles instead of leaves
small quantities of other elements sometimes  HARDWOODS
added to give the special qualities - come from the broad-leaved or deciduous
BRONZE trees
- true bronze is an alloy of copper and tin which STRUCTURE OF WOOD
varies only slightly from 90% copper and 10% tin
composition, rich golden-brown metal  Sapwood  Heartwood

CHROMIUM
- is a steel-white metal which takes a brilliant polish PROPERTIES OF WOOD
and is harder than cobalt or nickel  Hardness  Flexibility
NICKEL  Strength  Durability
- is an inert silvery metal that is resistant to strong
alkalis and to most acids LUMBER
- wood that is used in construction
LEAD
- is a blue-gray, soft, very heavy metal CLASSIFICATION OF LUMBER
METHODS OF JOINING METAL  STRIPS
- lumber less than 2” and less than 8”
 SOLDERING
 BOARD LUMBER
- is a method to join metals, to make
- pieces less than 2” thick and at least 8”
electrical connections, to seal joints
wide
hermetically them in with another, lower
melting metal or alloy called the solder  DIMENSION LUMBER
- pieces more than 2” and less than 5” in
 BRAZING
any dimension
- is a type of soldering in which the
operating temperatures are higher and in  TIMBERS
which stronger and higher-melting alloys - pieces with 5” or more on the smallest
are used to fill the joints dimension
 WELDING SEASONING OF LUMBER
- is the process by which two metals are so - the process of removing moisture from green
joined that there is an actual union of the wood (wood from freshly-cut logs)
interatomic bonds
 RIVETS  AIR DRYING
- are devices used to join or fasten the - the lumber is exposed to the air
metals; a metal cylinder or rod which has a  KILN DRYING
head at one end, is inserted through holes - warm moist or air superheated steam is
in the materials being joined
 used to heat the wood and drive out
moisture
PLASTIC
WOOD COMPOSITES - used to describe a product of synthetic origin
- are those products made from a mixture of wood which is capable of being shaped at some stage of
and other materials its manufacture
EXAMPLES OF WOOD COMPOSITES TYPES OF PLASTIC

 PLYWOOD  Cellulose plastics

- it is made of several thin plies, or veneers,  Synthetic resin plastics
of wood that have been glued together  Plastics derived from proteins and natural
 HARDBOARD resins
- this is a paneling material made by
PLASTIC SHEETS
reducing and refining wood chips into small,
- usually made of acrylate, polyester, or
threadlike fibers, and then pressing them
polystyrene plastic, either plain or reinforced with
under heat in hydraulic pressure into dense,
glass-fiber
smooth, and very rigid panels
 CHIPBOARD FILM SHEETS
- made by bonding together wood particles - as water barrier or damp proofing material, it is
with an adhesive under heat and pressure generally made of polyethylene and polyvinyl
to form a rigid board with a relatively
FOAM
smooth surface, often faced with veneer
- used as flotation material, thermal insulators, and
 FIBER BOARDS
shock-resistant mountings
- are finishing materials made from
vegetable fibers such as corn or sugarcane LAMINATION
stalks pressed into sheets - is the process applied to paper or fabric
 GYPSUM BOARD impregnated with thermosetting resins
- is a non-combustible building board with a
gypsum core enclosed in tough, smooth DOORS AND WINDOWS
paper GLASS
 FIBERCEMENT BOARDS - is a hard, brittle, chemically inert substance
- is comprised of 72% Portland cement, 20% produced by fusing silica together with a flux and a
mineralized cellulose fibers derived from stabilizer into a mass that cools to a rigid condition
recycled materials and 8% calcium without crystallization
carbonate
 PARTICLE BOARD FORMED OR CELLULAR GLASS
- is made of small wood chips and base - is used as rigid, vapor proof thermal insulation
materials including cotton stalk, rice straw, GLASS FIBERS
bagasse, conventional wood chips and - are used in textiles and for material
sawdust that have been pressed and glued reinforcement
together
GLASS BLOCK
MILLWORK - is used to control light transmission, glare and
- consist of finished lumber which is further cut and solar radiation
processed at a lumber mill
 BRUSHED FINISH
- this type of finished is obtained by scrubbing or
MAJOR TYPES OF FLAT GLASS
brushing the concrete surface with fiber or wire
 SHEET GLASS brushes and water to remove the surface film or
- is fabricated by drawing the molten glass mortar, leaving the course aggregate exposed
from a furnace, or by forming a cylinder,
SAND BLAST FINISH
dividing it lengthwise, and flattening it
- is very much the same in appearance as that
 PLATE GLASS
obtained by brushing the concrete while it is still
- is formed by rolling molten glass into a
green and produces a granulated finish somewhat
plate that is subsequently ground and
similar to sandstone but not so uniform
polished after cooling
 FLOAT GLASS EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH
- is manufactured by pouring molten glass - the color is obtained from exposed aggregate and
onto a surface of molten tin and allowing it not by adding coloring materials to the mixture
to cool slowly
GRANOLITHIC FINISHES
NAILS - fine aggregates chips were originally used in the
- are straight, slender pieces of metal having one aggregate
end pointed and other enlarged and flattened for
TERRAZO
hammering into wood or other building materials
- is a mixture of cement, marble chip aggregates
as fastener
and water laid as a topping or as a wall finish, and
SCREWS ground to a fine, smooth surface
- are metal fasteners having tapered, helically
CEMENT TILE FINISH
threaded shanks and slotted heads, and designed
- is manufactured by pressing in molds a plastic
to be driven into wood or the like by turning, as
mixture of cement and sand
with a screwdriver
CERAMIC TILE FINISH
BOLTS
- are small surfacing units made from clay or
- are threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a
mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and
head at one end, designed to be inserted through
fire according various processes
holes in assembled parts and secured by mating
nut ASPHALT TILE AND SHEET FINISH
- this consists of thoroughly bonded composition of
ADHESIVE
thermoplastic binder, asbestos and other fibers,
- are sued to secure the surfaces of two materials
inert filler materials and inert color pigments,
together
formed under pressure while hot and cut to size
FINISHES STRIP FLOORING
- this type of flooring consists of tongue-and-
STUCCO
grooved boards 6” or less in width
- is a mortar consisting of cement, sand and water
PLANK FLOORING
RUBBED FINISH
- this type of flooring consist of square-edged
- this consist of grinding down the surface of the
boards 8” or more in width as are commonly found
concrete a day or two after it is poured, using a
in old Spanish-period houses
brick of carborundum, emery or soft natural stone
PARQUET TILE FLOORING
- consists of square pieces or blocks which have
been built up in several layers like plywood and
having a veneered surface, or consists of several
parquet strips assembled at the factory to form a
tile
CEILING BOARD
- ship-lapped boards with a bead running along the
center of the board and along the joint
ACOUSTIC TILE
- is used for ceiling and wall finishes in rooms
where it is required to control sound by absorption
SHELLAC
- made by refining seed lac and its natural color is
orange
LAC
- is a resin exuded by certain insects in India in the
twigs of trees
VARNISH
- resolution of resin in drying oil or in a volatile
solvent such as alcohol or turpentine
LACQUER
- is made synthetically, and is closely related to
rayon or nylon fabrics
PAINT
- is a mixture containing a pigment and a vehicle