BEGINNER'S LITHUANIAN LEONARDAS DAMBRIUNAS ANTANAS KLIMAS WILLIAM R. SCHMALSTIEGippcrnepapertack eon, 199, Thin pring 08 Conse © 1966 by Franciscan Faber Fe ifomaton, ues: New Yor NY 10016 Foreword Lidhanin ithe guage of the people of Lihuanin and of about 8 milion Americans of Lidhanin erg, Along with Latenn (Laces) and the now extinct Old Proman it tlongs wo the Bute roach cf Indo-European family of language. ‘The Babe languages sre noted hei exremely conersatie and philloiallyinterting Inge ere ‘his a koowedge of Lidiuanin art a “mun” for any linge ate ovis in comparave Indo-European lnguistce The need for neta bok 5 fe bth among language scholars who witht fanfare those, with Lithuanian and among thoe Americans af Lian deren ate EB to know something ofthe language oft acer Up noes forunately, the numberof grammar of Lidhanin sate as tee vey sell ndecd. There ate not more thin twa erties stable in Bega, And thee are cee ‘This grammar is designed not fr young chile, but rather for those wo have aleady reached cain stage of atury, The pees ne tonal, bu there are some canvertine and paten eile ie ake ae andi would be pie to we the bok with an audio nga appease ‘The bok hs 40 esos in is main pat A typical ese hat a rading scleton, vocabulary Ist amerar, acres and top, onal at ected convenation of i uterances No efor was mae to age ay eon even in log and diticaly. By tenn of the grammaticophy ‘ome lesen are very lng (eg. Lena 24, wheal exe! none ne sce with examples, wile others are rather shor With the Led ot rangement, he itrctr wl Have all Kinds of teaching peti Ie ‘an tres citer te auratoral approach oe the reading pene weedy, tho. Bach ith leon (ie Lesoas 5, 1,15, 20,25, 90,35 40) isa “Ree oy Les” Thee sons are “ee” oss nl inthe ete at ep ont introduce any now srammateal material which the stant she eam, But thy wary wry mich i the supplementary weading Reno har ry. Anon ewery ono thereon ose hepate stom ail types ety) whch pty Sev I a pen “The review brn aimed wih te ‘Mier the 40 sin Ise ential spends where the toe grmmar af Liha Ie prec in the "lical™ pater: the noun ajtnrs slr A snl hoe caper festa prefs aod ney on sell se “Then follows avery shot sayin of ests wean aecsane afl fal, few short eects Misys tra fom Tithaanisn nevspaper, = few folks rvs A these action fe heavily smote and te weary i a the Liha gl vocabulary. ‘The next part compris the Lithuanian gtk vocabulary which laches all the words sted in the lesions and inthe eeadings. We Rave rovided rather Inge vocabulary, nce, for some tape a least his gre far wil have to be apr, arsine grammar, a Tide eae ands 8 Alcsnay “The Engli-Lithuoran vocabulary conte oly howe words which are needed Tor the talons fren Ens ito Titan "The best way to get a Evod pronunciation Isto try to nate the ‘oninciaon ofa natee Libuanian. The descriptions of the wounds {oem inthe test ae oly an approinaton and othe em replace he eal guidance cf etn rae Litanian. Te sggeted hat he Student make every effet to find vr to lp in. Evenly 1 hoped tat taper to scimpany hs tetook wl be aval for mle oF In leaning o conver in Lithuanian th student sould try etn cee te comveraone rater than the grammteal eu Alter memo ing the conversation he may then lara vac why each word put inthe fora in which he find He may thn ost oter words ving ‘Sa meanings In ding he exercises the dent ould fellow a ee "spoubl the examples even Inthe reading and he gmat expe aston Inte and enigma have no place forthe eget in a Feveign langue Parcs initason i preerable to incorrect einl formations, Tn the fata, we plan to propre Bey to all he exerci in hi took which will be svsabe forte. Rafe wltacers of Tasman. Avene abr, tapes will ae he oc Tor te ete ook, i forthe promunition ec of the ntact leon, and former ofthe a ing sony, conversion, “The utr wiht expr thei gral shank o Re. Re. Mae. ‘A. Karas for hegre al nd iol lpi aking in poe asin tk i he ale Me Vil Bed ior making the mp onthe imide snes tnd se tg the enw oe te Tntacay eM Pl Jk for i dav sons 20,25 and 3, and to MV. Angin forthe polo Foal the ators expo tir thnks tthe Unvnity Rereer ‘ih lose ands for ping withthe page the orga manutrp Leowardet Dambritnes ormeriy Later in Litho Antanas Klimas Wiliam R. Schmalitieg ‘Pe Fenian tae UventyCONTENTS Foreword a Conca Inodsctory Lacon Alphabet, Ses and Intonation. Sounds aod Letters Tae of Vowels ‘Table of Comnmans Some Common Lesan I Mano nati Aida Browot Tense of bas aad i Grcting 7 econ 2 Mato Stina. Front Tons ofthe Ve. Negation. Poe ‘msn Adjectives and Pronoun dating for Ditetons eon 3 Mwy mista The Css, Io and 20d Deleon ef Noone (Single) "lI Ir a Restarant Lewen Veni rd Desens of Nouns (Sng). Norcal 0. eaten, Wht is That? lesen 5. (Reiew Leon). Vise” Convention. Combination esa 6 Gra ais. Delion of Nous (Singular) a we? “Mp weras atk Ave you mot Mr Sk? eon fo i anduo, Pie ondenr. 5k Decemsiea of Nouns (Sn use). Reeve Varin. Imperative. Meeting Peole 1 Poona Prout Use of Pvonl Pronoun. Mr. Zuker and Mee Rinse ‘Order. Do you Spt Lithuenen? ‘Lemon 10. (Review Leon). Lietea Pas. Conversations, Gan Lewin it; Mane tambary it Deletion of Adjnves (Sing) ‘Rett nd veatns, Famy Names. In the Ci Aikng Bi enon 12 Mano int hana Bekion of Adjectives (ine ‘ular. Foroaton of Adver,Newtr Adjctne. Frequctatve ase Whore i ater (Tasty) t0 Eat Laon Ia Bfee. ed Deleon af Adjstes (Sings). Pat econ It, Laat Pal of Ist Desenson Noun. Sone Webal Pin tthe Bu Staton Lewin 1 Review Leno). Nematar Puke oh Taming ni Te. Kamba Ganverstiom, Combination Pratce Varta 10 Leon 16: Plies it sare. Pll of nd Desension Nouns, Use of the Gonkive, Pogrenve Tenen i the Store ma Leson If, Klas Plural of Sed Decensea Nouns Opie (Per mine). At the Barbers 29 Lesen 18, Tre sins, Pal th Deleon Nowa. Inpenonal Contvatne min Neutr Adjectines Ow the Stee, 13 Levon 19, Seine, url of th Desienson Nouns, Dal of Nouns Use of the Genie. Supine. tthe Reload Satin ‘0 Lewen 29, (Review Leson). A Coutti Inhabitans and Tit Tango B. Passa te Une ©, “foher B, Conation Fras, E Variation Practice 18 Levon 21, Laan Leto Parl of tat Deckoion,Adjctves Phpesect. Frequrmatve Peet. Use of the Dative. At the Harbor 13 Lowen 2 Garlic & Kips j Rewng, Paral of Dod Deskin Tajo. Future Perfect. Use ofthe Accust. he Bo Lesan 23, Keune Paral of ad Docsion Adjective Ua othe Leon 2. Keliné 3 Kav j Visi. Cardinal Number, Nerae ‘Cand with Paral ours Fac, "One aod Hal tes Ex resin One's Age Addison, Subtraction, Mulipiation, Div Ein: Use ofthe Lactive. Ie Clothes Stare v1 ‘Leson 25. (Review Leson). A, The Huma Bol: B, Mews Cla ‘G. Womens Chath D. Bye iv merge. Es interes Lesan 26, Vilna. Active Patciple.Adverial Paice. Ger tds The Weather 03 Via. Comparian of Adverts. Moning 25 Leson 28, Gratin cara. Delite Adjetivn di and didi Pesation ee” eas Lewon 28. Klazje”Ordial Namely Rellesve saoez Eos Pronoun pa Suner wt LLewon 30 (Review Leson}-Noo-ithsaian Proper Nase in Liha Shan. Combination Pace. Varaten Prarce Po “Teme: Sauce Prterit If Had ¢ Milion Dolo 284 Lusso 32. Ry. The Hour ofthe Day, The Days af the Week. Ac The Year. The Manthe. The Bats Pepin in Tine Ex eniane Before Concert aTesen 1 Klaje Posie Paths Pate of Neca. A esc 3 Cintas, Yes at the Pass Wales Bubjetive Pos hr Pate hnyetsiss Peeve tative fn A Suburb tes iy iesin Hosea. ay anton evi and Summary af Lewon 36, Minden 1 sive Prunnans, Relative Pronouns Lesen t8" Krona: Dow Tek Spc Ades 1 esc 38. Litiy tab. Ps nds in Indice Dior Levon 40. (Review Lassen). 200 sees hv Be tala Hato Pile fr Speed spurns wih Popo Grammatical Appentic ‘Vel (Inluing Parpe) nincions| Inerecions (Joacei Intech (lth) ‘Accntstion eral Pets Reading oni ie Gedsnino Leora Thangs Sree prs Trlsngss Mem sly vee City ii, ma eimai Tk, vonage Datuk. sete ours Soon dn, Ropintli 8. Scasijnas Kad we ianian Engh Voebulry ings Lithuanian Voabalry 20 m5 oo 19 7 % a Po 1 6 £83 Introductory Lesson |. THE ALPHABET Lithuanian uses the Latin alphatct with some additions and modifications, “There are 82 letters in the Lithuanlan alphabet ‘Tis inchides met ofthe letters of the Latin alphabets used im lish with tho exception of we, and q, which we do find, how. ver in foreign names such a8 Quito, Wallace, et Lithuanian letters which differ from Bnglsh are: a, ¢.€s i 1.4, €.2,2 The sounds whieh these letters represent are discussed In sect 1 In the sequence of the Lithuanian letters there are some dt erences from the arrangement in English 4) the y is considered as a type of {and it goes that the threes of Lithuanian oeeur in th fo thy. the four vowel groups with disritie signs are all treated as Se Teter, Le, evand ¢ 0 together as dove, ¢ and; yf and y fg together ay do ty and OF course, we will do the same fm tls book ©) if the gis ever used, it placed (as, fr example, in a dcton- try of proper names) fight afer the p, the 8 right after the v tha the 3 would be the last letter ia te elphebet. » 1m print tho Lithuanian alphabet appcarselmost the same 3s the Encl alphabet, except for the above-mentioned differences Inthe written tye there are other differences. (See Table 1)Antu dada Bb Bb Cele CG Da Dd cée Ee Ge Be ge FISg CSG unKh Vide lide YyY Vif KkHAh Like Mm Mm NnWr 0000 Ppy Rr Ae ssds ids TtJt Uulla Valley vada vy Cece | tae Block (pened) letes are practically never wed n regular Litauonlan Wrting, and all eters in individual words are wally ‘connected EXERCISE: ‘A. Write out the Lithuanian alphabet, Practice especialy the following leters: Na: 44: C6; Bo: Ud; 22 B, Writ ost the base reading selection of Lesion 5. I, STRESS. AND INTONATION ‘The stresod syllable is that syllable ofa word which receives special emphasis and the intonation ithe manner of pronouncing that syllable. Singe there sre three types of pronuncation of a tingle syllable thore are therefore three separate signs With which Lithuanians denote these intonstions (Im the United States the {erin pitehrtrece is rometimer ured to denote what European hols call intonation, bat we wil we the term ietonation, since this fs traditional in Baltic scholarship.) The stress ean fall on Almost any syllable ofa word and sometimes one form of a word may carry the sees on a certain syllable whereas another form ff the same word will carry the trexx on another syllable. In this book almost all Lithuanian words are marked with the intonation, though in regular Lithuanian texts these are act used, ‘The intonation marks are a follows: ogni alld the grave stest(uirine Rif) o the short Intonation (Grimpine prifgeie). A vowel marked with this ses fe proncunced with more force or amplitude, but it isnot length tend, Even when stresed 9 Lithuanian short vowel remains shor. Examples: moma, nino’ "until “you (amar frm)" pos beans. 7 this is the acute or falling intonation (tirtaprade pre cide), own in Geran ae the Stoston, This oecare with lng Sowels or diphthongs. Along vowel with this sign i always ‘Stressed more heavily on the frst part than on the second part. Tn the ease of dipthong the fest part ofthe diphthong receives sheave stese end is eld longer than the socond part of the Aipthong Examples with vowels; fuoles ‘al’, sprfati to decide’, do ‘put, fraser “inseription’, pas ‘especially, drag ‘al, Bat "to be’ Examples with diphthongs: kabmas “village, dukran ‘gold’, mélé ove’, pienat ‘milk, ortas ‘harbor’ his isthe circumflex Intonation (tvirtagale piggsidé), known in German as the Sehlefton. Along vowel with this sign is always stressed more heavily on the second part than on the Fiat art Inthe case ofa diphthong the second part of the dip thong receives a heavier stress and i held longer than the first amples with vowels: ¢ (ace sng) “tha’, Zlé ‘epruce’, menge {en sing.) “of me’, kate ‘co, prastas "usual, accustomed’ $02 (em. plar fom.) "they, 35 gen. pur) "themml, THE SOUNDS and Their Representations by Letters A vowels AML vowels in Lithuanian are distinguished by length, i there are short and long vowels. Contrary to the English situation twhere most vowels are diphthongized, or have some kind of off ilde, Lithuanian vowels are never diphthonglaed, and they ere fomewhat more tenge than those of Bnglsh ‘Aa, Shot Vows 4 — this letter may denote « short, more or less tense, une rounded, open central vowel. It may bo stressed or unstressed, but even when stressed Wt wil be shorter than the noemal stressed Yowel of English, Under certain circumstances (namely in open Zpllabs, although even here there are exceptions) this leter Is ted fo denote along vowel; if this i the ease euch a long vowel tray have only” the cireumilex accent and will be pronounced ‘exactly Ike ff section Ab. on long vowels. Examples os a short vowel: kad when’ af 1", Amdviha ‘Amerie mano ny ‘Examples as a long vowel: mar ‘hous’, gla ‘end’ fe — thle Iettor may denote short stressed of unstressed ‘vowel, not very tense, but rather close (not as cose, however, {Eee below). This sound is similar to thee ln English bet or net Under certain eirumstances (namely in open syllables, although even here these are exceptions) ths lester Is teed #9 denote Jong vowel, If this isthe eave auch a Jong vowel may have only the elreumftex accent and will be pronounced exactly lke & cf tection AB, on long vowels Examples a8 4 short vowel: kepl ‘you bake’, nef ‘you carry’, m2 ‘no, nama "in the house Examples ae a Tong vowel: klar ‘rad’, Lidas ‘ic’ i — this letter denotes a short, close, forward unrounded vowel (but not as lose atthe , ste below), somewhat more close than the tof English nt. It can be eltherstossed or unstressed, Examples: tkrai Yor sure, surely’, ki ‘you believe, tt “he be levee, Gk ‘only’ o — this letter denotes a vowel which is somewhat closer snd more rounded than the English o in boat, and without the English oflglide atthe end. It can be sressed or unstressed, For fer use to denote & long vowel see Ab below ‘Examples: potta “pooties, polities "polities: polly’ pera ‘oper!, tortanlayer cake’ chore ‘choi, chores 1 — this letter denotes a more oF lest tense, close w sound similar to the English win put It can be tread or unstressed, Examples: pup ‘bean’, turi'you have’ tistar tourist 1 "You (Camila 2 witht, mld “we two ‘Ab. Long Vowel [All long vowels and diphthongs may be elther stressed oF unstressed. If stressed they may have either the circumflex oF the acute intonation, 4 — this lettor denotes a tong, open, central vowel some- ‘what similar to the ain English father. Examples: gratin to return (ace. sng.) Brg. ‘man’, (ace, sng) tf "that, evo “oak ‘On the right hand you see Fig. which illustrates approx imately the production of the Lithwanian @ or 4), 4 — this Iettor denotes a rather open ‘vowel, somewhat Tike the in English bad, but fore open and without the "9° stfghide. It is produced. with the mouth open and the tongue ae ina low frontal position. ‘The lips are also Tax, but pulled own slightly. by the falling jaw, ef Fig. 2 ‘Examples: ple (ace. sng.) “mouse, test ‘continuation, png “o doede’, ft "to sul4 this letter denotes a vowel which. differs conlder- ably from the @. @ is always Tong, rather close and forward land untounded. It ie rather ke ‘the ain English made, but with fut the ‘yogi. Tt i prom ‘duced with the tongue tensely Stretehed in a mid-trontal oak ton, a tle lower than in the produeton of {The ip of the tongue is behind the upper teeth. Themseles ofthe tongue rane and of the jaw which is slightly lowered are tense. The lips are lax. (See Fig 3) amples: dédé ‘une sgt to ike tito put, aide ettor (of the alphabet) ¥y (allo weitten {) — These two eters denote’ the same ‘vowel sound which is & long, ‘ose, forward unrounded vowel similar fo. the ee in English keel, but without the characters fate Bngish off glide. This y 0) {produced ‘with the tongue srohed high in the front of the Tout towards the frontal part of the palate, The lips are lex tnd almost closed. (See Fig. 4) Examples: yrds foade inteo- Fie Vord duction’, tras ‘aiogonal’, fd ‘lence, Yré “he rowed! 0 — this letter denotes fairly close back rounded vow fy # is closer and more rode fd than the English o In boat, bot without the English of tide wt the ond, ti somewhat Similar tothe oo in. English flor, bot withowt the charac: teristic lowering before the Tt is produced with the tongue sretched in a mid-roar pelton ‘The lips are rounded end prom fruded, Tess than in the Lith eae nian but more than in the on English core. (Seo Fig. 8) Examples: dra ‘sir, weather’, obeis ‘applets’, pines ‘master, Mir, namd ‘home homeward, re ‘although these letters denote a close back rounded vowel The of Eng lish truth or orthographic oo tm English school, poot represent ‘sound very similar to that of, however, i somewhat fare ther back than the Lithuanian Tong ity). Te is produced with the tongue arched high in the back of the mouth and the tp Gof the tongue withdrawn in ‘ak of the lower teeth, Te lips are very protruded and rounded. (Seerig. 6 Examples: sinde ‘son’, fey ‘your, yours, bali (gen. plur) ‘of the white (ones), Spas mood’ paso low, Lipa ip, sist “o be £ sod to indicate the palatalization of consonants (i, i,t Im syllables where the stands before eg 0 1 this 6 mot pronmunced at all: # merely doles that the preceding comstonant is palaalized, of sft the middle of the tongue i raised fewarde the top of the mouth, Noteworthy in thie connection the fact that orthographic, Ig, tat lau ee. are merely ways of ‘writing ¢, eeu after soft consonants. Thus kia ‘roads pro- ounce as though it were written *kile kiel is pronounced fs though i were written "hei Ta words like brio "brother's" the i isnot pronounced at all, bul merely shows that the pre= coting {i platlized. In tas ‘onthe same thing Is true. For further details on the palatalization of consonants soo stction B. Consonants, NB, In some foreign words which have boon taken into Lithu> anien recently the above docs not hold true. In most of these Srords i the | occurs after a consonant and before a vowel i= Pronounced as a short {: Thus bologja Is syllaitied biog Diotigas as Uiosd-ges, sciligas ap s-ctoro-ges, ete ‘Ad Diphthons ‘The so-called ‘pare diphthongs consist of two vowels and are the following: al, i, a uo, Bach of these can be stressed for unstresed. As with the ng vowels, if stresed they can have tlther the circumflex Intonatlan (~) on the second vowel, or the Sseute intonation (") on the flrst vowel. A diphthang with the Seite fitonation will have s hesvler stress ‘on the initial clement fd the Initial elemont will be held Tonger than the second ele fant Just the reverse ls true for a diphthong with the ercam: flex intonation i — as iit is somewhat similar to the af of Hnglish eile: ats somewhat similar to the English in able; im pronouncing i Ina the @ very sbort and try to hold the i Ionger. Still the ime pression Is thatthe at is much shorter than ai and that even the & Ie shorter inc than in i Ital i unstressed then i e pronounced snore like 4 eceutfle a than an sete 6" i eaika ‘children! the first alls pronounced mach hike the second a, But with less Examples: di ‘ouch, Adimay “village, ditkint ‘to explain, af “oh Teikas “tine, vuika’ child”, rida “development, gaint "to 70° ‘1 — is somewhat similar to the ou in American promunei sions f Fast othe ov of America-English out; withthe acute Stress, ed the initial element tr Toner than in such English words a out, Faut; ai, on the other hand, is somewhat similar to Cenadian Bnglish out. ad appears to be shorter than éu. Un ‘eesced eu sounds like a rather than é, but the unstressod spl Table has Tess amplitude than the stressed, amples: éugt ‘to grow’, sulé ‘sun! tet “to wal, plaikt to Tauké (le sing) “outside ei — as & there ¢ no auch pthong in English, It is some: wnat simila tothe North German el in bee, It ean be produced by saying the win English ban snd then adding a very quick 3" ‘ltgtide st the end of thea. els quite similar tothe in weight ‘An ‘unstressed is more like e (although, of cores, with less amplitude) than Examples: méilé ‘love’, Mat “to let’, wéidar “face” pts “knife ‘tht geet to change Je — a kind of diphthong (or It may even bo called a triph- thong) whieh, beginning with gradually becomes more open, Le. tends to become e, There is no abarp break betwoen the i nd the ‘and the end ofthe diphthong is very open. When this diphthong ‘core in initial positon, Usere laa tendency in moder Lithie ion to pronounee it se though there were a jin front of ise festa hunt for is pronounced as jit, iti ‘spear as jes ‘te Some Lithsnnians write Uheae words as fietKot, jets, ee amples: diend ‘day, rekd ‘alice’, pienar ‘mill’, pleva ‘meadow’, io "how much’, pdtae ‘South; dinner", sight to deliver, pit “dea i — a8 ul there is nothing Uke this diphthong In English [As St Guhich, however, i relatively rare) it sounds something Tike a very rapidly pronounced phooey or Louie. examples: pulls ‘exellent’, buiis ‘bing’, pulkial ‘excellently’ tral ‘soaps rates ‘custonn ol, tena "man whom everybody Uatkee, misty to sake one's head’ In some foreign borrow {igs when tho fis stressed fhe wand (are pronounced separately, ‘they form the nuelet of two separate syllables: ezuitas ‘Jesuit {2 spllabiied ae follows: fe-zu-tas uo — this is & Kind of diphthong (or triphthong) which, be- sunning with an w, gradually booms more open and less rounded, ‘Thete te no sharp break between the w and the o and the end of the diphihong. i really a sehwa vowel (usually written 9, Le tine similar to the vowel of the second aplable in the Englishwords above, Plymouth, ete This diphthong ean perhaps be com pared fo the no of Halinn buon, ee Examples: uogéuti ‘to pick berres, wodege ‘al, soga ‘bers’ Siostes ‘arbor’, semua iste’, radu “autumi ‘Ae Mize Dighhongs Diphthongs in which the possible intial lements ay, § or a are fllawed by Im, n or 7 are known as mixed diphthongs, "The second clement may bo eslled 8 sonorant, eontinuant or semi vows 1h the mixed diphthongs asin the pure diphthongs cither the thst or the steond element may be stressed Ith seeond element fs srcased the "will be written over the [m,n orf I the first Clement is strese the ie written over he Totters @ and e, but IS used over the leliers w and I I the second element is stressed tay held longer than the fest element. If the first element Is Stresed it je pronounced with more amplitude and held longer than the seond element. Ths, for example, isl the a is louder fnd held Tonger then the [in af on the other hand the 115 held longer than the @ Examples: vdlgytl ‘to ent’, kim “to whon', éntig “duck, karts ‘pole kates‘, kavipes‘eorer ata “bosom’, kati "bitter trees délnar ‘pty (of the hand’, pepe “poowit,lapwing’ seni “to grow oli’ pérdaott to hand over peltas “profit tempia *he pulls stdeear ‘student, per “ehrough’ its "bvidge’ tmptelet ‘Ro pal, int “to swell, Hie to investigate cpl to ft int’ iio take, ikemas “Biting, Fad’ plas pulse, Rimits ‘Fst, mela ‘ounce’, urna ‘urns pulkas"egiment, euvipas ‘short fuska the i getting fotos Tarke 8. CONSONANTS One ofthe base differences betweon English and Lithuanian consonants is thatthe unvoiced stops of Lithuanian (pt, k) are fot aaptated (Le, there ino pulf of breath after them) as in English in inti positon ‘Another important difference is that ll Lithuanian conso nants fexeent the ] which is sometimes called a acri-vovtel) exist in two varieties, palatalized or soft) ad unpalatalized for hard Im the articulation of polotlizat comnts the anal of the tongue is raised towards the top of the mith, To the Amerian ‘ar the effect i that of a y-eound following the consonant, but this isnot the ease as far asthe articulation i concerned. The Y- ‘hund must be made simultsneagsly with the consonant. Consonants are always palatlized before the front vowels G.{ogrere and €) also before the diphthong te. Before the vowel leit e,gzo, ty W and 8, the (Ls tsed to denote palataization fof the preceding consonants. (See also Ae, of this Ttraductory Lesson) Phoneticlly the palatalization of consonants before beck vowels fv stronger than that before front vowels. Thus ln the ‘word miiona fgrambler the platlization of the inital is much dmore striking than the palatalization of Ue inital w In the Word 1b — strongly voiced unaspirated b; similar to the English b Unpalatalized: Palatalized ‘ita ‘gpartment” bie bu” dirbor work™ bite ee label "very" ‘git (fem) 2 — this is a stronaly voiced unaspirated d; the dis true dental, Le. pronounced ‘with the. tongue. against the Tack of the upper teeth (not Tike the alveolar en Begs. ‘Tho best thing to remember out the arielation of the Lithuanian ais that the tp of the tongue touches the upper tooth, but not the gum ae ie the ‘ice with the Brash Unpalatalized: Palatalized ‘tents “tooth” Aidelis Large’ ttirys “door {gh “wo bur Ante “daughter deme “spot4 — unaspirated voiced velar stop; English gas in good sounds tike the wnpatatalized Lithuanian g; English q asin geese sounds Tike Lithuanian palatlized 9 Unpalatalized Patatatized sn ‘enouehe ‘i (emphatle partite) Sardar pen, enclosure’ ‘iver alive" ure ‘lever ‘epi ‘cuckoo! Bb, Voile Stop: ps tk ‘p — voiceless, unaspirated p; similar to the Each p, but without aspiration, ‘Unpalatalized: Palatatized ls ‘sl et ‘through’ DS “under” Dirt “bath house? Poder ‘pot upke ‘pipe’ + — vojooless, unaspirated, dental similar én place of arti culation to the (Lithuanian) d. Ie i rather different feu the English ¢ both in place of articulation and in that It ls not asp rated, Unpalatalized Palatalized ts “that (rave) tei there’ ‘that (em) tk “only” 1 “of Uae (ase) ‘kya Tor sue, surely" — unssprsted voiceless velar stops similar tothe K-sound of English cart, but without aspiration, Pelatalized k sounds ike the Kot English kee Palatalized ketas “other putty returt Hou (mae) igus “sll” Be, Labiodntal Frctvn:v and b= void Iablodental friative like English. ‘Unpalatalized: Palatalized akan ‘child? veFktt to weep" rar “epider ras ‘man or jun; Bae’ iar whe J — wooeles Iblovental frieative similar to the English. Unpalatalized Palatatizea {abrikas “Tactory lologas ‘photogs fitbotas ‘soccer filsifes“pallesophes Saneija fonction fk “physics The Confiountis ms tongue tip touches the upper tongue ie lowered towards the beotiom of the mouth in the une Palaalized variety. The tin English elk: sounds lke the une falaalized. Lithuanian L Ege Tish 1 ap in leaf sounds some- ‘what Like the Lithuanian alate lized 1, although the palatal- ied Lithuanian {alte mone Paltalized, or sofler, somewhat [ke Tin High German or in French AAs we have slroady briefly mentioned above, in articulating ‘he hard variety, the tip of the tongue towshes the Upper teeth 5nd the central prt of the tongue is lowered towards the bottom tf the mouth. (See Fig. 8) ‘The palatalized (soft) 1 is praduced by raising the rear part of the tongue to the rear prt of the hard palate, by Dressing the upper-front part of the tongue against the upper fceth, and allowing the breath team through the sides of the blades of the tongue. (See Fig.‘th — this @ voloed bilabial continuant ike the English m. Unpalatalized: Palatalized ‘mama ‘mother; mom més ‘we! “na “lady” sas he wil throw fm — this isa voiced dental continuant, articulated in the same position as d und t. Before velar consonants the nara Is Vela as in the English words pink, bank, ete, eg. Drang ‘dese, enki tive’, ee Unpalatalized: Patatalized ‘imas “house nino; ot? nvjas “new thé "becaee! ‘nde 'n0ae" opty ‘seven? 1 = thin is 8 tongue tl ted 1. As with the Halian r the tongue vibrates against the al ‘volar ridge, ‘The palatalzed + Ie dittcaltto pronounce for hhative “Americans and. great fare aust be fake to keep the tongue high at tho same time that it vibrates against the ale ‘volar tdge. The Lithoanan + Tea clear voled trllng with fut ny admixture of guttural ‘sounds (See Fig 10) Fame Unpalatalized: Palatalized ‘et to find at tora ogee seigh? iebwas “nut! fe The Silanes 4 —this isa volsles hissing alveolar spirant like the Bag- lish & English « before front vowels sounds palatalized to the Lithuanian ear, Thus, for example, see and seem tothe Lithie anlan to conten palatlized Unpalatalized: Palatalized sais ‘ary ‘ait to rage sake "tases" s8kt ta fllow" ‘sas “whole ‘il “al? 4 — Athi te a voiceless hashing speant similar to the sh in Finglish, The unpalatallzed fis more retracted than the English ‘ie usually, ut sounds somewhat like the sh in English shirk Sr the seh of German schon. The palataized F sounds somewhat Ike the sh in English sheep, but the paatalization o 'y! sound is eunger in Lithuanian Unpalatalizea: Palatalized Hat toshoot” Sanda “straw fale ountey" fais okt No danee! Sie such’ = — this isthe voiced counterpart of and is similar to the english = im 200 (unpalstalized) and eal (palatalized) ‘Unpalatalized: Palatalized ares (name of ety) eniae seni” 2udnyt “to babble Zebra seb! sulk are Boones ‘cea! £— thi ie the voiced counterpart of & Tn Lithuanian it oc: cure trequenty in initial position, whereas in English only ex- ‘cptionally in iltisl positon, ef. Bog. genre, although # cosars imesedal position or finl, ef Eng. manure, rouge, ete Unpalatatized Palatalized salt “damage™ ‘Blas “gray” alge aaer 221-10 grow (ot beard, grass ole pra Hoplis "dopey, joker" BF Atco: © and — this is actually 2 combination oft plus It similar to the ts of Eng. pants, but in Lithuanian it slo appears at the be: pisning of & word Unpalatalizea: Palatalized cera “sugar citar ‘eye ‘eukreiné "confectionary cept "to squeal ferns to suger oitisiejaeviliation MisleetPalataied: dzaibint "to walle with one head down’4 — thief a combination of ¢ plus & I Is somewhat lke the ‘oh of Bnglish church Unpalatalized Palatalized ay “to whip a here iisymar “whipping” kar "Cate? (arin ‘crardar™ BPkdt “to erackle! NB. The voled counterpart of 2 ie d#. Tho unpalatalized foom of {42g very rare and even native Lithuanlans tend to pronounce fick words ae dlgoas with» palatalized d® so that it sounds Like ‘ides ace Paltaized dE, however, oowurs quite frequent (edge to be hepry’ didnt "to hang wp for drying’, dBova to bereulesie’ te Bp, The cata Wand hy h— an aspirated sound; pronounced like English h, but only found in words of foreign origin. Unpalatalized: harmonije“har- mony’, homegenitkar *homogencous” Palstalized: herdjes "hero' ch — unvoloed velar spir- ant, Unpalatalized hie pro- Fovinced like the ch in German ‘Mache, but the sound ie only ound in woeds of foreign origi Unpalatalized: chérta ‘charter ‘haces ‘cha ‘horas ‘coin ‘The ch of German ich sounds like the palstalized Lithuanian oh ‘hamija ‘chomisty" ‘Shemilos ‘chemist ‘hirirga ‘surgeon! Oh The | 4j— this isa voiced palstal sound similar tothe yin English tyes, but the tongue is raged higher forthe Lithuanian j and the Hpression forthe English speaker is that of more emphasts ot fiction of the aie ge tr extated Tt the anly consonant in Lithuanian which occurs only In the polatlized variety: jéunes “young, jfoas ‘rain ute ‘ox otto ride horseback’. In words Ioerowed from foreign languages the j ig proneunced following the consonant: barjras‘barrler,objekta “abject edjinkiae “ade junet profesor, ete "The soquence of letters bi in Lithuanian denotes a palatlized 1 plus aj when ie serury before u, 0, a. (The same holds true for the sequence of pr which denotes palataliedp plus a} when iM oseurs before eu, ©, u), Ths inthis case ts used instead of {nthe following examples Une b and pate palatalized and followed hy j bigura ‘us’ put “to eu, spidut "to spit Attempts have heen made to institute the spellings pj, bj (and some Lithuanians the them); thus we sometimes find bjewris "ugly, pidutt Yo ut, Spats spit, but these spellings have not been universally opie Asian of Contnane ‘There is one basic mle for the consonant clusters of Lithue nian: the second or last consonant in a tequence determines the ‘character of the preceding one at regards palatlizaton, the tack ‘hereof or toling and the Teck there}, et Hone consonant of a cluster is palatlized then the immedi- ately preceding consonant will sso te platalized, eg. in néitan would carry’ both the é and the precoding 4 are paltaized (ot) 1h a consonant cluster a volced consonant wil cause anism mediately preceding consonant to be voleed so, eg in ndtdaven T used to earry” the orthographie £ is pronounced lke ¥ (ite voiced ‘cunterpart). On the other hand in ®2#t "o tansport’ the = is pronounced ike & (which is unvoiced) because of the following in bégi ‘to run’ theg is pronounced like the unvoleed counter art of g, because the ts, of course, unveieed Before & the #is pronounced asf, eg in péstas ‘on foot, pe- sksrian’ the orthograpie = Js pronounced &. Likewise = 18 pro- nounced like # when i occurs efore a, eg the gen plat of vabe- ie inset 18 vabsaiy, but it Is pronounced vabsdty AU final consonants are unvoiced (with the exception of 1 1, 1m; 7). Thus in final position daag "much, many’ Is pronounced ‘tk “Delind? is pronounced ie, ete I final poston all cone mente are pronnanced sithont ptatalizatin, Le ley are hard, ae ed “aga eon, bok “unt, tor, eeC SYLLABIFICATION. ‘The numberof syllables in @ word Is the same asthe number of voelic elements. By voralie element wo mean a single vowel tr diphthong. Here it must be remembered that diphthongs i= ithuanlen may have m, m1, oF ¢ as the final element. Therefor, 2 word like ii-tar “hundeed” has tro vocal elements oF sl Tables, ie and ve, es “bald” has the two veeale elements tnd ay rade ‘ink’ has three vocal elements, viz. the three Sts taiminges ‘lucky, fortunste’ has three veclle elements “Wi in- and ca Inthe previous examples the hypnen marks the Sable vison and it can be soon that in. general a consonant Between two vocalie elements is pronounced with the folowing Yocalie element, If there ls growp of two consonants between “plables, generally the firt syllable Ie eloeed by the lest con Senant of the group and the second syllable begins with the see- fond consonant of the 4toUp, eg goid-as ‘stork, plf-tas “finger, Teopubicke “republic” However, the syllable Avision s found At he boundary of prefixes, certain suffixes and the component ‘lements of compounds eg at-etti (at Yo, elt "to come, 1060, {Suimte “excepion’ lout, svi "hat which is eben plk-#ole ‘Greed’ (pik had” fol grate, In writing and typing one fallow the rules of syllable division when hyphenating words and tans {erring parte of words to another line TABLE OF VOWELS Front Vowels | Back Vowels Babidomiens | od TF |e] Mia vowels ° |e | Lowsmid vowels e ° | Low (open) vowels alia Long | Short* Short* | Long TABLE OF CONSONANTS tfriates vied apical tell: stra: 1 plata spiant:j IV, SOME COMMON EXPRESSIONS. Gneerins. 1. Labes rites! Good snoring. 2 Labi die! Good day. 8 Labas vakeros! Good evening 4 Labas! Hellot Hat 8 Sui) Goodbye 6. Iki pasimatymo, So long. 1 ada Thank you 8 Aaia lbet Thank you very mach, 9, Prafes You're weleome, 10, Latah! Good night CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS. 1 Pras shat Please reed. 2 Stainite Read) 2. Proton erat. Please translate4. Prato rot 5 Prated démesio! 6 Prafod paket 1 Dar hafta. © Vii ket Tak vlakas, 10, Kas nértskatsti?. erring Acquatnrsp. 1. Prafa evipating. 2. Ciaponas Smith (or Smitas) 3. Agent Velo, Antanas Valse IAF ie dete nas Hood? ‘Taip, af est Gary Hood. Nb, if ee John Wilson. Kuh yra proftsorus Matéica? 7 8, Profésoriue Matéike yrt niversted 8, Labai mafoni suspect si Jamia 10, Lebat matoni ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS. 1. Ku pnd wniversittas? 2. Unioerstdtas pre koje midsto daly 3, Ke? yr pas? 4, Paltar yra miésto centr 5. Keip mén nuvetifon | 6, Vesidokiee autobus Nimeri pesktas, O ip eats fatomobitia? 8. Kokr jew axtomabita? 8. Mano eutomobitir naies 10, Gera, vasivokime jasy mobi, AB jim para su kia Please write Attention plese Repeat, please Once mere, All togethor (pleas) Thats all. Who wants to read? Please got acquainted ‘This bs Mr Seth Tam (Mir) Valys, Anthony Valve ‘Are you Me. Hood? ‘Yer, Tam Gary Hood. No, Lain John Wilson Where is Professor Mazelka? Prof, Mazeika is at the Its very nice to meet you. Tam very glad Whore ie the university? "The university isin the other part of the oy Where fe the post ffiee? The post office is in the center of the ety, How do Tgot to the theatre? Geo by bus. No. 5. And how (do I go) by car? What kind of car do you have? Ny car is new ‘OF, let's go by car (your ea) 2 it show you the ay. Pirmoji pamoka Lesson 1 MANO NAMAS ‘AG est studestas. Mano tévas yr mékytojas. Mano brélis ri tatp pit studestas, AY iP brdlis Game studesta Mino nimas yrh didelis P gealls, KuF yra mino nimas? Mino nmr ra 8 ‘Kas yr mino tEvas? Mano tas yeh mékytojas Kas. yx ‘ming bréls? "Mano brdlis yrh studentas. Kis més dome? 3165 frame studi, ‘Ku més einame vakaré? Més elname nan. Kéks yr mino mamas? Mino ndmnas yrb didlis, Mino nie VOCABULARY GRAMMAR, 1 There ane no articles in Lithuanian. Thus, studestar can seam student, the student, 4 student. au112 There are only two genders in Lithuanian nouns: mescaline and feminine. All nouns ending in az are mascline, 113 ‘The Present Tense of Bit to be’ and citi “tog! Tam arent SE eink 1 go, ete fhe she is fis, ft yd iis, fi eine we ore més frame mix ciname yousre jie tate Hs eine They aro ie, fie pra, Se tna ‘The second person singular te which corresponds to Bnglish thow is used to address cldren, rea frends, members of the Smmediate family and God. It ould correspond in uso to German Guor French ti ‘The second person plural Is used for polite Pltra, kuf ti eini? — Peter, where aro you going? ‘Pome Petri, but jl einate? — Mr, Petratis, where are you reine? ‘There is no progressive form im Lithuanian. Thus af ein can mean: I go, Lam going, T do go ‘Thore is no auxiliary to do to help to form questions: you hhave to indicate the question by the tone of our voice, or by patting the litle word af in front of « question which has 50 ‘ther incerngative sword it Thus Cl (yral* mino mamas, — Here is my house ‘Cid mono nmar? — Te my house here? ‘AF Gia mina naman? — Te my house here? excises A. Ancwer the following questions: 1. Kis 8 ect? 2. Kis yr mio tivas? 3. Kis yrat mano brilis? 4. Ruf pra mioy ndmas? 5. Kéks yri mano naimas? 6. Ruf ms finame? 1. Kas tnés same? 2 1 ming (brother) ra studeftas, 2 Mino nimat se large) {3 Mi'iname namo (in the evening) “2 Mas ine chome) 5. AE (am) siesta, ete 1 Ms Gsame student... 2, Mino brilis yr student... Mano tévar fra mokytoj——. 4 Mano amas yrb aidel AE ise 8. Keyed man vas? Translate into Lithuanian: 1 My brother is going home. 2. My father goes home, 3. My house large 4 My brother and Tare students. 5,1 am going home. 8. "yvtinme, 7. My brother goes home, CONVERSATION ‘cHeHINGS, oe 1 ies rites! (Or: Laba rita!) — Good morning! 2 haba diena? (Or: Lab digna!) — Good day! 1 abas vakeras! (Or: Lib vakarg!) — Good evening! 4 Keip gyiojate? — How are you? (Plural, politely) 5. Kaip gymioj” — How are you? (Familias) {i Abs, gerat O kelp fas? — Fine, thank you And you? 4. AP jas date pinas Valys? — Are you Mr. Valys! N. Ne, af ent Velde, Ptras Vain No, I am Valais, Pot. ras Valatis ie Grate studeitas? — Are you a student? 10, Taip, dé ea studestan, — Yes, Lam student NNR, Carn these sentences by earl! Do not try to figure out what the separate words mean: leara the whole phrase by heartAntroji pamoka Lesson 2 MANO. SEIMA [Ak tap pt tur viena seer, Mino seaué yr dir juni mer- pte, Ji dae ners stodestes Js you molinds di tna j mokSklq. Jt Mino mand yrk deisinlahe, Ji diche nami; isda plsrytua, iets, valarieng, vilo kambarius, Mee vis if label mflite, J} yr abar ger mdtin ‘Vahart nde visi dame namie. Mami sksito isikrat, tras io Liha, mds skatome hays, sy seeite RGU rudiia pat oka. Ms Gsume laa aiming VocABuLary ‘aay Bingo (ne 9) — teat note Belge ee ‘heats paar mines Piaget sce) to, te she) water tei ace se} stboa! ‘ee a) heTend rate angaty, mean (ce Mono Att tae Ing nm, nh ase) — BaP GRAMMAR, 124 The Prosnt Tense ofthe Verbs Most of the verbs in Lithuanian are “regular, The verbs in Lithwaniaa ate divided into 8 conjugations. The conjugation is Getermined by the ending of the third person, present tense. Ist Conjugation: Bra person ends in, Tin: didi Yo work’ ust "to prepsie’ i diya SS root ta air fru fis ditba a fis rudla Tin nis dirbame ame més rustiame lame ifs dire “ate je ruttate ate Bi dime Ca fe rutile a ‘nd Conjugation: i — Infin: mplt ‘to love! a8 mga és mflime ime a mg {or mflite “te iis mgt a jemi 2rd Conjugation: — niin skit “to read? més akaltome -ome jis akattote ote Be skallo —*0 M8 seitsa ou Sie seatlo “5 NB, 1) The Sed person singular and the 3rd person plural are a ways the same in all tenses in Lithuanian 2) Plural form can easily be formed by adding me or te respectively to the $rd parson form. 3) As one can ate, the pattern of accentuation in Lithuanian {sa complicated affair. For the Present tense, the following gen- ral rules could be draw’ 6 4) The Sed person singelar and all the parsons in the plural are stresed on the sem, never on the ending, 1b) The 1st and the 2nd person singular will both be stressed alike: elther both on the ending or both on the stem. (rom this lesson on, the forma of the Ist pers singular land Std prs. will be given with the infinitive. Later, other forms will be added) ©) For details, sce Grammer Appendix; for individual verbs, seo Lith-English vocabulary 22 Negation. The negative particle in Lithuanian is ne. It usually precedes tht word which t negates. When it precedes verbal form, then its written together withthe verb, Itt elso written together with adjectives and adverbs. It ix usually not connected with nouns, unles the particle ne gives the noun the opposite rmesning. Nérd snot ls contraction of né yrd. With a negative verb the direct abject must bein the. genitive, not in the accuse tive, as the case after « postive verbal form More om negation: ee 43. 23 Pososinn Adjectives and Prono Posesrive adjectives and pronouns are very easy to handle { Lithuanians foreach porson there is only one form for both the possessive adjective and the possessive pronoun, and they ee St Seclinable Personal Pronoun Possesive Adjective Postesive Pronoun aot smino—my ‘nino — mine fii—you, thou tvo—your, thy doo — yours jie—he ibis ks jake 00 — her jon here nde — we mds — our icy —ours ite you jas" your fim yous Sie —they tase) jf thee iq theirs oe they fom.) 98 — thee jim theirs With the exception of man and tivo, the rst of these forms are actully the genitives of the personal pronouns. Examples: ‘ano tas — my father ‘nano mama — my mother Sita nimas yré mano, — This hoase 8 mineprencises A. Questions: 4, Ks yr mano sesus? 2. AF ji jad (already) yr sudeste? 3 ‘Kiel méty? ow ld ls sho? Lit: How many years to her?) 2 Ria yrh mano mami? 8, Kur aisbe mano mama? 6. Ka sai ‘bed thwhat 7. Kut mas Grame vakaré? 8. Kadi més same Demig? (kad—-when) 0. Kj skaito mama? 10. Kg rafo mino tives? B, Give the present tense of: turétl (tui, she; walt (wala, ealgtt Conta, 180); viru (véedu, vérda)® Compete: 1. Hy) sud yr jnund mergilte 2. (My) ‘eas yeh snes. 8. (Oy) nami yr gerd Fl ‘minis, 4 Ms (very mach) rmilime, 8. Vakaré mes samo (at home) D. Translate into Lithuanian: 1. My brother Is @ student. 2. My Imother is a housekeeper. 3 Our sister goes to school. 4 She Is 1 pupil. 5. Where are we in the evening! CONVERSATION ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS uf yr pds? — Where is the post office? Ruf yo felefonas? — Where i the telephone? [Kut yr stot? — Whereis the station? ‘tots yra ideo centr. — Tho station it im the conor of the town, 5, [ailin, | kxire. — To the right. To the lett 8. Antramé eulite. — On the seeord floor. & ‘AF 2a qyvtna pias Valjs? — Does Me. Valys live here? ‘Kaip man nucuttiot | x64? — How do I get tothe sation? 8. AF jte mend suproitate? — Do you understand me? 10, Praia halbét pematir — Please speak slowly. ores = ‘Trevioji pamoka Lesson 3 MOS MIESTAS Mis eqviname didliané mit, J vadiasl Vian, Ta yea Liotuvds sting. Mista gitvés yr gos IF slaros. misty Atvatiioja dabg studenty studjiot}6 sonamé universitet. ‘AS vabiioju T universittg autobusi, Autobisul sunk va itt send gatve, nds yr Taba slau, Universitas yr mifsto contra, Universtéto pastata bat [Man patina skaltjtisenojd universitato biblitakoje. VOCABULARY etl ib en, Servis) —to 80g much many ledtiame ac ag. of ate targe) Must otiosi mss) — clay are weGRAMMAR 2A The Cate, ‘There are reven declensional cases in Lithuanian: 1. Nominative (Wardiniss) who, what? —Iee?® 2 Genitive CKilminiskas) whose, of what? — Ka? 5 Dative Qaudininkas) towhom? — Rim? 4 Accusative (Galina) whom, what? —ka? 5. Instrumental (nogininkas) with whom, with what? — kus? © Locative (VigUninkas) Where, in what? —kama, ku? Vocative (Sauksmlnias) (used for addressing, alin). LL THE NOMINATIVE ‘The nominative cae isthe ease ofthe subject of the sentence, or it may funetion at the ease ofthe predicate in some copulative 1) Mano bris yr studeitos, — My brother is stent, (Both the subject and the noun predicate are in the nomine- tive ease in tho preceding example.) 2) Mino namas yré dele, — My hows is big, (Both the subject and the predicate adjective are in the no. rinative ease nthe preveaing example) 3) Mama skaito lsikrafti, — Mother is reading a newspaper (The subject is in the nominative care, but the object, atk rat i in the actsative cate; sce bel.) 842 THE GewmTve ‘The genitive cate may be used to show possesion oF some type of relationship whieh is commonly expressed Bnglish by ‘of of Examples 1) brio stdlas — the brother's dese 2) mlésto gitode — the streets ofthe city 3) Lietuoss sésting — the capital of Lithuania Certain prepositions require the genitive ease. See Lesson 36. 4.13 THE DATIVE ‘The dative case i the eate of the indirect object of the vero, comple “is dioda bréliad knfgn. — He is giving [his] brother a book, Te may also funtion as the subject ofan impersonal eonsttuc: the, amples 1) Téoui ewnkit gyoént id, — IE is dificult for father to live 2) Autobiou sunkit eestor send gated. — I is dificult forthe tus to travel on (along) the old see, AA THE ACCUSATIVE "The accusative case functions asthe eas of the direct object of the verb. Examples: 11 Mama skaito tara], — Mother i reading the newspaper 21 Ji vrda pusrytiue.—~ She fe cooling breakfast. 3 Téeas vif Ute, — Father is writing a ltr. 41 AS tuna eng séeer, — I have one ster, ‘The accusative ease Is also used in certain time express, swe paragraphs 32 2-4, 82.6 and with certain preposition, seep espn 313, 3.15. THE INSTRUMENTAL ‘The instrumental case may denote the means by which, the instrument with which, something is done. Examples 1 dig rf lath peituki. — He a writing a eter with » pew ‘il (Note that pestis inthe Instrumental case te dew ‘means, but that no preporiton ie ssed with It) 2) AE vatiioju f universittg autobusi, — 1 am going to 1 University by bus ‘The instrumental case may denote the place along wh war something Is moving. Example He is driving slong the old strc,S48 THE LoCATIVE ‘The lative ease denotes the place where something i. Bxamplee 1) Més gysdname micstd. — We lve in the ety 2) Universitas yra midsto contré, — "The university is in the center of the ely {82 The Fit Dedenion of Noun, To the first declension belong all nouns ending ins, (gen. io), -ys. They are all masculine nouns: namas “hous “brother, arkige “horse N, nimes sas boil srkife ys Anima “3 ral a 1 nome 3a rain flu a Linamé“e brilyje je arklyjé“yje Viname! “e brat any! 1 B. The stress pattern varies: somtimes it remains on the samme syllable throughout singular and plural, sometimes it varies realy. Fora brief explanation, soo Lesson 8: fora fall and de {sled explanation see Append, paragraph 51 183 Second Decenion of Noun. ‘To this declension belong feminine nouns which end ina, -é and i dina "day, ve ‘street, marti "daughter law N. dient a give 8 mari G diene “Ss ites, “es maria os Di dignai “al gutvel “el. alata Adin “a pitve “ep mafelg ig 1 dient gave martian L. dlenoje -oje he martiofe “oie Vi dina! “a 2 aft NB, Whenever a combination of -Ha, ig, ti ty should 42,1 A fow sooond declension nouns such a dddé uncle, 8te “father” (a term of endesrment), ewidld “priest” Gin pagan mythology) and some sumames ate of the masculine gender They are modified by masculine adjectives (cf. Lesson 21) and have masculine pronominal reference 332 Some second declension nouns are of common gender, ie ‘hey can be either macline oF feminine depending Upon the individual referred to nendorama ‘mischietmaker’, "unruly ‘hil, maktibatda ‘one who roves about at night, wépla “gaping 114 ‘The preposition j ‘in, int, tot indicates destination, also di- scion, never location. It always governs the aewuzative, F midstg — into the ety, to the ety Frunerstarg — to the university 35 Vatldott plus instrumental: ‘to drive along ‘atidottgatee to deive along the street 16 To express I Tike, Lithuanian uses the Brd person of the verb patie to plese” pls dative: man patie® (ti pleases tothe) Dative forms tas ‘min mn patiiha—Tiike ‘how ta tix tu paritka—you lke he jie sim jampaniika— he kes seit ja abpatiika— she kes wwe mae ‘mois mis pattika— we lke You sie Jima jms patitka—you lke they — jie mass) ems lems ptika—they ike ‘ey (fem) jome omar patter —they ike Since patika isthe third person for both singuler and plural 'isvusd with singular, plural and infinitive subjects ‘in pata tas ndrnas — 1 ike that house ‘man pata 16 namat — 1 lke those houses nan patient ibliotekojes* ——Tlike to reed in the brary s[NBL In replacing the nouns with personal pronouns, one has to Keep in mind thot Lithuanian, just like many other Buropean Tangeagesstrely adheres to grammatical gender: English Lithnanian fhe city — it raider — jie (ase) thestreet — It fitve— jt fem) ‘There is really no it sa pertonal pronoun, Tat is used for such caves of general Florence a8 ‘Tai laa graf, — That (it) Is very beautiful erencises |A. Questions, 1, Kut mis gyvénsme? 2. KuF j05 gyvénate? 8 ‘Ratp vadinas! msg migtas? 4 Kas yr Lictuvés sting? 8. AF Imigsto gitwes ya shoe? 6 KuF atvadioja dalig studenty? 7 ‘ut Ab vasoju? 8 Kuo af vadlioju | universtég? 9. KuF ye universittas? 10. Kis min patie? 1B. Conjugate in the present tense: gyvénti, valet, etvaiieti stodijdat, pat. , Destine in singutar: mifata, éstné, gité, sudefitas, auto. Diss, eebtas, Lstuva D. Flt in: 1, Sis valli}. end gatve. 2. Mis gyviname mies. 3. Universtias yra miget. centr 4 J mldsig atvadidoja su ont 5. AE vadldo}. nam. 1, Translate into Lithuanian 1 He lives in a ely. 2. He tikes the tty. 3. He liker the university, 4, We ike the city. 5. We like the capital. 6. We go by bus. 7 The student goes by bus to the tnivertity @ The university is very ald 9. Villus 1s the capital tf Lithusa 10. We like to reed im the Library ‘CONVERSATION ‘VALGYKLOJE 1. Ki js nésite vilgyti? 2 Praia min dint pieno HF Alonos. 3, Tap pit HF pode Ravi Ko nére gis? Tai, Prated min otnéSi bite alas ‘Ar jos talp pit nérite srsubas? ‘Aba, no. AZ niuom2t nevalgaw sri. rota eiskaita, Pragaa, Vienas ders ‘ABS, Sudi(u). ‘A RESTAURANT ‘What do you wish to eat? Please give me some mille and bread. And 8 cup of coffe, too. Something to deel? ‘Yen. Pate bring me a botle of bee. Do you want [some] soup, too? No, thank you. T never eat s0Up. The bil, plese 9, Here you are. One dollar. 10, Thank you. Good bye. Notes: Gea obese co'a genie: te alee objec of @ negated ebKetvirtoji pamoka Lesson 4 uenis ‘Ugnis yr aba reikainga. BS ugnigs 2mogis nega gyvénth Lgnis padejo sukire ultra i cvs Mano namé yra kréenis, Krécnyje dpa wanie sf Hild mma. 1s krGentn AF megall gyvént savo name. Krésni yra tap pit label tlkalingn. Mano lerxnis yea nauja grad Ais aj, dante dai! — An eye for an eye and a tooth for 2 teotht, VOCABULARY PEE ean Bhan Seige tects Ekin itn a se m e Eee se) fon i ee xavvar ‘AA The Thi Declsion ofthe Nouns kis ‘ye’, dante “tooth? ”Singular atasculine “is dantis as ics dante ee fat Gene uh a ‘at 4 Sit dantint Smt sve ants ye de dancie! Te ‘Most nouns of te third declension are ofthe feminine gender, bout afew such as dant toot, vagis “thet” are masculine. Th trdet to distinguish third detension nouns (all of which save the nding isin the nutninative singular) from those frst declension ‘pouns with the nominative singular ending is, the genitive sin- {flee wll be given also, For example: pls, a. — knife (frst declension, mase) but iti, ler — note (fem) anti, ee — tooth (mase) 42 Cardinal numeral 1-10 ionas, wiend ‘oe (mae, fem.) aia two (ase fem) tis thoes (same fr both genders) Ketan, kétarios four Ymace, fem.) ‘pen, peikion eo ei, tétios eo "septs sepsnios fren fituoni, ations cant" Aevym, devynios nine - esime tem (same fr both genders) NB. AML these numerals, with the exception af défimt, are n= fleced, ie they are decined. Viena, viend are used with the hominctive singular of nouns which they precede, 2-9 are used {th the nominative plural” 10 8 used with the genitive plural For detils, see Lesson 24 43 Negation, ‘Az we have already brlefly mentioned, the nogative patile {in Lithuanian sme, I always precedes the word which it negates. His writen together with following verbs, adjectives and adverbs, Examples: 1. rdenye ga ugia.— A fre burning in the oven Eedngfealdege ui, A fre not burning in tho oven. 2, Upwey laa vetting — The fie is very necessary. Uppic ya lal nerelittnga The fire every unnecessary 3, Ugaie gral Feikaings, — The ire i very necessary. Upnis yd ela eeaing, The fie no ery eee [Note thet inthe preceding examples i i the word whieh is hegated which ts immediately preceded by the negative partile eT negative partic i not written together with a following youn, unless the noun funetions as & lexical compound, Le. has © “hparate dictionary meaning is yr studoitas. — He student Tis nb students, bet prafeorius, — He is not a student, but a prfesser. The negative pasticlo ne with the verbal form yra “i, are snakes 8 contraction nerds not, are no Upnis ner reketinga, — The fire i not necessary. Jie ner studestor,— He is not a student "The direct object of « negsted verb mast bo in the genitive rather than Ube accusative case: Ji trl kggg, — Te as a book “Tis neti’ lendgoe — He has no book.* Contrary to Bish wage the negative must be repested in cach adverb of time or place occuring in a sentence: Vis niehad nedirba, — He never works (uterally: He never does’t work) ‘Soe, nets ner mes heme, or tone rk Tam bo Sips ni eran, ot eas 35 0Jie niBhur nena, — He dosent go anywhere. (it: He doesnt ‘0 nowhere) Sis michal nigkur wiéko nedivo, — He doosn't ever do any thing anywhere, (it: He doesn" do nothing nowhere neve) Likewise nigko ‘nothing, the gonitive ease of nifkas, some: times translates English ‘snting’ Hf tis in a negative sentence ‘Thus Lithusnlon js nicko nedaro may be translated either a He doc nothing’ or "ie dssn't do anything’. Good English usage ieeps us from using the literal translation ‘He doesn't do nothing 1B. tn Lithusnlan, both no and not are expressed by the same Degative particle ne In the sense of mo, ne i et off by a comma: 12 jis nér studestas, — No, he i not a student eancises |A. Questions, 1, BS kb (without what) zmogis negli syeént? 2 ‘Ruf déga ugnis? 8. K§ Ugnis ldo? 4 Kis padéjo sokirt ultra IF eivilegig? 8. Kut yra kréaols? 6. Kas yra Tabal relkalings? B. Decline inthe singuar: ausis, nis, krsnis, vss ©. Change et! the pronouns and verde to plural: 1. AS rat lk. 2. Sis yeh namie 3 J saito keg, 4 AB ein amd. 5. Ji dba fami’ 6. Jt déga namés 7.1 Sido néma. Bt ugnids a8 negli 1D. Translate ino Lithuanien: 1. I connot ive without fre. 2 Fine Fa very necessary. 2, Hie cannot live without fre. 4. Tn my house there ira new stove, 5 My stove ls new. 6. Our stove is pretty. TTA fire fe burning in the stove. 8. We eannot live without ove. 9 We cannot live without fire, 10.1 lke the new stove ‘CONVERSATION KAS TAL YRA? 1, Kis ta yr? 2. Tal yeh ky 5. Kur gra stlas? 4 Stas yea Gl A. Kip pasakti "Good morning! Uetuilhal? 9, Lictiwiy kalba yea graf kal, 10. Af nesuprant dng, Af kai dk Metvitkal WHAT 1s THAT? 1. Whats that? 2. That ia book. 2 Where ls the table? 4. The table fe here 5 No, the table fs thee, 6. What is “lass” in Lithuanian? 7. What is "Mangas" In English? 8. How does ane say “Good morni 5 Lithuanians a beautiful Tenguage. 10, Tdo not understend Bogish I speak only Lithuanian NOTES: ar owe fb le NB i 3, yo i a chet mene ‘ot une Keygen stat? woes ate my bose. 1 tetova a teraliy mean “Liha nga Enc a Seer paPenktoji pamoka Lesson 5, Review VILNIUS Mano tGvas, méting, bel rmict@, a midstas vadinas Vil NMigsto centeb yea sas univers sesub iF AF gyviname senamé ur Jig yr Lietuva. sbstine 3s, kuriamé® studijioja dab studesiny Studetal suvadlieja Ga stadijoot 18 vigbe Listuvés* ‘Mes visi gyvéname eictinéje. Man viskas&% labs pati: it sénan universitet, iF ronan mistay, F gen gv, kur au tobnse vadoje link universitet. Kiekvieng 1Sta" AF vaaidoju {a autobust j universitet, ku 88 studio Ad studjdoja modicing, AB néria BOL gSéytoja? Mino bri tis stualjioja angly Kalba” i lteratira, nes is née vat | ‘Amérika | Anglia iF | Kanddp. Js talp pat stuijtoje amerkis- ff Mersey HF Amérikos storia. ‘Mano tévas dabaF dba biblet2koje. Mano mama yré namié wing ding" Jt tet labor dag ditbo. Vakeré més etna [ tata aan paat ata — emp he Rg aging. ete, i te IES "TSE, etre das: Ste ‘CONVERSATION 1. Vatiis: Libas rftst 2aljer Laas rts! Kap ayviojate? Veleitis: Ae, geral, O kp 037" Zelyer Gera, Uk ras dibs Valais: Tatp, perdadg snitgo, 2elys: Kur jis dabar ciate? Valais: AB cin nama. O J05? 2elyss xi namd, AE sou brélisstudeftas? Na. Sis yeh mékytojas. ub jis gyvtnat? Bis gyvena Vinivj. ‘Tat Inbal sas iF raids milstas ‘Tap, Viliave universetas (hlrtas 1579 (tGkstants pen Sim septyniadesimt devinals) metas. Petras: Kuk mami? Ritde Ji vatiavo f mise Petras: © uP tis? itor Tat nami. is skattoIsikralt 4 Brezje: AF iis nd pinas Kubilis? abit: Tap, tap. AH ext Jénas Kubiliv. Brasyst | Kut jOr dabat gyvénate? Kobitis: AB aba gyventr Amévioje, Bostone Brosyrs Ku? dabat cinate? ubitiur: Bini | banka Tieng 2th pt tt BT 5 Antines: Svekas, Jonai! KuF tsip skubi? Jonas. Tri graltl vesiiti namo. “Antanee: Kis gi ast? Jonas: Mano namas age ‘Antanas: Vistek jai nigh naga padarst Jonas: Nériu nérs gaisto paidireti-- Sulu! COMBINATION PRACTICE 1. Combine 10 make sentence: LT ike 4. our house 2 we like Bue sty 5 they Wke © the capital the university fe her house 2. Combine ro make sentences 1 Tive at home 2 they study ba ety 3 we cannot live fn the ety at the university at 8 universiey 3. Combine to mae sentences 1 Tread 2. we read 3. she reads 2 etter 4. Me Valys reads 2 boot 5. Mr. Valys and Me. 2ukas read é a newspaper the newspaper Petras and Jones read ‘They are rosing THE ACCENT CLASSES OF THE LITHUANIAN NOUNS Ist ACCENT CLASS Ts toptable nouns, the stress is always on the frst sy Table, Lem the ron and it always an aewte2, In polysyllable nouns, one ean have either the acute or the circumflex, not necessarily on the first sable, 18, Finally, the most important feature: the stress always remains ‘onthe came syllable inal he eases in the singular and plural. aie patter: Singular NN. wjras (aman) deta (noedle) _bitninkas (beckeeper) Gero ‘datos bitin D.vgrul ‘datas itininiess Agra data iin 1 vgra fasta bitninke L vgre Seatoie btininke V. wire Sate ‘itininke Plural N. sjrat bitin Gyr bitin D. vjrams Ditininkams Ayre bitininkae 1 vyreie bitin L vpracse Ditininose Vv. Yrat bikinis, srapyoz arePyex ee 2nd ACCENT CLASS: 1 All nouns of this clas have the circumflex or the short ia fonation, mostly on the second sylable from the end. 2, The circumflex or the short sttese remains constant, except 4) instrumental singular; ») accusative plural 3. Ie the noun ends in a, then in aiton tothe two eves above, the locative singular is ano stressed on the ending 4. the noun has-ain nom, sing. then thi is stressed Base patter: Singular tas wheel) rankd (arm) LetOvis (Lithuanian) Ho afer letivio Huu Tefal Metin Hig raf rate aneoje Vi lapel nt! abla! Plural radios make rabkome ranks aBomls —lietiviate rafkese—letivivewe Singular @ orl soe sr De el zl lst A= zl: ee tar : oe Loe : . . v A °tural Fepoez Sed ACCENT CLASS, 1. All twouyllable nouns of thie class have the acute intonation fn most singular eases on the intial syllable 2, The accusative singular and plural of the two-lable nouns fre always streed with an acute on the frst syllable: 8. In trbayllnbie and quadri-syllabie nouns the play of stress is ‘between the inital eyllable and the final syllable ordinarily. If the stress onthe inital pliable tthe sete these nouns are labeled | for tresllabie and 3! for quade-sylable- Ifthe stress on the Inital syllable is circumflex they are Iabeled 3° and 3° respee- tively. ‘Basie patter: Singular 1N. lmas stump) sands (son) bias (clover) itis (kettle) G: keimo fonais ak eto D: emus somal sbi ask A. ima sang bi rata 1 ktm finumi dba feu 1. Keli snwje dob ets Veale! Sonaut —aeilet, idtile: Plural N. Kelmat stinas atilat G. Keim sing watt D.kelmime ——snims auld A. elms snus ulus To kelmais ——sinumis au LL. Kelmioss——snuest attest V. elma sas! at « srePees srnpyox Singular rat 4th ACCENT CLASS 1, Nouns of the fourth accent class primarly have the flex intonation on the root (Irs spable), except 4) In the instrumental and locative singular tex 'b) in all eases of the plural, except when nominative plural, hana thon the nom: pl. ls stessed on the roa, but al other plural esses—on the ending Singular: I. vatkas (eit) Basic pattern: Saka (branch) aks Hal a Py eko}é ia!Plural: 1, valhat Bikos : - vali akg 2 Af Di vatkime Hake 2 Te valle flee cs orf 1 vatkats Eskomie ee ae E, valknos® Faken . S ¥. valet! kee! [NB, There are no poysyllabie nouns in the Ath accent class, For further details sxe paragraph 81 of the Appendix. SeXtoji pamoka Lesson 6 GRAZI DIENA Siahdion yra Inbar geafi diem, Dangis grfnas — nf debest- io, Profésorius Vitus ena pasvaikSio! Profsorius yr jad 3 ras Siogis. dis mégsta gett arbita ait crumi iF medumi, Ji fina pas sivo stay, duktara Vitky, Dr. Vitkus yea gfdytoies, ‘Munas iF gabhe imogis. Dr. Vitkus gyvane priemiestye, ku visuomdt gras dros, Te vas if stnis sad lauke iF géria arbita, Proféorius Vithus ne- ‘égsta alas, js ria tik arbata fF midy. Midis yrb nas ger mas. Sondveje letOviai darjdavo if gerdavo mid, Grazie dapat, af nb? — sso protesoius Pulls Sram ati stein etsy —atadko sins, Tuk kd peinede pet ridija vocasusty eee eer eee oye. greavo ~ wed to mas, mn $24 saint it itt Se mtg a he urog: a mtgta tx tig ke ch ea sit ja igen et apse, pean ee ree sett ate Sane ati Sea eer8 op ith te) — tet sen, tenn) — toe Pee gg. smn nt tay — 0 oo Cor Tiith a har — mee now, tery: out ot fata oh so iene bak ten wine) orn Tega Tenants aco pean dbs pret) — to an IB. Starting with the lesson, we will indicate the accent class of the nouns by potting a number in () affer each noun, See flo Lesson 5. GRAMMAR G1 Noun, The Fourth Deleon. AL nouns ending in -ur (also In -ius) belong fo the fourth Aclension. They sre all mareuline Singular X. rdnba -us(9)"4on! —profsorus us (1 ‘profesor © nwt Se Pretserins D. sat Profesor el rer Protea iy PS etcrtnt et sage roteorje ule ¥. mat Frotesrna! law 162, Present tense forms of the vor bitl (to be) may be omitted 8 dash may be weitten between two Bows: ‘Mano téoas —-mslytojs, My father isa teacher. ‘One may also say, however, Mino tar yré makytojas My father i teacher Toth sentence types eam Be used, But the sen- {ence without the verb isa itl Jee formal and more familar, "Tho word yr may meen ‘there it” oF “here are. Examples ‘Mino name yd dijon, — There is a radio in my home, ‘Ant tala yrd ela. Thore are glasses onthe table, 2 In subordinate clauses yr with the meaning ‘theres, there a’ may be omitted. Example: uF vinwomét gree drat. — ..., where there is aways ise weather ‘This cold lao be expresed by’ kuF viswomet yr géras ras. — ..., where there is ‘waye nie weather 63 Tho Tag Quetion "The “tag question” is not as frequently used in Lithuanian sit isin English. There are several Ways Of expressing thir “do you, don't you, have you, haven't you, will yu, won't you, arent Sout, ee, in Lithuanian 1) With « negative question af né?, attr positive statements Literally it means: is it not, was i nok, will not, et. This sed most frequently. Dr. Vitkus yr unas, af na? — De, Vita is young, isn't he? ‘is pulls Zmogis, ef na? — He is a fine man, int he? 2) With positive word-question ties? “rue, connect”, This word ean be used both after the postive statements and the ne tive statements 4s mamas gras, tesi? — is house is nice (good), is it not? 5is nidko neti, tesa? — He inows nothing, does he? 3) With a negative question af nd tsi? “ie that not 40?" Primarily, this tured ater positive statements, but smetmes it occurs afler negative sentences, oF clauses, i, pies prof 8 ese? — Ha ind pro ‘Tis yra nekoks mogis, af nd tiesd? — He is not a very fine ‘man is he? 64 _Mégtt versus patie In 26 we described the usage of patikth Méti can also be ‘used for the same purpose, expressing a Utle move permanent Iiking, a more intimate relationship, but this difference it acti ally very slim, very idiomati.1 tke Professor Vitus: 1) Mén patink profésoris, Vikas, 2) AE meget profeooriy Vieka. No, 1 would mean: I like him 28 a man, his appearance, et. No, 2 — I like him as @ professor, his way of lecturing, ete. Sometimes the choice of the word mégti or patikel depends upon the object. Thos Its better te say mam patiika Amérika le’ Ammeries’, mdm pain liter names “like this house’, mr patiika Sta mergdite "like thi ge than mégste Amérikg ‘Uke Emeric’, myst ita nGree'T ike this house, mggoey Sq mer= pig Tike thie gat Bt itis possible to say mégste fod dong “I lke black bread’ mégsta cata“ like fui mégst skit like to read’, ‘meget kelidul "like to travel” or mim pate juodd diona ‘T Tike black bread’, én patika vai "Tle Seu’, mén pata shai Like to esd, man poe ets Ike to teave prencises A. Question. 1, Koki yri tafidion din? 2. Kaks yra Slabdion| angus? 4. Ku eine profesoriue Videos? 4. Kg fis mégsta gor? Seis yrd janis? 6) Ku gyvdna dikteras Vis? 7. KUF 6 sedi? © is yeu midis? 0. Kas darfdavo senovije mid? 10. KA ko profisorus simul? 1B. Add af nd?, iend?, af ni tend? 1, De. Vitkus yr gidytoias, 2. Atsina lieth, ‘3. Mits yea seas ‘dimes, nn dis sina ps sive Bel Sie migata geet aly, Decline in singular: dani, midis, cers, ais, ets, moss D. Fill im 1 Ateina (ein) 2. AS geil (beer) 3. Mino tevas gUrie tik (tea) ‘4 Mino brits iigeria beer) 5. Mar gyvéname (in a Suburb) E, Translate into Lighvanian: 1. 1 am going for a walk. 2, My brother je aso golng for « walk. $. My father never goes for a walk 4 ike to go fora wall, 5, My brother al likes to go for aril 6. We si outside and drink beer 7. She never drinks beer, she ony drinks tea, The rain ss coming. 9. De. VICku> Je young san, 10, His father is» profesor. ” CONVERSATION AR JUS NE PONAS SARKIS? Vali Rimar AE isn’ pnas Sirkis? AB 66 Luk, Ne. AB ext Antinas Rimes, O 305? 1 2 Valys: 3. Jonas Valfs. AS esd advokita mas: 4. AB eat pista Valdinthas, Af diebu paith Vays: 5. AF teate wade? Tirite ima” Rimas: 6. Tip. Tur vieng sng iF vig dikter, Mano dukte yah waded, Vays: 7. 0 fey stinis? Rimes: 8 Mino sins yri indnirive Valys: 8. Bivo labat maton si jumiz paskalbti, Sud Rimes; 10, Sidley [ARE YOU NOT MR. SARKIS? Velys: 1. Are you not Mr. Sarkis? Ihave been waiting for him here, Rimes: 2. No. em Antanas Rimas, And you? Vays: 3. Jones Valys. Tam a lawyer. Rimes: 4. Tam a postal employee, T work at the pot office. Valye: 5. Are you married? Bo you have 2 family? Rimes: 6. Yes. T have a son and & daughter. My daughter isa student, Vaiys: 7. And your son? Rimas: 8 My son is an engineer. Vays: 9. Ttwas a pleasure to speak with you. Good-bye, Rimes: 10, Goodbye. iow oto et ea edn ee pao ee ee eee Poorisa inti ioe ete marae ieee *Septintoji pamoka Lesson 7 uO IR VANDUO AS tur gray Hinj. J6 vafdas Margie. Mino dradgas taip pt magsta Mang), ge susiiskame prié Upee, Margisbraldo van: ‘Mino sesué taip pit tri mila tin. Jis vadinasi Riis, Vis régsia Rij: jis lat gods 34d, Rds labat moqsta Eas t= Wij, Ba je Inbar bijo vandeds Jie nlekuomét nebiga pri Oper [AS aka vo sdsera: = Kut ti ini, Rata? = Bini mans, = Kak tive Radia? = is yea nami, nds fa bijo vandess — Geral Dabar elk nams iF viFk pitts — Bikime kart! Ts min tui pati PRIE VANDENS. érkue: Eikime méudytis, vandud Siafdien yr Inbal its. Jonditie: Atelite dit Vandenyj® mito didelis audénae ames, Norkus: Js manot, kid més gilime tf Skmen| pakili? Jonas: Diikite min tj Liedal Dabat af acini 1F gall Lx Norkus: AF tera JO jf gilte vandenyj matt? onaitis: Jel niet, pits gate matt Norkus; Dabat matad... Vandud its, eikime miudytis! omvocasuLaey 1 8 eB aay un — mer Might Gi Star Teuauy: putt Te ree pa, pe Hi25,oahe, yoy P. paseat pase pad, SERRE Scat ataneay — eo mote cw das — to inte ten an Se tesa = ee sind) — staat —, GRAMMAR, 111 The Fith Deleon of Noone "The numer of nouns belonging to thi delension isnot very large, and some are ivexular “io this declension belong feminine nouns in uo, ~, (gene) nd masculine noune i -uo (gen. -e). From now any this book twill slays Indicnte the genitive form of these nouns, so thatthe ‘dent may know their gender and dedlensonal pater. Masculine Feminine N, aku (9) 00 80 URES) G: skmeis sone re dktels ers D: aemenios “esas frist dkterist erin A. almen) “en i ikterh er) 1 dhmenia “ea ona dikteria “erin L akmongjd “enyje seseryi® -ergje dukteryi¢ -ervie V. shen! cenit Severe!) “ene duktere! -enie NB. ub (1) “dog irroguar: fu - Bais = Kano - Bin - Ka thor iregular nouns will be given later on, expecally in ‘he Lith-English Vocsbulary. 112 Rellein Var, “The reflexive verbs in Lithuanian can be divided into two groupe 1) simple reflexive verbs where the reflexive partile ef or # ie faded at the end 2) compound reflexive verbs where the reflexive particle si Is Inserted between the prefix and the verb proper. To thie ‘troup also belong al reflexive verbs in their negative forme ‘the nogative paticle ne fe treated in such cases as m prefix af Tenbiiog! T bow’, af nelle“ ao not bow In the latter group, the conjugation of the basle verb des not change at ell, nly the af ix inert rustic — ‘to meet each other’ tis derived feom futiet to meet (someone) futktl, in turn, is = compound of the simple veeb fikti ‘to fit, to agre, to happen’ and the pretix se which meane “wit util alo means “to agree" Present tense iSratnkd Test, Tagree’ —Afsusitnky "meet with sorasone? ‘sutinks ‘eswaitinid fivautie, sie esta ns sutikame ne ssitinkame sis suithate dssontinkate petite jie suite ism tle more difficult to learn the simple reflexive verbs [Certain changes occur both in the endings of these verbs and the selexive parte1st Conjugation Negative efit to bend” tei “to bow’ orig. 'to bend? Sflenkia A Tenkioss, ‘i nesienkid lenki ‘lenis, ta pesients Seleskia—jislesias Senet nda lefikame ms leks ne neste Mslesiiate ls eskias Ms neslekiate Meleakia ileal sresienkia 2nd Conjugation tikét to believe? tikéis‘to expect, to hope for aati as tikioss rath titikies disk petit tis ke rmastikimes istikte Hos tikiee ek Sis 3rd Conjugation smatit tose! smarts “to see each other, 1 eet socaly? mata Bmataast timate ‘mata Sismito jiemitest rmrmatome ‘ms mltomes| jhsmitote fsmatoues jiemstes, [NB., The reflexive particle ot is a short form of the fll reflexive ‘pronoin, ace. sg. and pl sav. Im plural forms whieh end in e, fevin the first and second plural, instead of s, only els edded, tnd the short finale of these forms is replaced by @ (long, very narrow é, se Introd, Lesion) ‘The first person singular endings and -iu are replaced by uo and ito respectively and the second person singular ending @ “i ls replaced by ie. The roflexive particle -x i then added to these expanded forms giving (Ist person) “wot, nos! and nd person) wes. The stress patomn isthe same a i the nonelexive verbs 28 Imperative ‘hore are thre basie forms of imperative in Lithuanian: nd person singular, 2nd person plural and let person plural. The frst fs use in eddressing elose frends, members of the family. chil> ddren and animals. The second is uted to addres a group of pesos (or animals}, or to address one person politely. The thled form ‘would render the English tet us ‘The formation of these forms Is not complicate: 2nd person singular: drop the -i from the infinitive, ak: arg > dar! ‘do; kalbst > kalbé-Hi! speak, 2nd person plural drop the from the Inhntve, add kite dargti > dong kite!; alleti > Kalb ite! At person plural: drop the -ti, add Kime: dari > dary imet "ete do’; Kalbst > Kalbé-kime! e's speak In reflexives, it follows this pater: onreflesice: reflexive rmatiti‘tosee! matjtis “toseecach other, satgle satghst to moot” rats! satglté! ratslame! atime! [NBL If the infinitive stm, after dropping of, ends in or +, then these are dropped and a ils ade: Digi torus’ baigth “toed? at “to shout ake bt seat aki baie! Ente! Dakine! baie sakime! ‘The sirens i Uhe sume a nthe fnfinitive.eareists A. Questions. Kis tri Sinj? 2, Kéks J6 vaNas? 9. Kis mégata Margi? 4 Ro ms susitiikame? 8. Kalp vadinasi mano ssefs $u0? 6. Koks Gus yri Ris? TKO (whet) Rdls bljo? & KUF Ji Dlckuomét nebéga? 9, Ki A ealead Rotal? 10, Kj i dito nanie? B. Give the three imperative forms of the following verbs: eit rmatiti, Zit, maudyts, eit, tet, pase ©. Complete: 1. A¥ mata (a stona) 2. Aloud yr (Un the water) 3. AS mflia sive (sister) “LM einame (into the water 5. Mino bral bio (water 8. Ms (meat) aE vane ets. 7 Sis wieaomét (lng) AY Gam ated vandois. 9 is (bates, swims) ‘upe id (Ga) ans D. Translate into Lithuanian: 1. My brother has a dog. 2. His dos is alld Rus. 3 He goes tothe river 4. He wants to sim inthe iver, 5. Mr, Sakaitis sees a stone in the river, The water i very warm. 7 Ho likes to pay inthe sttet, Go homie and read! 8° Let ur go home! 10, Jonai (voc. of Jones), ead the newspaper! CONVERSATION SUSIPAZININAS Vettes: Labi dion pdne Podrf! Kelp gyviojte? Podre: Aéka, eral. Léiskitesupatindinl jis si pont Joniiia, Veaitkus: Vaithus (shaking hands with Jones). Ls Jondtis: Jonéiti. Labst maton suspatins\... AF $0 brlis hegyvina Keune? Vaitkus: Talp, js gywéna Kaund. © kt 8 gyvénste? onoits: AS gyvenit Vilnluje. AS ext Surnatetas Podrys: Taip,taip... Ponse Jonitis ja seat la. drbe Valtkus: Man ja eikia ett, Bivo lebal malondsuspaint (Shaker hands with Jonails and Podtys) onaits: Min tap pit. Tet pasimitymo, Vaitkus: Tht pasimitymo, 5 ralond, a MEETING PEOPLE Veithus: Good day, Me, Podzys. How are you? Podrye!| Fine, thank you Allow me to fazeduce Mr. Jonaitis to you. Vaitkus: Vaitkos (shaking hands with Jonsii). Very pleased, Tonaits: Jonsiis. Ie is very nice to meet you. Doesnt your broth- fr live in Keonas? VVaikus: Yer, he lives in Kaunas. And where do you live? Jonaiis: Tiive in Vilas, Lam journalist. odroet Yes, yee... Me. Jonaitis has been working here for a Tong time. Vatu: Ihave to. Twas very nice meeting you. Aonaitis: For mo, too». $9 10mg Vaiss So long NorEs: % fei dna pnd de make yo spt with Me 25 1 Jetset ede rset tees An sein Dg the pata ‘Simulate the preset le epesnd by he preset tne Eth Stuy the poet praoive asa Bap” 10 ep! ew ig oa tar agaAgtuntoji pamoka Lesson 8 LAISKAS Brangis Antinal, ‘Vakarnoréjau ragti Tu lita, Bet neturjou latko, Turia daag dnbo. Biv gradi dien, tat dirbau lauke, Mino brdisdirbo arte. Js kise 28me, 6 af sodinad: med ‘Vakare a bua tere lu? mia nag drima. AE nleke- ds nomena komédijos,todél nau drama min patiko. Mano brie mista pera, Jam igi nepatinka komédie, ‘Mims Lebot patiko Tivo Usa, Pis mis oras dabat ies, sms dadnat einame miudyte f upp Ji gra gly iF je iim piss ‘Vakar bivo lab grafinakis, Pa teitro més visi Ajome pas ‘vihdeott Su mumis tip pit jo meg Fu0 Margis. MEs jf lab Trilime, ib jin mie Tabat nl ‘ProSoi’man vil grit parsift "Thve Patras VOCABULARY ‘hs sey ee "ay sn — eeGRAMMAR, A Post Tone Jn meaning the simple preterit in Lithuanian corresponds more or less to the simple past tense of English, ‘The past tense stem is formed by dropping the infinitive lending “ts if ay precedes the“, then final “pt ls dropped also, ‘Thus for drbt to work’ the past tente stem is dir; for raf, “to write” the past tense stem i ra 8.11 Fist Conjugation dirbt to work rut to prepare’ ‘worked! Singular Pturat 2) a dross aya dthome ome 2) th dirbal “al fis dirhote te 5) fis fidibo “> —_t,46s dbo -o "Tprepared’ 1) rutin au mas ruotome ome 2) farusel ceils Tuotete ete 5) in frais “eso rule 1812 Second Conjugation (mylét ‘to love?) “Teved Singular Plurat 8 yl mis mylijome -jome 2) mplejal Sis mylejote “ote 3) is jimylejo Jo iso mylBjo Jo 81,8 Third Conjugation (Eindt to know’; ral "to write’) "Tne" Singular Plural 1) A Hindjan Jau_—_-mésindjome ~jome 2) Wa Eindjal Jal fr Hindjote ote 8) is i Bndjo jo —_8 568 Findjo Jo a4 a » a ratiaa ime 2) th rate ate 3) Sis ji ate ce (skeieei‘to read’) ‘tread 1) Ab akaltiaa ins me aiteme -tme 2) sh skater) “el fp shatlete -ute 3) jis jskalte | joe skate “2 Remarks on the conjugations “There are exentally only two types of endings in the past tense (simple preterit): (1) -3u, i, 0, ome, ote (2) Sau, se, came, ce 1 fist conjugation verb has the present stom ending in Ustsing) =i, (led prs) a, then it usually will havea type (2) pact tense, Many verbs wth a presont stem Ust sing) ny (Grd ps) a have # type (1) past tense. But this i not always the cao; ey, méit "to cary’ and véstt"olead’ ete have type (2) endingr and are conjugated Ustsing)) nel= fi, veda (2nd sng.) mebe, ved, (Bed prs) nbd, d= First conjugation verbs with an infinitive stom in -uo or -au replace final uo of -o% by -c8 and type (1) endings are added ‘Thus dainiod "to sing’ and dalyodutt to participate’ are eon= nated (at sing) deinavad,dalyoav-aa, (2nd sng.) dainao- Giedalyeaot, Ord prs) deindi-a, dalyodvo, et. There are, Rowever, certain excoptions to he above mentioned rues For example, dot! 'to give” hat Use past tense dav-ai, dav- Sh dave, ee and gris “to thunder’ bas tho past tense ridoiow, grins, grid, ete ‘Second and third conjugation verbs with infinitive stoms in tor -0 drop the si, but = is inserted between the stem fd the ending, ef. paragraphs 81,2 and Eindd in 8.13. ‘The eonjogation verbe withthe Infinitive in yeh dzop the “yl and type (2) endings are added, ef 813 raljtt and saa °©) Its imposibe o tel from the infinitive what the past tense ‘onjogation will be, Therefore in the voesbulary following the infinitive the following four forms are listed: Ist sing pres, Std pre. pres, Srd ps. past tense (simple preterit) and Sed pr. future. Ifthe Sed pre past tense is ino then all fendings are of type (1; if the Srd pes past tense Is in -€ them all endings are of type (2). D) ‘There ie no distinction in the form of the third person sin- {gular and third person plural, the same form being used for Doth just asin the present fense. As in the present tense the endings -me and -tecan be added directly to the third petson in order to get the fist and second’ plural forms espetively 1B) The stress elther on the end In the first and second sin- {lar snd the stem elsewhere or constant on the stem 531- Ile Uhoughout the conjugation raiah, vale, ri, rtome, rsste Kenda, kindal, Kindo, kindome, kindote (Grom Rec “to bite). Te usually follows the stress pattern of, the present tense [NOPR: ‘more are many vet Lita whic Dave an te pat iin, Aienys eck he pena pasts of oe wt ite k= 182 Past tence of bit tobe" and et to go! ‘Those are the pat tenses of Batt and eit: bits tobe ft to got Asbuval "Twas! Esq T wont, 1 was going” ta buver tiga Ssbive isto ins bavomne dt gjome Misbivete iis gjote ibive Iie go IND, 1) In bat is long, but im bus, thew 6 short, even under the stress, 2) Im eit, els seplaced by & and i by J 153 Past Ten of the Relive Verbs ‘The past tense of the reflexive verbs is formed like tho past tense of the corresponding non-reflexves, and the reflexive par ticle i then added” Jet Conjugation 2nd Conjugation rd Conjugation skt\‘ioturs’ ——myléttolove’ seit “to ead? fktis"to rotate! mylétie"tolove salts "to reckon. cach othe? with” sokadst mle mau shaltiad skaiotst Sukaisd pleat myléjait shaltel—skaltest Sues! mylejo_mylejont_—skaite—Skatest Somés ryléjomés skatteme skaltemés kote ryléjotes shalite skaters, skost rmyléjosi skalte Skates, In compound reflexive verbs, where the reflexive particle is added botwoen the main verb and the peeix, the past tense Is {st Ike that of a now-reflexive verb uth to mest, to agree ust to meet eachother Ito meet with someone)" saute cnt uta sont suttko ‘sto sutlkome ‘stleome sutikote ‘untkote stika susie [NB 1) Whenever the vet i in the negative, the negative particle ‘ne le added tothe verb, and if the ver is reflexive, the ‘atti els Inserted between the ne- and the verb kasi buts nestsuk kai nesaukal seat hes Hkomes essere ketue nessa skost resis2) In the Ist and 2nd person plural, whenever the reflexive “tls added, thee is replaced by &= mpléjome, but: mylé= omes; sidote, bu: eukoté, et ‘84 The Decenon of the Persaal Pronouns Singular 1 (how), you he she N we iis B &. lave iy ie D. tie fim ist a ive a 8 1 taviea MO L tavyle Jame Joie Plurat we you they (mate) they fem.) Ni. me its Fe G.masy Hay a is D.mims jms ems Jems A. mie jis juss ies TL mumis jms jas omis L. mumysé—jumysé jose Soe 85 The Use of the Pesnal Pronoun. "The use ofthe personal pronouns e similar to that of Brglih (One mist remember, however, that the Srd_ person agrees with the word it refer o in number and gonder. Tho case of the pro noun is determined by Its use in the clause in which it occurs Examples 1) Sie stan yré naj. Jie yr mano kambaryié. This table Js new. It is in my Toom. Nota that fis, the mase nom, sing. pro hon Is translated by fe In Lithuanian the form jie agrees im fender and number sith stdlaz. Iti in the nominative cae be- 2) AK nuspirhad naga témpa, Be $08 negli deb‘ bought Hor myself] new lamp. Without tT eannot work” The pronoun {otis forminine singular because It refers to lompa. Tt isin the Genitive ease because Its the object of the prepesition be "withe {OW which requires the genitive case 6 Tw and fas Tu ‘thou’, the 2nd singular pronoun is a familar form which fs to be ured only with clowe frends, the closest members of the family, children and animals Je has fo be used whenever one Address one or several persons who are not members of the Above mentioned groups. Jie is, of eourse, used When addressing ‘more than one person familly. This usage is practically Iden teal with the use of tw and sos in French or du and Sle, he) in German, 1B. Whenever tit oF js, or any possessive pronouns derived from them, ie, vo, jy are deed in Ieter or desenibing con ‘creation or direct specs referring tothe pesson or persons, to whom the letter i addrrssd, thom all of thes words are fupitalized: Te, Jae, Tavo, Jey, Other forms of addeess used in Lithuanian: Térsta ‘you its “tho? (lit "you youtsel, Soeikas “thou Ui. “heallsy) evERCISES A. Questions. 1. Kad Petras norijo raft aka? 2, Koki vo fiona? 3, Ku Pitre dito? 4. Si dirbo? 5. Kuk jis Bivo va Kare? 6, Kat im tos patio? 7.9 masta jo ble? 8 Kok yr Gras dabat? @. Kokia'yri ms Upé? 10, Kokia bavo nakts, kal 1B Give the ful past tense of the folloming verbs ort (nn, née) plat (plat, plaskia) aot eas, sa) paral (paralad, paraioy soit eodin odin) ©. Replace words in parentheses sith personal pronount: 1. ( to tGvas) yeu sénas. 2 (JO brit) airbo lauké 8. (Naktis) ba abot grav 4. (RGtas) bio laf tes. 8 AE fat a (oli. 6. (Mino Drotii) nepatho komédlja 7 B& (nabjo sto) a8 ne. ait debt, ”1D. Turn all the verbs into the past tense: 1. AS elnt nam. 2. Ta cal students. JU dsete mano profésorius. 4 Mes diame lau- 4, 5. dis visuomét tun lako. 6. dis gyvéna prlé apes. 7. Mee ciname pasivikatiot. & Ponas 2alfsskalto Liha, 9. Vilnius yr gratis miestas, 2 Translate into Lithuanian: 1, Im reading a etter. 2.1 read (past tense) the letter, 3.1 read past tense) it 4. My brother went hhome. 5. He war going home, 8 Our river is pretty. 7 (the river) i prety 8 Please (I ask) weite me again soon. 9. They ‘were at te theatse lastnight lit yesterday evening). 10. We were seing home. CONVERSATION 2UKIENE IR RIMIENE Bukiené: 1, Labos eftat! Rimiené; 2, bas s$tas! Label malond, kbd widjte pis mand. 2ukiené: 8. Senlal notijau wheith ple jis, bet vie neturdju laiko. Rimienés 4. Kut jhsy vjrast 2ukiend: 6. dis disbe, Vikar fis bivo nami6 Rimiené: 6. Tigérkime pods avs! 2uliens: 7. ASG Inbal Mics Rimiené: 8, AF ginijote bi nérs nado? Zukiené: 9. Niko ypatingo. Vakar visg diéng buval nami emiene: 10. Bat AS girdéjau, kid MRS. 2UKAS AND MRS. RIMAS Mr, dukes: 1, Good morning Mrs, Rimas: 2. Good morning It is very nice of you to drop tn. Drs. Zuhae: 3. have been wanting to drop infor a long time, but T simply did not have time ‘Where is your husband? Fo is working. ie was at home yesterday Let's have a cup of eafee. Are, Rima dive. Zuko Mes, Rimes: 2 Mra Qukes: 7. Thank you. 11 be glad to Mra, Rimas: ® Hisvo you heard anything new? Mra, Zuker: 9, Nothing special. Twas at home al day yesterday. Dre Rimes: 10, But I have herd thet NoTEs Gitte pte mant — topped non mented b,c 10 98 atl genoa) — ew Ka nr male methng me Ustad ty wars ine Nake young — it mhing pei 2 ed nthe geno formDevintoji pamoka Lesson 9 SEKMADIENIS Tyt6j sekmidienis, Min nereikds ett [ univestite, Rytéj rs visi chime { boing, KuF mis molimeés IF gledisime. Jeigu bbe gratis dros, tat més pO pamela valldesime | Kila. Kéime dgyvena may sendlie HF seme. He ton gray Gk prit Nemo. Mx jude aplankjsime if sb Jae pasikalbésime, 30@ mime duds ‘lg hata, kur] mde parivedime | misty ytd) vakaré mas esime j midst pirka, Ruf bis grabs kon- ‘trian’ Mis aedisime puke {F Iausgeimer misikos, Bas grat) haktis, danguje pladks ménilis, més bisime Iabat aiming! [Naki kat winas Vilnius mies, mgs eisime nam send gated rb wniventata, pro kstedea, pro Gedimino kilns VOCABULARY st, aay Me amt tt) — fPhmreret "two haveto part (privet, pre put Sete y= eran ‘rates ne noe ase eee a eee Ce ew — toe 38 toa wih ge) ater ‘taunt Oras Kaeo, Nat) — mt (en an) trgous) a se rn vg %vi sohicl at pt, curing te ght ‘lst rors so) — asec kk wn sy pk reat) to he's tat lat “hg) Tatiana CSE) GRAMMAR, 9.1 The Feo Tene, Examples of the future tense are given below Airbit “to work’ (Lt conjugation) Singular Plurat 1) aS diehsia alu edrbsime time 2) thdiebst “st fs irbote site 3) ji jhdltbs 3 fie jes dibs ‘mylét to love’ (2nd conjugation) Singuter Plural » rylsiu su mésmylisime ime 2) eh mylést “St fis mylasite site 3) in jimyle ioe myles oe sit “to read? (Sed conjugation) Singular Plurat 1) a sknitfsiu sia meshaitfsime -sime 2) thsknitgst at fla shalfsit. site 3) Siu jamais s,s shaltfs |A) As can be seen from the above examples the future tense is formed by dropping the -t from the infinitive and adding the appreprite future tense endings. B) The stress is always on the same ayllable as in the infinitive, Tn the Sed person an acute (im ease of wand (at andi) replaced by a elzcurfle stress, (©) Some verbs with » monospllabie stom shorten the rot vowel inthe dr person, ei Dat tobe’ which has the fature come 6 jugation bisiv, basi, bis, ete. or digt ‘to germinate! which har the future conjugation digs, ge, igs ce, 'D) Certain consonantal contractions ste charscterstie of the fu: ture tone: Sse; SPH ZhS—8; PSE Beamples ‘neti “to throw ites to carry Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 mési << mectsiv mésime 1 néfi < nessa néime 2 mesi < mesisl mite 2 nesl ) a short duration of an action, oF ©) lack of intensity of the action (cf. the Appendix, seetion (on aspect erst to say" Decskate to read for awhile" Deedirbatt 4o work alittle bit 1.237 pre- may denote motion through or past something, the ‘ginning of an actin or the fact that © certain amount of raemidt Yo best Uarough Drecett “to pessby" Drackalbéti to begin to speake racb “to stay fora certain length of ime! M28 su- may denote gathering together or a coming-together swe ‘o come together to meet" ‘dart to form, to constitute sued “to put together" 11.290 ub may denote motion behind something oF motion going ‘up (like climbing up) eit to go behind! {MET ait at5g0)"ta elim up (onthe root” 142,10 The prefixes listed above have other meanings in adaition to those given. The student shold not try to create words fon the basis of his knowledge of the prefixes and the verbal "ools On the other hand he may more easily understand the {ormation of many of the verbs if he keeps the principle of ‘word foriation (prefix plus root) mind. For more detiled land more complete listing of verbal prefnes see Api, peragraph on Verbal Prefixes Consult the vocabulary every time you ae in doubt 10 earcises |A. Question 1. Kiek Viteutes yo at paris lls) Jeni? 2. AF ‘ino draugat yea tinginia? 3. Ras yea dabat lbal u2siomes? 4. ‘te ulmifia tivo geras biiaids? 5. Koks méty lakes (season) yea dabat? 6. Kokle yra mbazig Lipai? 7. Kokié yra mitkal? & Kg dro studeitet universitete? 9. KuF jie etna? 10. KuP dabat Ph tap Tabet gradi? 1B Give he plural declension of the following mowns:tévas, stu- ‘deta, Litas, lkrottie (gen. Taiko), migeas, universes, tas, tetas . Change alt the words i itaios into the plural: 1. AS jim raid Uéiskg. 2 Mino bréle gyvéna Villuje 3, Mano tenis gyvna pris NNémuno. 4. Médso lapal yx4 rod 5. Studostes sito taiika 6 Mino makytojae gyvina Vilnivje. 7. Mano a7eigar yr taip pat ftudetes, 8 Mes raiome piesa 9, Mano name yea dai am bari. 10, Mast miesté ge datg modi, D. Translate into Lithuanlan: 1. The students study st (in) the tuiversity. 2. We go (travel) to the university by buses. 3. The university buildings ave in the center of the city. 4. My friends live in the suburbs. 8. My brother reads many newspapers. ©. Our itardens are in the suburbs, 7. He already wrote me many liters [in our sity there are two theaters. 9. Inthe summer In our beautiful park there will be meny concerts 10. My parents live ina old house near the university ‘CONVERSATION avroBusy storie Putode: 1, Kad sing sutobisas Kaing? Putoys: 3. Tat edi, deity wilandg ‘Tornautojae: 4. Taip. 18 Villaus | Katng eina dag ntobisy ‘4a autobusal Kiekvieng vilanda Putnye: 5. -AF aS gait dir Rivti 5 (penkie)biletus? Mino tever IP mino di Belial taip pat vazluss sii mae‘Tarnautojas: 6, Dir gilima, Daba? nedaag kelvin vebioja de Limtie valande autobust Puteys: 1. ‘Kick hain 8 (penki) bietai? TTarnoutoja: Peni biletal kainioja 10 (4ézimt) lity i 10 cet i Puteys: 9. Prafad. (Putvys gives the money to the official fad takes tho tckste and change). KUP yr stor ‘Tarmautojas: 10, Restoréno Hite stoty}® nerd, bet yr tordnae ktojegatves piste AT THE BUS STATION Pateye: 1. When docs the bus leave for Kaunas? Office: 2, The next bus leaves in half an hour. Putoye: 3, That means atten celck Officio: 4, Yes, There are many buses running between Vilnius nd Kaunas: to buses every hot Putoyss 8. Can T stil get 5 tickets? My parents and my two brothers are also going with me Official: 6, Yes, 1 i sill possible. Not too many travelers take ‘he 10 lock bas now Pusoyes 1. How much do 5 tickets cost? Officia: 8, Five tickets cost 10 ltas and 10 cons Putope: 9. Here you are. Whereis the station restaurant? Official: 10, There is no restaurant i this sation, but there Is 4 goud resiaurant on the other side of the sree. ores 1 Mien — gp t,he tenes ing naar ees Penkioliktoji pamoka Lesson 15 REVIEW NEMUNAS Némunas yeh dldsiiuia iF igldusiat Lietwwde Spe. Ji ea bevéie po veg Lietuva i joka? | Bilios jeg netli Klaipétos, Pg Némuno grit datig seni missy, mien katy, Nemunas (aha pet lake iF mike: Katina, ors yra antraat) ictuvos taittay, yet gh pris Nemno, rit Kaiwo { Némuen {loka Nevis? niet Lictaves pe, kurt tlea pra Vili, Lictowte sting. ‘Kauné, lp Nemuno if Neve, yrb sends pigs guts Tj mong pill pastate didfeie Lecuvis units Kees, dns if ankstian ten yr jot bilvusi meding pie® ‘Nétmuna plaka gisaivisy Gilima nupladkts nub Klaipédos Tigh Alytaus? 2. Reka tows itaThe Neminat Ri PASAKA APIE LAIMINGA OKININK ‘Vienas neturtingasdkininkas visa dina skin dbo Inuké ‘ai labai pavargo, is alsigule aft pievos pets if ulmigo, ‘is aspnvo, ki fen pasrodeAngelst fj patvéking i tk —Wargingas tmogad, pra, ko* tive Sis trdklta — visa ius ‘Gkininkas Wsigendo, bet stp tap: pritre: Dannie painting, 6 tv tok val tatpadarfe tap, ve visa’, ka rank pallgsiu,paviFsty! aula — Jam retkéjo mupitnth ne 22 nail gas — Js nage label tg rewdna muda BH, back ngara—~ Je wel didej mail ait nigaro. 24, belly pilvat — J te deli peas, kj vos gl 25. hip les — J it atte. te 26. thigh Haun (8, fem.) — Mina brie surged Had (gon pl slang) tu 21. knee ells (lo) — Tf béimés mén not eli dro. 28. shin Dblauzda — Vandus jam sieké ligt pies blaurd 29. ankle —_kullels-ulndli) — Vahar apeidasse hatkinis 30: eg ja — Jonas mutase koja. [eulneli 31. foot odd — Af susieidton peda, 22, toe ‘héjos) pitas — Naija bitas man (kos) pire {eke spd = a a a edn Ls ch gee 16 eee 1B. MEN'S CLOTHES — VYRISKI DRABUZIAL sleeve pocket ‘rovers skrybalé — AE mir piFkt noe skribele vatkas — Tal #6 noijordvatkas rmarikiniat (pl. only) — J6 marikiniot Sods Man nepatiika Ss raudinas Takara, rankivé — 6 foko rankéves yr peril. Lend — AE tur tk viene dolor) Rigincje, kélnés (pl. only) — J6 kstnés per trae ojing — ie mégeta bltar kijnes bites — Rytsj af piPksiw noujis bats pple — Jie rake pipe. ealaeaitis (20)©. WOMEN'S CLOTHES — MOTERISKI DRABUZIAL 3 1. dress sulle — Ji kasdign pera netig sukndle. 2 skit sijinas — Kiel kaindoja fis rds snes? 3. stocking ijint — Nupive min det ports kojiniy 4 earring atskaras — is Sménet mapitko gintariniae oe- Charu Vakar a pametionfalidsaukndtée diag handbag rankindkar —~ Mn reika naijo rani. 5. belt tins 6 necklace ariiai— tin puke gintrinie kaolin. 8 Umbrella skdus — atm rea skiio, née leuke Ife wallet(purspinigine — Nusipirkad natiapiigin. ‘tel ike tr Bgl Avo mote tat i Lithontan fo ah ce ad ‘Bent ojo ei an wa oh mse: ef wae “Wpritkes Kents "mochit, métersnon Rojee oclonee eles 198 D. 2YNE IR MERGAITE ViduryJé misho ago sinas {fuolas PO tus Zulu bivo di ‘tis skims Aft 19 akmet dadnassédavos Zyné, karl gywéno tame mise ‘Katia fynb sédijo aft slanehs p6 uolu JF parte merglte, leo isk 2s — Prete prié mans, merghite, — tne 2yn im renkit the doles? — pakliuse Aynd as Hey dol 8 viru mmol viet Mino mam’ Jat) se A Rake igh sefga tivo mami? — vel pebiusd Ayné As netinad, — asike mergite Baas dina, — tire Ayné, A talp pat gatid tu dot vais, ule pogbdy five ming, Bét QE ea ti min tures pada 1 is dibs AAS visa padarjaiu, — suBtiko meng Ss turest mat atlddots sive Ballg Karvy hur] i Inbal rmgliv Peskut tides! min sive Kaeve, Runt tu kasd oda pismo. O kal thvo mama pasverks, ti fuss aelti pis mane if urea vienerion mete debt "AB visky padarjsin, — atské merglita, — AB IF vests mets gallu tau diet, Uk pagydyk mino mma Mata, hid text gerd mergite IF Iabat mg sivo mame AN tik norej tave isandstl, Stat Su tx§5 reoddnos kruopéles* Rie eftas? mama tegul suvaigot vieng Rruopéle. Jt tuojal pax {veike, Dabatskubok nam sf Ry sive mar ‘Pradjo Keturion dlenos, Ligdne pasveTko, Merglté nutjo pe abt ijl Ge vats, Bit Eynde nesurédo, Mergilté pig. ores 1 yet — a tate.» pont sorceress = 2 ainty —parttve gen, pb of vata (og vlan) Tmdlene’ (VAsmeras vILKY ‘Viens hafta watkas parjo 18 milk iF siko thvul: Binal, teat, ithe mating sta vile, ‘i tek de0g vik nerd Nis tal vis ett! buve apie peakiasdetimt, —Neqatt bau —Tsdebimt tat jad? ikea bv iad tkral bivo, Noga at NAN ta Kas tes ape setbjo? NoTes 21a Jat where ae tases ee HE COMBINATION PRACTICE Combine to make sentences 1 2. 15 years old 2 B20 years ota a © 18 years old 4 My sister is 25 years oa 5. My daughter will be fe 39 years old Use either: Man penkert métai for: ABest penkerid ity Ion years old! (See Lesson 24) u. 1. Tam writing letter & to him 2 Iwill write letter Bt her 3. Missistr woite letter ©. to my brother 4 to my mother © t9 thm mH, 1. Beery dey ‘8 Tork in the city 2 Rvery wool: B Lrend a book 3. Bvery month He goes to New York 4. Bvery year 5 Every winter 8 Every summer & Hr wanted to be Tanted to be My brother wants to tive dont want live wil lve w. a stent 2 teeeher the president 2 professor ‘former In a now house Tage new houses in the village fn Tange cites G. VARIATION PRACTICE Mano brie yrd penkiikor met. Mano bral pr pnkita my My brother i 18 year oe Ny sister 8 years ol. My father is 81 years ld My graminther fs 74 years ol Tomorrow, ahe wil be 18 yeas old Yeuterday, he was 29 year ol. “Tris univeraty Is 200 gears od ur university is onty 180 years od SPs cae la B00 years ol ‘Vaan ls 1000 year od =mDvideximt Se5toji pamoka Lesson 26 VIENIWE Tiki atvpke | Vilny, abl plsbroiat tuojsa skibins! fe lipt 1 trdukini Pri stGvinto triukinio ie pamate daag Mi klanéiy moni, Tar Bivo Gedimino Soins, palotom! i desugal, eure bivo ate sua sivo piminsigo if Amérikos, Pasiytiking Sf susipazing st! sas Huklandiais piminémie Jk palstamats, Gee diminas iF Petras sudéjo sive lageminie | mutomobill i? vadlive [ Gedimino natnie Vatliodamt 8 kalbsjoet st Gedliino mina, kur taip pat iokuomét nebivo maéias Pstro, Ji stebéjos kid Pétsas, noes if Eimgs Amérikoje i nickvomét nebivgs Lietvo, tap get kalba Tietviskal. Vaziéodam pro Godimino Kalng, 8 mite sing Vit rlaus kitedra,taip pit Gedimino pile boket, Pavilge_ iets, abit pisbrollal twojas idjo_pasivilot, imigsto gitvemis, Jib pimmlausa ipo } Gedimino kalng, if ku Divo gilima matjti bevel visg sina mista. Stovedam’ Godino Dolio virku, fe mato po JG Rijomis gllind Vig. Senamiestio ves atrédé lat siatos, 1 susglebdusiy nama vist kStojo en bazngey bata lems taip beiGrint iF besikalbant, sto vakaras.Jiésugréo nami if, suséde Gedimino nam sodele, gat kalbéjosi api e- ris Vlbius pastas apie ta, pt dare tyta) Petes taro Gedimino tevimns pupisakets apis sv tess, pasilusias CRE. sje, opi Cikigy, apie Amerika, pic nave welts PandeVOCABULARY api (teat, atest a0, tei — nse tia te ie ™ ati aha etme td ae yo ‘ute sip, Utpn, ge, t=) — “an rine sangha stow ana, Sov, ote) sf at, tin te oie ale pt et pevdigys) to eat (perfective) thehind) imine ot st mgr ages, sagt, sin rnc Sire rar GRAMMAR. 261 The Pate. Participes in Lithuanian are similar to participles in English and other languages They are a variety of adjectives derived fom Verbs. In Lithuanian they are inflected (declined) just Like adj. tives and they ean denote, Ike adjectives, the characteristic of sn object. Bat, since they are formed fom verbs, they also have ‘verbal charateristis, Le they eam denote action and are inflected for tense and can be active and passive, In genera, participles sand special gerunds ean be used dn the following fous caves” (2) ‘modifiers {adjectival use, (2) in compound tenses, (2) in sp ie partplal prases and) in ndeek scure in place of ‘The passive participles will be discussed in Lesson 38, First wo shall discuss the formation and then the meaning Discussion of compound tenses is omitted toma this Teoson, ex: cept for the refleives ef, 269 ‘0 spt thene now and ok then up the Lath Tagan Vocabulary By 1262 The Preset Active Partie "Tho present active partielle ts formed by replacing the 3rd person entings-o, 0 with the (masculine nominative singular) ‘endings, i, a2 or the (feminine nominative singular) endings “fat sinth,sanei Thus nla “he caries’ furnishes meee, ne-ant “Carrying dirba*he works’ furoishesdirb-a, dirb-ant ‘working’; ‘Movi he sands’ furiahes ston, son.nts “standing’; dio frrtes! furnishes rage, rdb-ant! "writing. For the plural endings eo 2621 262, An exainple of the declension of the present active parti> ‘ple {dirbt to work) Masculine Feminine 1X, dirbfs(ordibantisy ——dirbantt G. aimanaio ‘sirtantios D. drbanciam banca: AL lrbanty dibanea 1 Girbaneta dticbanela Le dirbantiame dlbantioje Plural Masculine Feminine NN. irhg (or dirbantys)_dirbantios G. Girbaneia airbaneiy D. Girbantiems dirbantions A. Girhanéias dirbanciae 1 Girbanciais dirbantioms 1, dirbansivose dirbantione ‘The forms in parentheses are used only when the participle 1s used in its simple adjectival function: dirbancis 2moghs "work- Ing man’, drbantye Sones "working people’, ee 12622 The present active participle may be used with a simple {jective function. Examples: 1) bigants (hie) vendud — running water 2) sharibonte fakes) eafpas — ringing bell2622 The present active participle may be used in separate partlepial phrasse, Examples 1) Profétorins, skaitd kngga, tuojad tej bbliotéka, — The prox fessor reading the bole will goto the library immediately 2) AE mation Smgy, nifon ddl} maiia bitvly. — T saw a rman earsying a big sak of potatoes, Note that in example 1 the word kaiga ‘book’ isin the accusative cave because It Is the direct object of the participle ‘skaigs, Likewise in example 2 maidg ‘sack’ i in the accustive case as tho direct object of nélent. The ease, number and gender ‘tthe patie are determined by the case ofthe word mole, Inthe firs sentence the word modilied (profésriu) by the per Help is nominative singular masculine, bit In the second Sen tence the ward modified (smapy) i aesuative singular marculine 26.3 The Pot Acie Pate ‘The past active participle Is formed by replacing the 8rd person simplo preterit endings -o and -¢ with the (maveuline ho Ilnative singular) 2 andthe (feminine nominative singulan) end Ing-usi ius forall Sed conjugation verbs). Thus, dbo ‘he worked! furnishes dirbg, rbust (the one wha hs) worked, storejo he stood! furnishes stovgjgs,stovgjusi “the one who hss) slood’, r= 46 “he wrote’ furnishes rdf, rBfiua (the one who has} written’ For the plural endings, sce 2631 2631 An example ofthe declension of the past active participle (airbu to work’ Singular Masculine Feminine N. dirhgs airs G sirbusio Esboeos D. Girbusian irbasat AL dirbus) airbox 1 dirbssia isos La gibuiaie irbusnje 206 Plural Masculine Feminine N. dirbe airbases G dibusiy ‘irbosi D. dirbusieme ‘irbusioms A. dicbusiue Sirbosie 1 lebusias ‘irbusiomi E. diebusiuose ‘irbusioe 2632 The past active partciplo may be used with simple ade Jeetival function. Example: Miruaio Smogase kanas negli elt. — “The body of « dead (tera: having died) man cannot arise’ This could have been fexpresed with a relative pronoun and a subordinate clause as fellows: Kanar Smngais, kuris mire, negalt kltls. "The body of ‘man who died cannot ace 263.8 The past active participle may be used in separate parti> cipish phrases. Example: . 1) A¥ matiat Smdgy, anélus (Le. kuris dete) jém of majg lenjog. — Trae the man who brought him that new book 2) Keimgjwas atéjo si drougs, jou sent skaigiusiy 14 kagiou "The nelghbor arrived with a friend who had aleeody read that ook a Tong timo ago, 265.4. The Froguntative Past Active Pati The teaentative pa aie patie i ore by re roving the thind person ending and adding the same endings 26 those ised for the past active pariciple (See the preceding para: [grephl eg dirtdovn he) used to worl gives us the stem eirbdae {G which the (masculine nominative singulat) endings, eminine ominstive singular) ending ~usl can be added. ‘Thus we find ‘lirbdangs,diravust et. Its declined like the pat active pari tiple Te ctn be uae in the same ways asthe pact ative participle ‘An example ofits use in place of a subordinate claure is given below "AE patitu Emigy, dirbdawus Ge, kur dirbdevo)stougloje Srsargs I ow a nan who tse to ork ina camp during te samme. 202835 The Fue Actin Particle ‘The future active participle 8 formed by adding the samme endings as those used for the present active participle tothe fur ture stem (Znd person singular =x (Since al of the presen ative participle endings begin with a vowel the orthographic - stands Ierely for paltalized -s-) “Tho endings (mse. nom, sing) 48 (fem, nom. Sing.) -enti etc. added to the stem dirs furnish the forms (maie. nom. sing) dirbsiae, fen. not, sing.) division te Wis declined like the present active participle 264 The Speco Adverbil Active Partie ‘There isa spocil adverbial ative participle which i formed by dropping the infinitive ending “and adding the inasuline pominative singular) ending “dames, feminine nominative singu lar) ~dama. Since this only modifi the mubjet of the sentence ittcan only oceur in the notnnalive ease, The plurel endings are (masculine) “dams, feminine damon. From ratio writes nee {to carry’ we have the adverbial participles rafjlamay, néldax 265 The adverbial participle always denotes an action which is performed by the subject and occurs simultaneously with the action of the main verb of the sentence. It the concomitant action is not performed by the subject of the main verb then the special gerund (267) te used. Example; 1) 2mopis miegédamasnidko nepal. — The man heats nothing while sleeping. 2) Bmogia miegédamas nigko negirdéjo. — The man heard nothing while sleeping 8) Mergites daimiodamos grébe ing. — Tho girls raked hay 5 they sang. ‘This differs from the present active participle in that ane pot occur in any ease but the nominative and in thatthe present sctive parteple is adjectival in meaning, whereas the adverbial fctive partiiple hae an adverbial meaning. “Thus the sentence Imiegs Bogie nick negiai meats "a sleping man hears noth. ing Le. man whois sleeping’. The adverbial active partiple fon the other hand, merely denotes an action simultaneous with that of the main verb. It doce not identify the man as docs the participle, oe 2186 The Nester Forms of the Paris ‘The neuter form of the ctv participle is the same as the nominative plural masculine. Tt may be used in. impersonal sen- fences: AF joi mustdjo Iie? “Did It stop reining?” 287 The Special Garon [A special gerund is formed from the active participles by Aropping the final ~of the feminine nominative singula fore, fg from dirbent we have the form dirbant; fom dirusl we have “rows; from dirbdaousl we have dirbdaous; trom divbsiant we have dirtsint. This gerund denotes an ation of situation which | accessory or incidantal to the ection of the main verb; such forms are used rather than the adverbial participle or the past active participle to show thatthe subject of the concomitant e- tion s'not the same ar that of the main ver, Examples 1) Liane més dome mars. — (While it was) raining we went home. 2), Batgue aaérbg, reikie peste. — When the work i finished It'll be neceasary to rest. (Lit: Having finished the work 1 Will be necesary to rest) 8), Pardue lth, rele munddt pita. — Having written the letter, one must (lit Its neceseary to) take it to the post- fie 4) Tigsqsikont, js Rewilje, —To el the truth, he ia fol ‘The gerund can have not only an object, but @ subject too. ‘Such a subject ie put inthe dative case and then we have what {known a: dative absolute construction. Examples: 5), Jim kalbant, visi Klaiso, — When he Is talking, everyone ste (its him telling.) 5) Séulel kon, fie euskéle. — When dhe sun rose, he got up (it: the sun rising) 1D) is tbvatGvo Wet Ijent. — While i war raining (its the rain raining), he drove away. Sometimes the gerund is used In suck constructions at the8) Léukiu sina griftant. — 1 atm waiting fr (ony) son's return One could have said also: Léulw einais grittondio. am wating for (my) son's return. There Is no diference in mean. Ing between the two sentences, 9) AE fi poikad bepiline (or) AF jf pikes Degilint. — 1 eft him ying down Since the patiipial phrase occupies & potion between that of apart of a sentence and a complete sentence it can frequently be reduced to @ simple adverb of citcumstence, eg. esq sdkant ‘strictly spesking, to tell the truth’; bendrai kelbant ‘generally speaking’ iment demesit taking ino consideration akira 6 dalgg “except for this, ot, 268 The Active Particples and Gerunds of béti and et Infinitive ati ou Pros. Act. Partepl sis, deants ings, enanti Past Act Parte bives, Bivusl gs elu Freq Past Act Partepl bdavps bidavusl —eldaves eidavast Future Act Partepl: sia, slant elig,aisants Adverbial Particle: bidamas,bidamé eldamas, eidama Gerunds: Present Geant inant es buvus jue ature Dislant —iiant 259 The Ralsve Parl. ‘The participles can also be reflexive, The reflexive particle - {is added fo the end of the simple pariiple in the singular ad =o to the plural. tn the masculine singular there ix an = inserted between the particle end the finals ofthe particpisl ending, #0 that two ss sil not come together. Present Active Partciple ite "to brag? mince Singur Nominative Planet Mascutine Feminine Masculine aged iriantie aint 20 Past Active Particple ska to revolve Masculine Feminine Maseuline kes is slut Sikes ‘These participles ste used only in the masculine and feminine singulat and the masculine plural. 2691 If the verb is prfized, then the reflexive patil ise in strted after the prefix, but before the rot ofthe verb. Then ail ofthe eases ofthe participle may be used, e.g mage, nom. sng Decseeulia, mase, gon. sing, bestukentio, mase. dat. sing. es slkenciam “turing et ‘Pact ative participle, mace. nom. sing. posses, mase. gen. sing. pass-ieut, mae. dat sing, pesevukusiam "having turned 2892 A table illustrating the usage of the participles and ger tds is ven below: ‘Adveriol pricplo | Pas active particle lamar fea Frdamasnamd,sutikad | Pardee [perjust m ‘draiga. Going home | md, vada sedi, — Timet a fiend Having arrived home, own some quest. Past gard ner Métinat perdjus, vat Graignd neldina. et.) kal apsidieuge. | — Ske, — While Tes | (Their) mother hav- fring homie (my) | ing arrived, the chi fiend had sn aceldent. | dren rejoicedexcises ‘A, Questions. 1. Kine abit plsbroia,stwpkg | Vilniy? 2. Ki 5i8 pamite pri stOvingiotriukinio® 2 KS hive atgjesutiki Gee ‘imino imines if pastami? 4. Sh hu i kalbjot, valtuodamd pls Gediming? 5. Kq Ji mate, vadliodam pré Gedimino Kalng? 6. ji@ mate, stovedem ait Gedimino bokite? 7. Ape i it atbejo, suséde sodeyje? 8. AF glia ilipt § einantio triuki riot 8. At svetka skaltti glint lovoje? 10. AF aveikiat wilt Sint a sting? 1B Form all four active participles, also the special adverbial a tive participle and the three special gerunds jrom the following verde matt, girdti, sali, pit, vasiot” wily, dt, Ui? kal” suprith Examples Inintives ana principal parts: Aiebi (ieba, dicho, die — Iet conjugstion) ‘mylett (msl; mpleo, mylés — 2nd conjugetlon) "aij (elf, tide, raiis — 3rd conjugation) Prosent active partiipes ale, dirbants ‘mylis, mint ali dant ast active participles Aibgs, dirbusi rmylejes, mylojust Frequentative past setive participle: irbdavgs, drbdavs ‘myledavgs, myledavust an oture active partiipos ‘irbrige,dibsiant rylésan, mylesantl alfa, rasfslant Speclal adverbial active participles: ‘irbdamas, dirbdami myledamas, myledema ralgdamar,raijdame Special prosont tense gerund: dirbant imgtint rant Speciat past tense gerund ‘irons mylejoe rasioe Speciat future tense gerund Sean rosysiant . Decline in the singular and plural: dirbgs Emogis, ives stu- Gotta (a former student), beghs valkas,skalants student antl mergite D. Translate into Lithuanian: 1. 1 saw « man standing om the eect 2. While driving, we saw the old chureh, 3. Standing en the top of the tower. 41 bike my former (bigs) teacher. 5, [Wile Tying in bed, he was reading a ook 1. Recite the rowing passage of thi lesson replacing alt por- Hojplen end gerande by relative clauses, Examples: 1) Tikka ke { Vili,» Kat ie tik atvyko | Vili... 2) Pri stOvin- Uo trlukinio jié pomate dat fmomig. Pri trlukini, kuris sto ‘lo it parte deOg dmonia, Ruri uke. 3) Vadidodamt pro Gatinaino kalng,.. Kat (had jit vadtive pr Gedimino. Mile Ings 4) Stovedanss aft Gedimino bokito.-. Ka (hah Js sto- ‘jo ait Gedimino békdto,... ete ete ‘CONVERSATION onas Pollut: 1. Labas rites, Tédas,kalp slog? Tadas: 2 Latve, Lsbas. Sulslad betlegédamet:kalp tins, bi vo abot flee nati, a8 plan lange tvPauls: 8. AS nedinal, Kis Eb pase, kid Hemet tke salts pavisars ‘Tatas: 4, Turbtt, Kanada suppko abt Amistos, tf pia sive Sita ora [ peti Puls: 5. Més Jott norgjome géli pasodifti, bit bijome, nis csr gal bot Sand, Todas: 6. AS vakar skotiad lekraityje, kd dir tio alto paviearo Ga niekuomét ner bv. Peulas: 1. Vatikime | Flrilq: ef vikar vo 65 lipsnii 6 pie mis — 34, Breve Tedes: 8. Ad pémnal buvat muvetiivgs | livid, bit te min hive pet inte Paulus: 9, Nuvatisvgs | Flridy, a8 nies aul gslétiou ‘Todas: 10, Neiskabink! pef relly prinesé, kd ryt) if pis Ins bis 78 lilpsiah THE WEATHER Poul: 1. Good morning, Tadas. Did you sleep well? TTedas: 2. Hello helot | got fronen while slesping’ as you know the ght wa very col, and left the window open Pent: 3. Ton't know what happaned here that we are having Such cold weather Tadas: 4, Perhaps Canada got md at America, and so they blow their cold weather doven to the south Poul: 5, We already wanted to plout sume flowers, but we are afraid beenuse there sll may be frost, ‘Tadas: 6. I read in the paper yesterday that there had never ‘een such a cold spring hereto, Poul: 7. Let us go to Florida: they had 85 down there yester- diay, and ero we had 24, Berer Todas: 8, Twent down to Florida lst year, but it was too hot for me down there Poul: 9. Getting to Feria st least would make me warm Tadat: 10. Do not hurry: st was announced on the radio that we will have 75 degrees here tomorsow Nores Dyidedimt septintoji pamoka Lesson 27 TRAKAI Pavisarls yra gretidustas macy lhas: dno dabat ya fonts, 6 nikige trumptsnés AURiag iF auSian Kgl aul, Wisi Emines dros! Lnksmesni, Vis daugied F daugian potkstiy Hulbe medtiuoe if sdduoce, Mino endmal laiad) ptida rudd regi pavsers, ROMA siko, Kad Jil linksmidusi yet Sima, mano (vu labia patina visors, bit min IF brut graftusia 1 Tinksmigusia yr pavdser. Vieng sekmidienlo rftg més si bri atsikéléme ankstiai neg paprasal, greitiad nusiprauséme IF pavilgime pastyius Ms norejome if rftq nuvaditotdviratials | Trakis, kuF Ketl- rome plant sons pills gruvésis. Trak apylikes pavésar dr grazéenés if Jdomesnés negi emg: Gero vandud atrédo gle Tesnls If skaldrisns, 2ménés judresn 1F dreugiskesnl ‘Mano brilis Vgtautas yra stipréenis GE mand, tod jie reiting vatilotidviratiu ney a8. Tadiaa AF jam mendes psi Aoi, ndrs af jaunéans if silpnésnis. Taip belenktynisudam mee fret pasieklame Trakls, KUF iménes dir Gk kiln, ‘Triky Siero sslofd std winds if sonidusy IF garsiusiy Lie. tovés pill gruvésini, Cia ja seniusats Takats bivo viend IE svarbidus Lictuvés (ictévn, Gi eyvéee aidjes Lietavee Rank ulkitis Geaimina, kurs vllad pasate age digésng pill Vilnje, Phu jie pérkéle Lictavinsdating Vite nu 10 lak tape deTeakei ‘VOCABULARY ert 6) — ing vill (asuy ony pL) c) — ira ahr stat ayer) Saunas ere eee em) — tnterting w= eomparaine adh or adver Hera a “ake ‘ios (nant mpl, ponies, pie, ps ‘wire rtorse| ant aa to en ee et Ee pe Are, toe somewhere rth apa sa nt ui Attn, Ntl, Met) pl pro perk pk rt ty tae tts at sa i ae ir GRAMMAR, 2A Compaion of Adjectives ‘There are three basic degrees of comparison in Lithuanian jst ae in English: the positive, the comparative and the super- lative 212 The Poste Degree ‘This degree has lrwady been diseussed in Lesson 11-15 i sorely denotes a characteristic or quality, eg Bitar “whit sai213 The Comparative Dore. ‘The comparative degree is formed by dropping the -s, is, us or “a? of the mescaline nominative singUlar of the adjective Bd sing semis Ceoné for feminine) which i then declined I fe adjective ofthe frst declension Masculine Singular Plural 1. gerbanls (2) ‘etter? ereent G. gertanlo, eres (geresnid) D. gertanlam (geresniém) _geresicm(geresnoms) AL genes} feresnita 1 pores eres (genesis) 1L,_gertsname (geesniam®)_ jerdunivoe (geresniuosé) Feminia IN. geriané gerdonés G._poremnes (geresnts) [preeni (gerosnid) D. feremnel serene (geresnms) A. gereane pores 1 goreone [Rorenéris(geresnémis) L. ferbanéje (gereanejé)—_erénive (geresnes) (The forms in parentheses show the alternate class 4 eccentu> ation which i characteristic of conversational stjle) ‘The comparative dogroe denotes that there 16a greater de tee of the quality In quertion in one object than in another ‘The concept “than” is expressed by nekaip oF moro often by neg wrth the folowing noun in the nominative case oF = with the ecutive ease, Examples: 1) Tivo rank baltdsné negit mano rank, — Your hand is whiter than my hand, 2) 8 kayoa yra gertené neg ‘han Your book. 8) Mano smond gratime neg tivo, — My wie is more beaut ful than yours. ro knygd. — His book i beter Fah ap hi ee ta, he ty 10 Sie obwolge minkitémls nekaip tae, — This apple is softer than that one 1) Berka eukiteonie i klgeq. — A birch is taller than a maple, {TA The Ssparatve Degree. ‘The superlative dogren ie formod by dropping the -as, Kae bo” con a banaue by "Who wes seme esa more gnerel mening wie he former "eben mls the sop cused y the fas hi only now were pereee 2) Kien gyoénta? — Who vedere? 4) Cif bite lata. — They were bere (hut) they went ot STac'benoun inthe gnive pul faetions athe nga ject of the meron 2irck — Jo eh tuama, — Lok, there hes, dama ithe tier preent posse partie tbo Be {88.2 The Furs Pani Pate ‘The future passive patiipe is formed by adding the endings (aaa. nom.5g)-mas oF the (fem, om. rg) ma to the 2nd person fg of the future tense, eg. ftom dirbel “you (og) will work” we ive dirbsimas, dirind. ote. This form is only usod in certain special cases. Singular Plural Masculine Fominine Masculine Feminine N. dirtsimasditbeima—N, dirbsimi——dirbsimos G. irksimo, —dirbeimés —G. irbsimg——dirbsimy D. Girhsimim —Girbsimnal —-D._ichsimiems — dirbsimdms| ‘A. dirbsimg.” —dirhsimg =A. irhsimus—dirbsimas 1 Girtsime ——dirbaima 1. dlsbsimats— dibsimemis Te Girhslmamé —dirinje 1 airbimuosd—dirbsimose ES‘The futuro passive parlciple denotes future ation oF condi tion. may even be Tormed from intransitive verbs, eg bdsimas "Tuture’ (Jrom biti "to be). Example is mite savo bisimg mékytoja. — He saw his future teacher iteachor to be) 38 The Patil of Nose. ‘The participle of necessity is formed by siding the endings (omase om. 5g.) as oF (lem. nom, sg) =a tothe verbal iafitive, ek. from dirbti we have dirbtina,diring, ete. The declension te adjectival lke that of the future participle, The participle of ne= ‘esity denotes an setion which should he performed is wextiy of boing performed. Examples: 1) dia prt gitinas, — prasad, should be praised). 2) Cid gra vienas minétnas datjkas. — Here isan affair that Should be mentioned to bo praised (worthy of being 3) déks davbas nev etidétinae, — No work should be postponed. ‘An exemple of the nouter form of the participle of necessity 4) 36 eatiosine —vatiok — If (one should) go, then go exes A. Questions 1. Kadé bivojkrtae Vilnius? 2. Kiend blve fkstas Vilnius. 2.18 Ko (out of what) vo stétomor pelos senliusie pilys Liotuvoje? 4.15 kS yeu dabat statom modefnis namai? 8 Kas parafe fg hngga? 6. Kiend yrh parasjea fl knygi? 7. 1s Ko {yr stom motinlat namai? 6. 1F kd bus stom medinist nama? 4. Af 3 nye yr vist studesty skaitoma? 10. TB XO yea peda ya B tent? B. Change the following sentences to the passive voice: Example ‘Mino brots stato sf nima. Sie namas yra-sitomas mano brolo. 1. Visi studetal salto Sg kaa. 2 Vit stdeitalskalte if kn 9.8. Visi studental shaitgs uf kngga. 4 Tovar bara sivo sin 5° Vakar fin parade gy lah, . Translate ino Lithuanian: 1. Yesterday this Itter was written Dy the president 2. These new books are (being) ead by all my students. 3. This book was written by my old friend, 4. These fears are made in Detolt 5, Many new houses are (being) built Jn the suburbs ‘CONVERSATION BIBLIOTEKOSE Valje: 1. Kod AS nega gut 0 may) Kn? Tornéutojas: 2, Mitote, Se knfgos ye8 UK I Slistos Vays: AR Sinai, kid js OK KG Sisto, bet AF nde Fis tuojed hut Temautojas: 4, Js yr labal visi skaitomes. Ypab jas skato jronimas Velys: 5, Geral A supranta, Bat, sakphite, Kod&l sm Diperkate kiekviende kaos bent pS penkis fgzemplionis? Tornawtojas: 8. Sid naujG kg bivo miplekta po tis, bit, ip ply mitote, Joe vans $1 palmtos skaittojy Velye: 1. Kad gi a8 galsiu fis gut? ‘Tarmautojas: 8. Kai tik knggos bits sugrazints, mis Jams tuo- Jnl pranstime Valves 9, Gera, AF tursiu poldukti, Att ‘Tarnautojas: 10. Praied. AS uklisi, kid pO pords dient knfgos bb jad sugratints AT THE LIBRARY Velys: 1, Why eat 1 get these new books? Fmployee: 2. You ste, these books have just been published Valyer& Lknow that they have been published just eeent- ly, but I would ike to get them right away. Employee: 4, ‘They are being read by everybody. Especially the ‘young people read them. Valys: 6, All right, I understand, But tell me, please, why font yo buy a least (about) five enpies of each book? Employee: 6. Three copies were bought of each of these new ‘ook, but, as you yourselt ean sce, they have all ‘cen taken out (bythe readers)Valys: 1. When will {be able to get them? Employee: 8. As soon as these hooks are returned (oi ‘boon returned), ee shall let you Know. Vays; 9. Allright, T wil have to walt Thanks Employee: 10, You are weleome. I hepe the books will be re turned in a couple of dag. have Notes: 2 tH itn — ety tat un) ned pa 5. ga penis gsempiian Se oles each, of enh ‘TrisdeXimt ketvirtoji pamoka Lesson 34 GINTARAS Gintoras — tat Wg kiks Lietuvds duksas. 1636 yr eardtiahapankes i hte dasa Ju gilt sendvee Hees Dive prebiavjoma qiitara st graikals IF eoménals, Gintarinils erolt labal seta nesot Teta Giftaras yr Ket sak soylodeig médhiy, kur pris tea ‘gadfng. go Pabaltj9(je). TH meat bivo labs sat. Ka Ein muvarvtdovo didellgabotat sale, Ruri geet sukletédavo Suvarvdjesakal Upiy vandeis bivo. nunetami | jOra sf teh suktgetom, Teh ff motes st Kits ndasédomis, itv suslégti H vitto pater, Td glares yr akmud, nb alas, 6 sake, rédo 1 ta sa ji gn malonalvépia Katiais | glitaro gibalus potdkdavo iF sustingdavo vel abedliy mis, srw, skorpibng. Yea gintaré IF mally ie Jar Hed, Takelg, 1S visa tO mokslininky buvo KAIEKinta, Koki {ada medi go iF kobe vabraiat vets iStary yeh reidama Lietwvds paldryje, Ku jis yrk andes ipisonamas {Kral VOCABULARY ae tne, Se tetba acet en MEE cots cy — moace, "Ean rian = to taetr 2) — ander itive) a — ai ws meats e-_Roep gi St ot bre vata i)" atannan cw git; Ba gran oP niecaly eng) athe "Yjatei patna, pate, gia ony) (a eon Matta) ty ut a, ranted! sess mate elit cudnt ase og gedyna — ce age” aie) — arias, aoe Pata ob) tic wren, ante het ate a ie eyne ir ur, war ag) cree oA any fetal to ay fare onan iso se os es age) — to Imai msos sata mite) “Sto Peele ae i in win vel — t sats Glae,t ETE an, an tie Tati joa cae aie at nt GRAMMAR. ‘LL The Tans of the Pave Vice [As wat mentioned in Lesson 38, the passive voice is formed 4 Lithuanian with the auxiliary verb "to be’ biti This moans that there are as many tenses in the passive Voice a5 there are tenses in the conjugation of the verb Bat But, since Both the present pasive partite and the pst rassive particle cn be and fo form the ase oie, thecae ‘Stay lage two tense poe oe with eps pure Fare, the other withthe pnt pase pape The aon Sr an at nar rt pe cine is ue, one can render thee tense ino Bgl at Fogularpsive, bt ith the word beng because the set atl Bet doe (preset tens), war bing dae ips ese ast to ‘be being done (frequentative past}, or will be being dune (future!. ‘nth eter hand the pase tense withthe Pst pase 8 ticpte wil express the action as already complete, or omplsted, in any tense. Phe former is sometimes eallod the ational passive, fd the later the sttal passive S42. The Paradigms of the Passive Voice, Their Meaning. Present Tense ‘esi mitomas,-A Tam boing WS esi mittas, pci Iperten work ETE aden lo wt, ‘ih tear fant — I he pees of de Migr (Fear academe, peer (poem onc) pum, tnd angen i ee Spray opeice” apa, "ageag, Sel et Terabe ta datte tet fakes pct, pe vafaoe (4) — care, worry, uttering, “ine (of a pot, 8 page) apes io 1) — cy tarman (2 ean “Femaid by Cla il kan tam: The Green Oak, Stet BIN Awan Lane an Gr Me Vos GRAMMAR SBI Co-rdinatiog Conjrcon (iF, tia, 6, et, ete) ‘The words i ‘and, talad “but, nevertheless, however’ oF ‘whether arb. arba ‘either ...0F, net--net "elther no Gand, but, Bet ‘but ace coordinating conjunctions and ct cone rect either clauses, phrarer or single words. Examples 41) Migeto gitvee yr ilgos iF sntir®, — The streets of the city are long and narvow. 2) Jisatsjo, tacit nedivbe, — He came, but he won't work. 3) AF dibs, oF neds, vis sok fi gous pinigh, — Whether be ‘works or not, he wl til get some tone, 4) Atckite arbi leiicn, arbe rytd). — Came either teday or tomorrow. 5) Net mokinge, net mokiné nedirba, — Nelther the bey nor the asl pupil works, ‘The conjunetion 6 ‘but Is used to contrast two ideas. 6) Sis turtals, 0 vargian toga. — He i's rich man, but Lam just @ poor lite fellow. 11) dia tink daig Tako, 0 atvaSioth pis mis nendri. — Me has Tote of time but he doesn't want to come to see Us 8) Sis gai, 5 nogait. — He can, but T can't Te may also be veed following a negetive clause 9) Ste negal, 5 &f gaia, — He can't, but T ean 10) A¥ ner daltninker, je yr — Iam nots artist (pintes) bet he fs In each ofthe preceding examples 9 could have been replaced by bet, which is more emphatic than 6, For example in sentence 6, the word bet would have stewed the feet that its T (nat a fother) who Is the ordinary litle fellow, wheress 6 merely eon trasts the two clauses Likewise sm sentence 9 the 8 merely eon taste the two clauses, whereas ble would have stresed the ability of the speaker ‘The clause Introduced by bat alko denotes in some clauses something which Is unexpected in view of the meaning of the main clase, 11) Je red silprar, bet vie (dir) irda i dirba, — Te is very ‘weak, but (even so} he works end work 12) Nore i neturn ping, bet kip nore atoudiosiy, — Although ‘don't have any money, I shall come somehow oF other, 13) dir nedidelis ora, bot stprue Raip Uta, — He ts small ran, but strong at 8 ionIn examples 11, 12 and 18, tind ‘nevertheles’ might have ‘heen used, but tata is generally limited to formal discourse, ‘whereas bit fe common in every day conversation. Tia Is per- Ihape more common ater # negative clase ‘3 may introdce an interrogative sentence and/or one ex: pressing mild surprise 14) O kas gi eid? — (Well) what's this here? (or "What's going ont) 18) O ki gd?! — (Well) what do you know! (or My oh my!) 16) O kaip tivo brill Joni (Beas)? AF ie Jaa s8jo WF lgd- ‘hinds? — And hove about your brother John? Did he get out (of the hospital yet? 11) 0 WF kur tu tai inal? — And how do you know that? (or How come you know that?) 18) O hap gt fe tat padarjsite? — And how are you going to ‘manage (todo) that? [Bot lh for dabo darsite? — But what (on earth) wil you de now? 19 In general one might sty that 8 and bat are similar in usage, bout bat ie more emphatic; bet may be replaced by tata expec Ally after negative clauses. One also finds such expressions as 3 ‘api, Bat ving, o oie dels "but, nevertheless 6 vis tik, bet is Tied but even so or tad ‘however (aging is never used ia combination with Be ‘The confunetion be and’ can only unite two closely related words or phrases, not fo clauses: 20) Tévae bet mating gyedna miestd. — Fethor and mother live In the city, 382 The common conjunctions kid “that, jg. ‘that, dat (rarely used anda bi archale) “in order that, Radéng"be- suse for (generally kang! ts found as the first word of 8 sen~ fence, és "beeause’ (not used in sentence initial position), jéigu Nis ndes ‘although’, ad ff lthough” re suboréinating conjunc ions. Beamples 41) Al netindjou, kd (6) si 2, —1 Aide know that he is here 2) Te taip dro, dost vii matty, — He dacs thls so that every- body would (could) te. 8) Reddngi (lets) Kio, tf kai nami. — Since & was raining 1 remained at home 06 4) Més ésame geri studefital, nds més daig mokomés. — We are (od stndents because we stidy a lot See paragraph 31. for the uses of $éiqu 5) Nore jis yr géras Keimuas, més 30 vitiek nemégstame. — Although he Is a good neighbor, we don't like him even so. 8) -Midko nemetiog, kad wore) labo sténgias, —T didn sce anything, although I tried very hard 583 Lit of Common Caruntons, A list of common conjunetions follows: oF whether ‘toni nekaip — than rbd arbd—either...or nai ivarely used) —-than bie ut nent neither nor Détgi— but (emphatic) ‘eboit except that, save that Gand ser because ait in order that nore althoogh 6 i6gu—— it 5 bat (and) 469, }6pe\ that tatiea —novertheles, but ead — that ‘tid — therefore adingi — since, because tel — then, = ‘eat when, whenever NB, One must keep in mind thst not only conjunctions are sed to connect clauses: pronouns and adverbs are also used, Examples: tes, ike, kari, hada, kelp, oddl, kl, kek... ane ‘sed In the dependent clausts. (See alo Lesson 21 and Lesson $6 {or relative pronouns). ts, tke, ada, tp, todd, tl, tek. are ‘ised inthe main elauses 1)" Ras divba, ra tiv — He who works, has (something: is not pauper). 2) Reda praijs,tada giusi. — When you ask (for something) you will get (it), ete ‘See also Appendix and various lessons where these quetions are explained SA ntrctions For 8 list of eommon Lithuanian interjectons, see Appendix ‘The ue of the interjection: i similar to that of ngich, Examples 1) dab; A, hap dalla! — Oh, how cold it ie) 2) nd — well, there now Na, pasa vista if pradios. — Well, tellus everything from the beginning 3), Heal here look here; Stat ji! — Here hei85 The Pare. ‘Some common Lithuanian particles (datelstes) are listed below — emphatic particle which serves to reinforce the pre- ‘ding word, Thus one could say either tir méde ‘that tee Gr tasah edie that tr’ In the second ease the meaning of te that Ie reinforced 2) af (agi) — inerrogative particle, As an interrogative particle CF appears a the fist word ofa sentence, eg AF js fino? — Does he know? 3) bi— may fonction as an interrogative particle; BE netina Don't you know? 44) bent — interzogatve particle with the meaning ‘is t posible that, can t relly be that"; Ben tvs? — Is it posible that you are a ehlld?; Bond je kino? — Does he really know something? 5) gi — a particle serving for sooentuation or emphasis; Ki gi {3 para dart? — What on earth am T supposed to dots AT 91 né vagist — Yam ot & thet ©) jas — particle of emphasis; Kae Jou cd atsitko? — What on arth Mappened to yout, Puke Jou jis mazens — Thats the fray he has been since childhood. 11) jak wy, well, bul; BEt juke fo te mebivo, — Bute wasnt there anyway; Juk th pate Sinai, — But you yourself know. 8) Kadi, kati thas fino) — who knows, i's hard to sey; Ka- [Ei at jis ate —~ Who knows whether he will come, 9) tei — may one, let one; Lat gyi! — May he Hive. (Lang ve.) ‘ade — et one. may one... (used only in speclal expres Shonsy; Mas j ae! —~ Lets forget him; Mat tove dievl! — ‘Al right, have ie your say. 18) nat — even; Net Jonas 16 nesindjo, — ven Joba did ot know that. 12) fe (asully attached to the following verb) — only: Kaha te tebuot, —I was there only once 18) 1, tegul — may, let...; Tedirba. Tepul dirba, — Let him work may he work 14) t@and £2 — particle wth the meaning of (familar ‘take’; 8, peste sive knjga. — Hore, take your book 19 386 Special Adverbs Frequently special sdverbs ending with the Ieter m denote the object of motion swheress the same toot withthe lative end Ing denoter Toeation, CE lakes — out of door, outside (asthe objet of motion); AF ein Inui. Tm going outside leukd — outside (not athe object of motion); AF est louké. — Tam outside 2) qukitin — upwards: avkitet — up, ina high place, 2) Semgn — downwards, Semai — down, in tow place 53) tla — farther on; into the distance; oli — far; at a distance ‘The adverb nam hae no final, yet it denotes the object of ‘motion. Example: nama —— home, homeward, a one's home; na- ‘mig at home; st ones home erencises ‘A. Questions. 1. KuF gimé KeistJ6nas Donelits? 2. Ks jis hivo? 8° uf fe posite poamg “Meat? 4. Kada bio lispavedint? Do- Deliioriltal? 5. Kh ls aprigo sivo potmoje? 8. Koki yri Do- belitio kalba? 7 Kut yrh Mod6ji Lietova? 8. AF Je jad shasete Doneliitio "Metis"? 9: Kakias knygas js mégstate skaiti? 10 Kelp vadinasl pirméjt "Mata" dais? 1B In lessons S1-35, write out all the sentences where bit oF 8 is ‘sed. Compare the, paying particular attention to the meaning of bet and 4, Translate ino Lidhuanien. 1. He can spesk Lithuanian, but ls ‘wife cannot (speak it. 2. Because 1 was raining, I remlned at Tome: 8. They are good students because they have studied lo. 4 T cannot go home, because the weather Is bad. . He Is bad ‘tudent, bectuse be always sleeps In elas, CONVERSATION PAMOKY RUOSIMAS* Pranas: 1, Joktiba, a ja pérskatet Doneliiio "Metis ‘Toker: 2. Dir nit nepradéjau, net ne tk neturgju Tako, Be SF lenjgor dar nes nusipltkes Pranae: 8. Ad jau pradsja shalt, ba nekalp sai: Kick ‘vide Kalba, 6 be tb, ids hegoimetras!JJokibes: 4, Matai, rea pirmiusia gerat iEstudijaith Ictarp, talp pat patiés Doneliiio grvénimg, Pranas: 5, Ruf Gis Enogis gai viska pérskattyti! Tike doa ty pritalgea epié Donel, kd nejminoma n6 dae Teles pérskalyt . okibes: 6 Zina hg: Al urls girq suménym, Hikime py Jud. Zar iis visa Jo. yr pérkalts, js mms pads, Prawas: 1, Gore, tivo stiminymas nebldgas, bet relkéty IF trims patieme Rj noes paskaltft Joksbos: 8, Nebik ti tke jot sadiningas. Vertad Pranas: 9, O ksip a Donel? - Tokibes: 10, Donelatis nepabigs. Ryt6) nuctsime pis Suiza, iF bis viekas Sisk ip at délno." (or: ap dina*) Ie ime g3tlo HOMEWORK: Panes: 1, Jokubas James), did you read Donelatis! Metal? (The Seasons). Jokubas: 2, Didn't even start st because {twas not only that 1 did not have time, but T have not bought the book, Pranae: 8, Tid start to rord it already, but It i not going too wel: the language i somewhat archaic, and (in ade dition to that)—that hexameter. okubas: 4, You soe, one has frst to study the ora itself wel, then the Ife of Donelaitis himselt. Pranat: 5. How can a body read all that There has been so tuck written about Donelaitis: it 1s nigh impossible, kadar: 6. You know what, have s good ide, Let us go over to doe's Te has read everything, he wil help ws Pranate 7, OF. your Hea # not too bad, but we should fo something ourselves okubas: &, Do not be a0 concelentious. We'd better go and play some got Pranat:_ 9, And what about Donelatis? Sokubas: 10, Donets will not run away. Tomorrow see will go to foce) Joo, and everything willbe ar clear me day Trisdeximt devintoji pamoka Lesson 39 UETUVIY KALBA, Lictviy kalbi karti oi lately i imirusomis prasy, kulsiy, emgalig Ir sly kallbomi sudo st Kalb yrlpe indoeuropi®: y Kati feimojé. Indoeuropiceiy kal Soima yeh skrstoms 118 (enka) al gop 1. tochiry (tba) 8. athing 2. indosransny 10. Shiny 3 arména 1, tay (arb xem) 4 itty 12, elt 5. Ansttios kaos 13. alavy a 14 geeminy 2 teak 18, balty (haben 8 grakt ‘Teigl, Kalp gilima matfti iF HS eva, Uethviy faba yr bitty katbg grupes narSs: Bale Kalb) grape ilsivjate i indocuro- pistiy prokalbes, I kurioetaip pit Wsivgate if 14 Uheturolie) ity indocuropicy Hallbg grap, Too bud Metiviy kal tinh Panatimg si kiekviend indocuropisy Kalb, Zinomaylaikui be {ant iF viséms Kalbimns eitianti,susidi (€ dag sidetumy vi Sos halbiygrupese iF paskirosealbosd, Bilty.prokatbs atsakjre if indocuropiiy. peas mai= aug spié 3000-2500 metis pe Kr” (prick Kristy). Velioa bala roa sutkiloj dvi dali—ryting i vakaring (apie £00 pr. Ke? TW vakariniy bitty isivgst prosy kal, if rytings hilly gous — Tietuvig, ates, Hematite alls. Katy hols toe pane Simo si eytingmis IF vakarinémis gripemis. Kush, Hemgilii UF sia sultetuvejo arbi sulatveyo pres mata 800 fpenkar sinetis) maty, Prsal imine XVIL-me (Septynisiktame) mdinje. TH Avi bilty katbosiko gos: lite if Hein, Liotivig kalba yr svar Ifpinamaja indoeuropistiy kalbo- tyre, nor jh yr lait dap sendvidey albinig brody. Kat ‘urd letavigalbor 2008 iF ka hurie ys (foros) yr Jeusos senovitkisnés nét uf senijy itd (sansksito), graf Flax ‘Gnu kalbg dodtibe 1 fSrmas, Bet dadg daly lictviy alboje {nip pit gerdkal pasikelté, ns gil nb tick, kik hitot dl gyvost Indoeuropicty Kalbooe VOCABULARY stints (th —Belan (Seoian) ates singe nn ft ida wry sais, ag ei, atin, aa Ses cmt top “at, aos” pte igloo Wanteaneam ar ee i tranan sleet Coletti maeturtn Beets) mite coma alae (eave, uate, et eile — Arma ijn lt) = fo ce Eat ingot) ange ome teenth ‘atetyea —cmpartie ‘inoiacee laa aca, sto, te mange 2) — spear of the Roe DE) fo sere ee eee r intae 12) anne my a aie, wiv we Sn ps fei pa GRAMMAR 30, Paral Phas ‘Adjectival partleples, adverbial participles and special ger- tunds can funetin in a fashion similar to the participa phrases ‘in English, The phrases havea meaning similar to that of sub- frdinate class, (Por form, ef Lessons 264 35, also Appendix) S01. If the subject of the participa phrase and the main clause {the same and the action of the participle and the action ‘of the main verb are timultancous, then 4 specal adverbial active participle will be used in the participal phrase. Examples: 1) Visg diéng dirbdomas, Jina label pavargo, — Working all dy, John became very ied 2) Dar vatkas bidamas, Tones mégo Knygis. — While still (ber ing) child, Jon liked books 3) 2mogis miegédamarnigko negiFdl —The man hears nothing ‘while sleeping. 302 I the subject of the participle phrsee and the main clause {s the same, but the action of the partial phrase i prior to the action of the verb of the main clause, then a past aelive Dartsiple is used inthe perticipial phrase. Examples 1). Sugrges namd, t13) atsigle, — Having returned home, he Smmodiately ley dove. 2) Mujer pf 98 jd neraded namié, — Having arrived at his place, 1 did't find him at home, 8) Padtelges pri lang, J6nas pomaté fmégy, — Having looked through the window, John saw aman 4) Pagalodje, kid kaimgjnas Joi gr, PStras mudjo 38 plan ‘ej — Thinking theving thought) that the neighbor had al ready returned, Peter went to visit him. 393. If the subject of the partcpial phrase and that ofthe main clare are different, but the action ofthe partiipal phrase 4 simultaneous with that of the main clause, then the specil ferand derived from the present active partie (ef. 261) 1s {sed in the particpal phrase. The subject ofthe pateipial phrase (ifexpressed) is in the dative ease 1) Séulettékant, derbinilkes atsikéte, — (While) the son as is the Workers Rot up2) Fim kafban, visi Rlaiao, — When he talks (it: he taking, tveryboay listens 3) Eien nand, leukwosdgiedijo paikiat,— (While we were) [pong home, inthe fields the Birds were singing. ima bity valet! pet mille, Sane, kd ten yr Kako mére Keli, —~ it would be possible to ride through the forest, Knowing (fone knew) that there is some Kind of read there. o 504 Hf the subject of the partepial phrase and that of the main clause are different, andthe ection ofthe participial phrase precedes that of the verb of the main clause, then the spec iferund derived trom the past active participle (ef 267) Is used {nthe partcpial phrase. The aubject of the parepial phrase (i expresed) fois Uhe dative ease 4) Rasa nakritu, viet sjo § dirba. — The dew having fallen, ‘everybody Joined in the work. 2) inal atdja pss mans, Al jam david kngeg. — John having fame to my place T gave him a book: 8) Firgiat bois darba, nes jam dive plnig. — George hav- ing inked the work, John gave him some money 30.5 Pesciples and Grund i ndoct Dzone In indirect dlacouree participles may be used instead of verbs We have to do with Indirect dlsouren when the writer (or the speaker) tranante the conversation or narrative of another person fr persons in his own (ke. the writer's or the speaker's) words ‘This may occur in simple or compound sentences. Examples: (Simple sentonces} 1) Jones sikost dag Hinge. — John says that he knows a To 2) Sie pjrent vdkar mists bigs. —~ He boasted that he was in theeity yesterday. 3). Jie dabe? ginasinigko nebindjg. — They defend themselves ‘now (by saying that) they knew nothing (Compound sentences) 4) Fonaite iran, kid dabo? gyvends let gratiog® viaje. — “Tonal boasts thet now he is iving in a very pretty place 5) Pétras pdsako, ku if kek pts mitko. — Peter told where and how much Tambor he bought 6) Keinnas primed, kad rytdp vefdosiar | miata. — Our) ‘neighbor announced that tomorrow he will goto the city ‘Tho writer uses the participles gyeends,pirkes, eave in sentences 4,5 and 6 to show thatthe words are not is, Bt those St Jonatis, Petras and the neighbor respectively which he heard in the simple verbal forms (Le- not the partiipes). ‘Sometimes the waiter relates the speech of some unknown person and thon the statement) ofthis unknown person are ac fompanied by the word sOko ‘says! (késkas someone’). Example! 1D) Jona, siko, wher miestébives. — John (someone says) was inthe city yesterday. (On oceasion the parson whose speech the writer i relating may not be expressly identified, eg the author of same sory ‘Then the story te begun in indneet discourse without mentioning the name of the author, Example 8) Viewas prklfe binge tbat Sykitie, Keita fim bevativojont sic pnigas, me tents Tade jis privastinge Gkinnke, ude [eg | kita iF epsinaksjex.— A certain merchant was very miserly. Once when he was traveling with (a considersble mount off money it started to become dark. Then he tp Droached ¢ farmer, turned into the farmyard and spent the Bight (hore) But not only partiiples are wed in indirect dacoutse, Finite verbs sometimes figure in indirect discourse also, Ths In tories is possible to eay either kart gysengs eral or atta gyveno Kerala there once lived king hn indivet discourse in place of the participle the speclal gerund ean be used in tenteneer with the verb salt tay" Examples 3B) Sako Ff daig inant (Sako, ka fe dag Linge) — They say, Ihe knows To, 10) Sako jf dkar miestd biivus (Sako, jis whar miesté bines) They say, ho was nthe city yesterday exercises ‘A. Questions, 1. Kékiat kalbSeimal prise tietvig kali? 2. Kurliiindoeuropietiy Kalb gripet priklaso Metiviy kalba 3 ‘Ke RalbOgrply sudiro indoeuropiscy lb eina? 4, 8 ku ‘omis kalbomie ieviy kalba tare panaSimy? 5. Kurta batty Kalbos yr dir xfvos? 6 Kuri billy kalbos 37a ja Kmiruion?1, Kod ety Kalba yeh avarbl Wglnamjatindocuropiiy kal batyrai? 8 Reis atsiino st KutSae semgalais i sliis? 0. uF saying prssi? 10. Kur gyvena graikal? B Turn the porticipil phraser into dependent clauses: (Sample: Sugsigs nein, 48 taojeh Jim paral TlEky — Kat AF sugrital ham, a Sem tonjnparataa Lika) 1 Nuss pas jj A! J8-neradeO namic. 2. Miogédamas 3moghs ni ‘ko neg 3. Pabsige dacba, visi studental ugjo restoring po prado sak ‘ia ju 8. Darbinifka pradéjo drbt ste tant . In Lessons 31-25, roite out all portiipial phrates and chenge them into dependent clauses CONVERSATION Rupuo Téoas: 1. Sian label 26 ty gran rw HF wali! RUF nérs ] kia, ‘Vytitas: 2. Ai label nortisu muvstige! pis dédp Jeng, Dabok tei aba gradi fdas plas obuoli, @ splat — fritid medtia} i gltdnals, ruda if raudénais Rae: 4 norétiau muvatidot pis déde J6na ‘Teoas: 4. Geral, vabivorime pis de Jong. Bat Rut yeh mama? Vytukar: 8 AB thkrat nesinab, bot peS Hellas minutes a8 i tnatat kalbent sb kaimae ‘reous: 6. ‘Rita, noel pa kaif i pasakjk mimal, Kid més ‘isk noretume muvadidet | aima Gers, tal, AE tooja Suge, (Panelist kia) ideekive,Sirchit: Koki gris Gero rane, pil ‘i visoksduniy palo [AS tap noréiau pasivkiGotp tude Kranths Gers, kat nuvadidosime par age, 0s si Vytuki aleite il pusvalktiot 6 mifke AUTUMN Pather: 1. Ie beautiful day today. We should take advantage ‘of such beautiful weather and-go somewhere into the country (village) Vytukes: Ruta Pether: Vytukas: Fether: Rata: Vytukas: ata wo, 1 would like very much to go to Unele John's. Ht is very beautiful out there now: (his) orchard is fall Of apples, and all around (there are) mast Beatifal trees with yellow, brown and red leaves Daddy I 00, would like to go to Uncle doh’ Al right, we will go to Uncle John's Bt where iz (your) Mother? Tam not sure, but a few minutes ago T saw her talking to four) neighbor Huta, go over to the neighbor’ ard tell Mother, that we all want to take a trip to the county, ‘OK, Daddy. 1 will be back shorty, {On the way to the country) Just look at this! Such Beautfal shores of (this) Take; they are fll of all kinds of colors would like s0 much to go walking slong thoes shores Very well. When we get to Uncle John's, Vstleas and you can go for a walk in his forestThe Lithuanian National Anthem Ligruvos umwas Lietuva, t2oyne masy, Tu dideyriy tome, 1B procter Tavo sine Te'atiprybe semia Tegul Tavo vaiket eina View takeis dorybes, ‘Tegul dirbe Tova navi Ir Emoniy gérybel. Tegul sau Letuvot Temswmue prafalina, Ir foesa tr tesa Mae fingeius tly, Tegul meilé Lietuews Dege many Hrayse, Vienybe tela Keturiasdetimtoji pamoka Lesson 40 Trandate into Lithuanian” Review Lesion 1 My brother fa student My father isa teacher Ie my father a student? 1s may house large and beaut? Review Loston 2 1. My sister Is a good housekeeper. 2 She is not « good housekeeper. 3. My brother and my sister ate reading a newspaper 4 We are writing #leter, 5. te my mother writing & Titer? Reviow Lesson 3 1 We are working at home. 2. My sister and my brother are also doing their homework (pveparing lasers) Tiove my family. Do you love your family?Review Lesson 4 1. Man cannot live without the fire 2, Man cannot live without a home (house) 8. Avtooth for «tooth and an eye for an eve 4. We cannot live without fire 53. She does not go to school yet; she works at home Review Lesions 1-5 1. We live im Vilnius 2 They live im Boston 3, Tam not a student Tam a teacher, 4 Inthe evening Lat at home, Tread a newspaper. 5. Teannot liven Boston, Dean only live in Vilnius, Review Lesson & 1. My sister bikes his son 2. The professor does not ike to live In the city 3. We like our new home (house. 4 They do not like our new home. Her som lees to read Review Lesion 7 (Go home and read a nevespaper! [Let go to schoo! and prepare our lessons She likes to go for # walle with her dog ace s stone in the water. ‘There i's lot of (much) water inthe rver Review Lesion 8 ‘She wanted to write you a letter yesterday. In the evening, we were atthe theater where we saw a drama She likes his letter very etch We went for a walk: the day was very beautiful We did not go to the theater; we went home. eviow Loszon 9 "Tomorrow I will read a book: then T will work tthe weather 1s (Will be!) nie, we will go tothe village Ho will give us a book. ‘The night will be very beautiful, and she wil be very happy. ‘Tomorrow we will visit the tniersity, the eathedeal and church Review Lessons 6 10 “The student likes to dink coffee. ike her, but she does not Tike me. She likes him, but he dows not ike her Tike Vilnise very much, but I cannot Live in it Professor Valys like to drink teu With sugar and honey Review Lesson I 1. T bikes yellow house, but my sister likes a white house 2. Thave a sed pene but T need (some) yellow paper. 3. Our family needs 4 large house 4. My father needs a new red pencil 5. The professor needs a new book. Review Lesson 12 1. Lam cold; let's go home! 2. He is 9 very pleasant man, and he always speaks pleasantly. 3. Lesson 12 ie 8 difiealt esson, 44 To not like this diet lesson 5. I used to reed a newspaper, When(over) used to sit in this chair Review Lesson 13 1. She has worked in. that brick house 2, We have been in New York only once 3. Ihave never been in Vins 4 They fem) have never worked i this new factory 5. have written him letter, bat he did not answer yet. Review Lesson 14 have five house: my frends live in thom, My brothers are students at the University of Vilnius Many student live inthe ites they like to lve in the cls have received two leters yesterday; tomorrow, wil receive 5, T go info the fields where it i 29 beautiful Reviow Lessons 11-15 1. ‘The students do not like to study now: they goto walk in the suburb 2, Thave not yet cea the newspapers,3. They do not like our newspapers 4 We do not like their universities, 5. They nood many books and pencils. Review Leeson 16 “Ee is & rich man: he has trelve houses. Fifteen owls are siting in the linden trees. ‘The spruces and the linden are trees [My father Iikes the linden trees very much, His friend likes only the spruces eee Review Lesson 17 1. Thave two eyes and two ears 2. Bach man has two hands and to legs 3. May be write my fiend a letter? 4 Thy kingdom came 5. Thy will be done on earth as itis in heaven Reviow Lesson 18 1 That farmer had five sons. 2. Many people live in the city. 3. Cold beer is pleasant to dink ‘4 Our old professors lke us, but we do not like our young pro- our i young pr 5. He aways worked wit his sons Reviow Leeson 19 1. Thave five sisters and two brother 2. She has two brothers and two sister 8. Grandparents also live with them; they also belong to the family 4, Teo tot have & brother, 5. She isthe only daughter im her family; she has no sister. Review Lessons 16-20 1. He is a German, but he can also speak English 2. He isnot a Lithuanian, but he speaks Lithuanian very well, 3. She isa Lithuanian, and she alzo speaks Germen very well 4 Many Lithuanians lve in the USA (Jungtinese Amerikoe Vale- tybes) 5. Many Americans want tol 1 (to speak) Lithuanian, Review Leston 21 1. Tam going to give him this book. 2. Ha had written me many long letters, but 1 had not answered ‘thoes letters yet 3, Sit down and write him a letter! 4 Let him go home 5. He buys everything for his family. Review Lesson 22 1 Twill never speak English so wall as you (do), 2. The river flows through the beautiful forests and wide fields. 3. She saw an excellent tlm yeserdsy. ‘4 Dowill go to Burope next wee ‘5 We worked all day yesterday. Review Lesson 23 1. All the houses in the big cites are brick houses. 2. Tike those golden watches 4 In the evening we slways read many newspapers 4. Tigo (ride) to the university by car. 1 welt everything with this re pencil Review Lesson 24 1 Lest year I was fifty-two years old 2. How old is she? She is only eleven years old 8. My grandfather is very old: Iast year he was 90 4 In Bve years, she will bo twenty Fears od 5. Tam not old yet! Tam only 61 years old! NB. Use two posible versions forall these sentences, Review Lessons 21-25 1. Her eyes are very big (She has big eye). 2. In tmy) band I hold book. 13. My brother broke his leg yesterday, 4 This man had very large ears 15. She buys a new hat every day Review Lesson 28 LT saw them standing near the train, 2. Driving pat the cathedral they saw the castle,3. After having greeted each other, they drove tothe university, 4 While they were speaking (talking), Twas writing a Ietor 5. After having eaten dinner, they went for a walle Review Lesson 27 1. Tam much older than my brother. 2 Canada is much larger than Lithuania 3 Your house is much more beautiful than their house 4 These books are mich better than those 5 Our university isthe best university In Ameria, Review Letson 28 1 "The third lesson ie the easiest lesion inthis book 2. Tike te long besttfel nights of the summer (ummer nights), 53. Tlie all these lamps but I Ike this yellow Lamp best. 4 He is student at an Institution of higher learning. 5. The new schoo! is in the center of out ety Review Lesson 29 1. Today, we are going to read the ninth lston 2. She war reading the Lith page of her new book, 3. Teannot understand the fifth lesson, 4 (On) the third day he left (fr) home 5. Their stcond child ls mare clever than their frst child. Review Lestont 26-30 1. My mothor is slsty years old; she is younger than your mother 2. Mr. Jonaitis is the richest man in our ety; but he does not know that Iam richer then he 3 Our tchoot is mich larger than your school; our schoo i the largest in Lithuania. 4, He'can speck Lithuanian better than J, although (nots) he is much younger than T. 8, Better late (Lith=later) than never. Review Lesson 31 1. IET were rch, I would give you thi new car 2. If you had come yesterday, I would have shown you our new howe 3. If he were sick, he would not talk so much, 4, IF you had studied Lithuanian, you would have been able to real this letter. 5, T wold like to stay longer in Vinivs, if you could send me some money. Review Letson 32 1. very morning 1 got up at six o'ock 2. Its alreedy ten oclock Let's go home. 2. Every day hn goss tothe university: He returns home at five 4 On Puesday’ we will all go to the museum. Next week we 0 to Boston, Hr comes (will come) in five hours Review Lesson 32 1. This House was built late year. 1¢ was built by my father 2. When this book was (Being) seiten, had to help Bm. 3. The fret eatle was bull by Mindaugas, 4 In the cites, many new homes are (being) bull 5. Many new homes are (being) bul in the suburb by eich people Review Lesson 34 1. In the elden days, many thin from amber, 2, Amber Is washed up onthe shore by the water. ‘8, These now houses will be built on the hill (hill—kalva. 44 Those new houses will be built hy these young men near (pee) the lake 5. Where (Ching dalykas) were made 7 brik homes (being) bull? Review Lessons 31-35 1 Teo not want to be besten. 2. After having reed this book, I wont for a walk 13 The book which was written by him Iast year, i already sold ‘ut parduti—to el ost. 4 Ie this book had not been written, we would not have Known anything about hie hfe 5. IE this could be done, (then) it would be very mice Review Lesion 38 1. T don Hike this house; 1 want to buy thet one. 2. She does not like such people who never reed anything. mm3, Whose is that book? That fe her book, 4 Howe many letters id yon waite yesterday? 1 wrote only a few letters 5. Someone Isat (pre) the door. Go and ask im what he wants Reviow Leeson 37 1 Teannot live without these good friends 2. In his room there area Tot af old newspapers; they are lying ‘onthe table, under the chair, by the wall 8 They read (pat) until evening; in the evening they went to 4. These young students most work from morning until evening 5. This bus stops near the library Review Lesion 38 1. Because Thad no money, I could not go to the concer 2 Although he is stl young man, he ean speak five languages, 3. Nelther my parents nor my relatives new anything about this 4. Teannot speak Lithuanian yet because T did not study hard enough 5, IT hed studied herder, I would have learned this language, Review Leeson 39 1. While t was raining, we went to schoo 2. Working al day, we got very tired 3. Having returned home, she started to read this new book ‘While the sun war rising all the Binds bagon to sing John having finished the work, his father gave him some Reviow Lessone 36-40 1 Por tho past two years te have been learning Lithuanian. 2. Wo have never yet een in Lithuania, but we will go Be 200m as we Team to speak Lithuanian, “Lithuanian is en old language: (thas many endings and forms: ‘After having learned Lithuanian, we will be able to read Lithuanian newspapers, journals and books 5, Freedom is the most precious thing in the world. Grammatical Appendix 41, NOUNS 41,10 Fret declension nouns in as: oyras (2) ‘man’ Gertie a , ime ce Verte re ve ALI First declension nouns in is: brlis (1) ‘brother Rive i ca hh. ony 4112 First declension nouns in Je: arkije (3) “hors! Rominaive rife Sat ALIS. First declension ioste por ndLIAL The voestve of én ‘devil is vdlne au sua First declension noun in i showing alteration of and dfn declension: médis (2) "Wee's -t and = alternate the same way. aus auz0 sat Remauine ea reste exe (illo y esate, oe mm Fit declension noun in -s showing alternation of - and “abs gaidie (4) "ooster ou Soetia a0 Second declension nouns in -a: vérna (1) ‘row Gk” Ge ES on Second declension mount in -é: gérvé (1) ‘rane’ Regimes te ‘Second declension nouns in: marth (4) ‘daughter-in-law’ Sewen argo Second declension noun in a: vals (4) ‘government, power ‘Third declension nouns may be either masculine oF fem- Inne: akie (4) "eye" (feminine, dontis (4) ‘tooth’ Is @ third declension noun of masculine ender41.40 Fourth declension nouns in us: nis (3) son? LAL Fourth declension nouns in ina: skaigie (2) ‘number 4142, The noun Zmopis (4) ‘man’ is decined in the singular Uke 2 fourth declension noun, but in the ploral likes recond ectension noun 411.50, Filth declension nouns in wo: fu (A) ‘dog? (masculine) fn ALL senda (34) water’ (masculine) Ente vnaenio —“anseg a0 41.52 semus (ab) ‘sister? (feminine): emintive ee ayn ee Sate = Soe 4188 ménuo (2) ‘moon, month’ (masculine! ALL Fitthdoctension nouns in -é:dutd (3b) ‘daughter fem.) 41.55. The noun sémenys (3) ‘inset is commonly only used in the plural. The plural declension ix" N. sémemys, G. ae: ‘meng, D. semenime, A. sémenis I. somenimis, I, eemenysd, V. menye 416 I the modern standard language the dual is no longer Used. In elder texte itis met forthe mest past i the mothe Inative and accusative eae. Examplos of dual forms of certain of the noune in this anton ave given below, Masculine N.-A.-V. — ai vpru, bell, ékliu, wedi, med, sais D.—aviem vyram, brliam, aekliim, svetiam, medsiam, shai 1 dvigm vjram, brliam, ati’ sweat, media, skaiGiamFeminine NicA.-V.r — dul vient, gérvi, marti, wali ak, sor, D.— dviem virnom, gerver, maréim, walaiém, akin, seserim TL. — vig vaenom, geevem, mar8iom valdsim, aki, reserith ‘The other caves are the same as those of the plural, 42, ADuEcIIVES 42.1 Fist declension adjectives: bltas (3) ‘white! i Sate ae seisas (4) “ry Bin he 42.11 Comparative degree: geréonis (2) ‘better’ (sometimes found I accent clase 4) 4212 Superative degree: geridusan (1) “best” 422° Second declonson adjectives: disks (8) ‘star 1 sikiame thio atte Tithe” pres (4) “splenai? avis (4) ‘attentive? LL Mitre abies ‘otone 423 Tard declonsion adjetives: baémjtinis (1) ‘eccesastlel” x etn Sapte 5 Shion | Sega 5 SSirytnsme baeytnen t Sihofiaat — Eatnnaie Sigua. SepageleSnis (2) “iron monks ‘ral, tiny" E MReotatiome Seonateje ‘Menkosioowe —Menkatese W24 Definite adjectives 4241 Definite adjectives ofthe Ist declension: Baltsis (3 white Sane 4242 Definite adjectives of the second declension: tigue (3) “equal” Wan Halos 2 atin Dulles (4) “splendia! Xe tet ag 5 Salem Pind Meme Buikal” patie beiktoosue 4243 Definite adjectives of the third declension: paskutingsis é ai ar 2 Breet” pscwemgie 2 Fesnmidew puendit — Senutnaioas 1 Sitduniome panuonde — fanutenuse 9 ‘The definite adjective forms of the third declension are xerely tied. 4244 The comparative degree of the definite adjective: gee ngais 4) etter A gerenpue gre feverish gerananae & Siccnte Geren Sereengie 4245, The superlative degree of the definite adjective: gerian aris (1) "bee 1 geiaiae Seraly Sera$2.5 Dual forms of adjectives. Dua forms of certain of the ad {ective listed In this tection are given below. Masculine N-A-V. di bilo, atkiu, sus, did, puikil, geresn,gertiusiy is vim baltiom, sifkiom, stsiem, puikiem, gereslem, gerlat- ‘em 1s dvigm baltiém, sikiém, caus, pulllém, gerésnlom, gore Feminine NAV. dvi bil, ii, sau, didi, pull, gern, gerlusl 1D: dviem baltim, aifkiom, sturém, ddim, puikidm, gertsném, fgerusiom 1 dim baltom, aii, sausim, didi, puiklom, gorésném, 4251 The nominatve-accustive-voeative has the same sires a8 the accusative plural. The dative dal is sressed lke the dative plural. In the Instrumental dual diylabic nouns have the ‘lreumflee stress on the ends nouns with more than two syllables hhave the same sires inthe instrumental dual a5 they do in the Instrumental plural 4, venes In simple verbs the third person singular and plurel (and dual are not distinguished, the same form being used with both Singular and plural (and dl) subjects 431 INDICATIVE MOOD. ACTIVE VoIce 48.11 Present tense 1st conjugation 1st conjugation (reflexive) Grit Nomatestie totumto aloe tte i sae Sie) 2nd conjugation ami Dein, 3) mje’ tate 2nd conjugation (reflexive) 2 itm ove myede etsy Tape” 3) pigs ham ‘rd conjugation 8nd conjugation (reflexive) mbt toe! ‘mate tone each ther4812, Simple preterit, 2st conjugation reo work! ht osu aa a 1st conjugation (reftexive) siomee Jacana scar Swe" seth att 2nd conjugation 2 myitina Tle UAbau ‘Thedeved 1) mylhine Shtlome yup Avie, Chase Guitar 3} lee ioe 3) mye tel" thao Se" 3} pe ke ‘1d conjugstion bey tae att tome 3} iia! Gatescs, ate” adwe, 3} Maat ae ‘The reflexive forms of the simple preterit of the 2nd and Sra conjugations are omitied: the endings are precisely the same a5 hore of the Ist conjugation. 48.18, Frequentatioe post tone. 1st conjugation eto wort! htt tu saan 3 shane“ feaare 2) dena ‘Shdavete Bastar 1st conjugation (reflexive) 3 Grosmaa)——Sokeneaet ‘ona 3 tere Sasa) 1 arotavomse ahaa nantes 2) Sevan ‘eevee Bh maar Sewanee) "The 2nd and ded conjugetions are conjugate just lke the Ist ‘conjugation, e mylédavauT used to love’, mylédevaus/)‘Tused to love myself and mékydaveu "used to teal’, mékydaeus) "Tused to learn’ ete. This tense Is formed cn the Infinitive stem. 4216 Pature tonte 1st conjugation ease wit htt esa to tet1st conjugation (reftexive) dre “to make shia otun cnet” eat tae BD deoivensy aa Japan 3 eee soca" seas ‘The And and 2rd conjugatons are conjugated just lke the Ist conjugation, eg. myles "shall love, reflexive maldstoo(t) Shall love myself, and mokysiu I shall teach, reflexive. maky- ‘Suot/t "shall Iesen, ste. This tense it formed nthe insntive sem, 48.145 In old texts and in ialcets where the dual is stil used {1 ie formed by replacing the plural endings -me, -te by the endings 00 te and the reflexive endings -mes, cb by the fendings vos, tm, The dal form cf the verb are ved with the ‘dual forms of the pronoun (marcaline)midy “we two (rales) feminine) mide "we two (female's (masculine jidu "you Wo {ome (feminine) jd you two (females) The 3rd person dual pronouns (macculine)ju5du they two, the two of them end (em nine) 6dr! "they two, the two of them’ are used with the Srd person form of the verb which i the same forthe singular, plural fd desl, 1st conjugetion| Dual 1) midu, miidot (present tense) dirbava, (simple preterit) dim ova, (requentaive past tente) dirbdewowa, ({ulure Lense) debcioa 2) ju, jade (present tense) dirbeta, (simple prterit) dirbot, (frequentative past tense) dirbdarota, (future tense) dibste 1st conjugation (reflexive) Dual 41) mid, mide (present tense) dirbavos, (simple preterit) dir Tovot, (Erequentative past tense) dirbdacona, (future tense) arbeivce 2) fd, jadot (present tense) dirbats, (simple preterit) dirbor fos, (Grequentative past tense) dirbdavotos, (future tense) irbstor 4315 Indicative mood, Active Voice. Perfect tense, The present tense of bit is used with the past active participle. Sinco the principle of formation te the same for all conjugation, the cexaniples are all from first conjugetion verbs. irbt towork’ 2 spa Set tae worker tame an silts to tur’ (reflexive) 48.16 Pluperfect tense, The simple preterit of Dati ie used with ‘the past active participle, Abel to work? 2 eg be tnd won vee sn 48.17 Frequentatie perfect tense, The frequentative past tense fof bit is used with the past active participle Airs to work? 2 See ee tron aaaeme eae 4818 Future perfect tense. The future perfect tense is formed Dy using the future tense of baH with the past active participle Airbt to work’ 2 Suwon at xanstnave atin dg woe422 Indiontive mood, Active vole. Progressive fens, In these tenses various forms of the auxilary verb batt "to be" are ‘combined with the appropriate form of the present active partic biple which is then prefixed with be-_ Tho parseiple agrees in fgender end number with the aubject. Since the principle of for- ation is the same forall conjugation, the examples are all given tvith dvb "to work 48.21 The present progressive tense which would be conjugated tei bedirbje, et. ls not ured because ie would have the same meaning as the simple pretentdirbu ete, Le. "Tam working. 48.22 Progressive preterit tense aa cae ee 41822, Progressive frequentation part tense 4824 Progressive future tense 483 Indicative mood, Passive volor. In forming the patsive ‘ther the presst passive or the pat parsve participle Is ted with some form of Ute auxiliary verb bit "to be 4331 Present tense (with present passive participle). The ver midi “to beat, Ist conjugation ver, is chosen for the ‘examples, but the peielple of formation is the same forall eon ‘ations. ‘Simple preterit (with present passive participle) Frequentative past tense (with present passive participle) Future tense (with present passive participle) Perfect tense (with masculine present passive participle) Perfect tense (with feminine present passive participle) Plaperfect tense (with maseline present passive participle) Paperfect tense (sith feminine present passive participle)‘Fatare perfect tense (with masculine presnt pative participle) Future perfect tense (with feminine present passive participle) 4352 Present tense (with past pasive participle) ‘Simple preterit (with past passive participle) Froquentative past tense (with past passive pertcple) Future tense with past passive participle) Perfect tense (with masculine past passive participle) Bh ye * Perfect tense (with feminine past passive participle) Pluperfect tense (with masculine past passive participle) Paperfct tense (with feminine past pasive participle) ature perfeet tense (with masculine post passive participle) Future perfect tense (with feminine past passive participle? 484 Subjunctve, Since all verbs form the subjunctive in the ‘same way, that is, by adding the subjunctive endings to the infinitive stem, all the examples are given with verb of the first conjugation, MM Active voice Present tense Present tense (reflexive)Perfect tense 2 se eve sn Perfect tense (reflexive) 4342 Passive voice Present tense (with present passive participle) 5 tte” tou Perfect tense (with maseuline present passive particple) Perfect tente (with feminine present passive participle) Present tense (with past passive participle) 3 ta men be Perfect tenee (with masculine past passive participle) Perfect tense (with feminine past passive patleple) 1343 Progressive subjunctive, Active vole. 485. Imperative mood ‘st enjugation: rb to work? 1st conjugation (reflexive): dirtis to make for ones 2nd conjugation: mp to ove? 2nd canjugation (reflexivel: multi to love each other" 3) Rama, tao ‘nd confugation: mitt teach ‘rd conjugation (reflexive): mékytis ‘to lear486 PARTICIPLES A461 Present active participle Ist conjugation: drt to work? ‘The definite participle Is declined jurt like the definite ad Jective. The method of formation from the verb is the fame 96 {or the corresponding indefinite participle. Tae declension fe the same Tor all conjugations 4463 Post active participle 1et conjugation dri ‘to work? See” ae Sve Pope. 2nd conjugation my to love? X mattee mites 5: maka Se eanjugation x deafening nun Sy aban) Grain L Gittaniame — Srbanioje — Sroantivse 2nd conjugation: mpl ta Love’ 1S. myelin) mpi mine) fide © hin iii fl shinee S Rntm yin yma ne L fyfictlome — pheaje ‘ed conjuation: mata se’ 2 mute mitatny mutt at inane) mitatin E RET Rte malty Rit 4262 Present active participle (definite form) 1st conjugation: dirt to work! 4864 Pest active participle (definite form) 3st conjugation: ditto work’ 5 aeanttie fete Sete‘The definite participle ie declined just lke the definite ad jetive. The method of formation fromm the verb ls the same ae for the corresponding indefinite patieiple. The declension is the same for all eonjugations. 48.65. Frequentative past ative participle 1st conjugation: rb to work’ ‘The declension isthe same for the 2nd and Sra eonjugatins, the endings ang, -dovus, ete boing added directly to the infin tive sem, eg (2nd conjugetion) nom: sng mass. mylédave, nom. sing. fem. plédavuat, ete. oF (Sra conjugation) nom. sing. mase. smatjdaves, nom. sing fem. marjdavust. 4366. Frequentative past active perticipte (definite form) 1st conjugation: rb to work’ 1, dreawuree ‘The definite participle is decined just lke the definite ad Jective. The method of formation from the verb is the same as for the cotresponding indefinite participle. The desiension is the sme forall conjugations. 4267 ature active participle, Ist conjugation: dirbi to work? roan faces Seances ‘The declension i the same for the 2nd and 2rd conjugation, the endings sige slant ete beng added dizetly to the infiitive fem, eg, (nd conjugation) nom. sing. mace mses, nom. ing. fer. mgésianti, ete. or (Sed conjugation) nom. sing! mase. me figs, Dom. ring. fem. matieient, te 4868 Future active participle (definite for) Ist conjugation: dvb to work? X drunjes —ibuantioy—airowanti! amanda 2 Soot a Src & reson Stareiecee Stoaaeaae * en eorecismn Sree ‘The definite pavticiple Is delined just lke the definite ad Jctive. The method of formation from the verb the same a= {br the eorresponding indefinite participle. The declension i the {ame for all eonjugations. Ast conga on: debt to work? 2nd conjugation: my to love? R mhioa fumes ina‘3rd conjugation: mati to seo! 1 Matomame ——Tatomnje ——armvese inion {830 Prt pie prise tne am) io ‘The definite participle ix declined just like Use definite ad jective The method of formation from the verb isthe same as for the corresponding indefinite participle. The declension ie the sane for all conjugations 4821 Past pusive perteiple 1st eonjugtion: rb to work’ 2nd conjugation my Yo lve’ ‘3rd conjugation: matt -to see mu = moe Bretton ratte iste Eo ihatjeame martoie inavrosre moron 48.72, Past passive participle (definite form) 1st conjugation: rb to work” are reppex The definite participle is decined just Tike the definite ad jective The methad of formation from the verb is the sve as for the corterponding indefinite partiiple, The decension isthe same for all conjugaions 4832 Future postive participle {st conjugation: drbi'to work ‘The declension isthe same for the 2nd and Sed conjugations, the endings -mas,-me, ete. being added directly tothe 2nd sine {ular of the future tense, eg. 2d conjugaton) nor. sng. tase. ‘mpléaonas, nom. sing. fem. myléina, ete. or (Sed conjugation) hm. sing. ase: matyimas, nom. sing fer. matisima, ste4814 Pature passive participle (dotinte form). ‘st conjugation: debt to work? Sede E Sracimsjame ‘The definite participle is declined just like the definite x Jective. The method of formation from the verb Is the same as oF the corresponding indefinite participle. The declension x the sme for all conjugations 48:25. Partcipe of novesiy, 1st conjugation: dri to work ‘The declension is the sume forthe 2d and 3rd conjugation, the endings -no, ona, ete being added directly to the infinitive, ‘28. nd conjogation| nom, sng: mase- myletinas, nom. sing. fem ‘nltine oF Crd conjugation) nom, sing. mace. mattinas, nom Sing, fem. matitine, ct 4836. Partciple of necessity (dotnite form) 1st conjugation dirbel “to work we auciniey Senna aia ‘trouindse—iktng)2 Sena smitten het Pascceay ‘The definite participle is declined just tke the definite ad- Jctive. The method of formation fromm the verb isthe same ae for the corresponding indefinite participle, The declension isthe sothe {or all conjugstions 488 Reflesive pertciper, Generally only the nominative of reflexive participles i sil wed In the singular find Doth the masculine and the feminine, but In the pr only the 1aseuline. The other cases are rarely found nowadays, Examples fre given ofthe Ist conjugation verb skis to taro, to be turned, the Bnd conjugation verb mle "to be im Tove matte “to moot wit. ABSL_ Present ective participle (reflesive) 1 stole mae mite ‘Sat, mf, bani 2. aka mss mata 498 Post active partite (reflexive), 2 Sa ye, mata 48.85. Ie ic ponible also to find other tenses of the reflexive par Sips, cf. the fequentative past ative participle of Pi ties (mace. nom. sing) skedacese, (fem. nom. sing) sukdavusis, (tsase, nov, plural) itedange: Likewise a reflexive future active Purtcple ip found, ef (mace. nom. sing.) skrgne, (fem. Dom. Sing) Plksientis, (mise, nom plural) subsist 489 The Supine (Siekinjo). The supine i formed by dropping the infinitive ending i and adding ty, eg fom nits we nave néity, The supine denotes an action whieh le eeomplshed by scans of another action. The supine te commonly sed with verbsWhich denote some motion or movement from one place t0 an fother and it Become the gosl of the action of Uke main verb, eamples 1) Js ena gutty, — He goes to bed (tole down) 2) Jénae nudjokifeioparsindity. — John went to bring the axe home. 3). Jie tvatiaeo mathy kisty, — He went out to eut firewood, [Note thatthe object of the supine is elways in the genitive ‘The stress of the supine Is the same as that of the Intnitve 1 is usod only n elder texts. The infinitive is used instead of the supine in the modern standasd langusge, A491 The Second Infinitive (Baaings) ‘Tho second infinitive (bing) 36 formed by removing the infinitive ending ii and adding either -te oF ina. Second infini= tiver with the ending st are issd without profixer and withost the reflexive particle =r, For example from bgt to run’ the see fond infinitive would be elther beg- or bég-tinai “running, in a funning manner’ The meaning is difiult to render English oughly the idea is that of intensifiaton of the action oF @ de- scription of the manner in which an action takes place. Examples 1) Sis bégré bégo. — He ran as fast ashe could 2) Sie rt rdkd, — He shouted atthe top of his lungs 3) Fj minting sigeidé, — He was morally wounded, 1f the second infinitive ends in -e, two stress patterns are poaible. These formed of = monosyllabic stem are rresed onthe fend, ef Bepte,reete, Those formed on polysllabe stems ha the same stfex: and intonation asthe infinitive. The same patterns are observed for the second infinitive in -ina, But the existence (of prefix or reflexive har no effect on the stess, eg must = mantels 44. PRONOUNS, M41 Personal promoens repyox peeeoe : Soot Sorat Se” BE" Ee =e 4412 The reflexive pronoun saefe cannot be used in the noml- native case because It always refers to the subject of the sentence which, of cours, is in the nominative case. The same form is used for both singular and plural Gestve ste 142 Pontersive pronouns, 4421 The possessive pronouns mano ‘my, mine’ tdve ‘yours (56); thy, thine sino ‘one's own 6 “his jo “her, hers mii ‘our, ours! jsy "your, yours’. J "heir, their’ are undeclined ‘The forms 76, 30, mis, jm, jh are merely the genitive ease form of the corresponding personal pronoun4422 The rarer forms minar ‘my, mine, tdvar ‘youre (ag); thy, thine, sdeas “one's own’ are declined like the adjective ssa, sau. The definite forme mands, tabs te are declined Tike couse, sous, oe 4428, Tho rarer forms manidkis ‘my, mine, ave ‘yours (se); thy, thine’, soos ‘one's own’, mivite “our, ours, Sam is ‘your, yours! are declined like getsinie,peteding 443, Demonstrative pronouns “ue $ a ot s sar aa ee ‘an im § m his one sa fe 5 “that (one over there) os" = Romy Sno ‘ouch a a8 that? ‘euch a. ks “such (a) fs declined ke te. ‘onese x pe mu ye 3 ete ke ‘no, not one, nota, ike “whats, are declined lke 1; edt “another kind of, slenke“he same hind of, sential, of sike ll kinds of, diverse” ate declined like nk. "ideas ‘oon, hothing’ and visas ‘everything’ are not distinguished as to num ber and gender2 ee reppez $44 Interrogative pronouns ‘és ‘who, what” does not distinguish gender oF number. leare i declined ike jt. éks “which, which kind of, what kind of ix declined like tai. Kelt how many’, Helerthow many" re declined like pent ive’, etvert four katrs“which of two is delined as given below oom oe eee 445 The zelative pronouns hie who, which, kurs (ue which, ‘who’ and kk "whlch" ate declined like the corresponding snterrogatives 446 The indefinite pronoun kesne-kis “perhaps someone’ i Asclined belo There sno dstnetion of gender er number, Renae Erne AAT Definite pronouns tet Besta) ie i i tow Hime perpax lag thin, tai that’, ftsai thi, amas (andi) “tha, ke sal ‘which are declined lke fat The forms pataa,ekse, anokset Sand keoksaf are generaly only used in the masculine nominative Singular. 45. NUMERALS 451 Cordinat numbers 0. mie (2) 1, (mase) wionas,(fem.) vend (3) 2. (mare) a (fem) dh 3. ts 4: ase) Keturi, (fem) kétarios (3°) 5 a {mase) pen, (fem) penkios (4) (mace) Fol, (fom) 38ion {mase) septyn, (fem) septinios (8) {mase) astuon, (fem. sitions (3) limase) devyni (fem) devsnios (3) 10, agit (destin) (3°) 11, wiendotdea (1) 12. desk 1) 48, erika (a) 14 keturitiea () 18. penkisika (2) 16, Hess (2) YT septynidlike (1) 48, astuoniika (1) 419, devynidika (2) 20. dvidatimt, (dv asim) 21, dvidedit vienss 22 dvidesimt ete 230, tisdebims, (9s assimtys) 40, Kbturiasdeimt,(kSturios dmtys)50, pefkiasdeimt,(pefikiosdéfimty=) G0, Helinedesimt, (Stios dsimtys) 10, septfnlasdedimt,(sepeiosasimtys) 80. aitdoniesdetimt,(astonios d&bimtys) 80; devjniasdeimt,(devfnlos detimtys) 100. Sita (8) 200. dit Sista 300, fs Simtat 400, ketur Stat 500. penki Sint, ete 1.000: fakstante (1) 2.000, a thktantias 3000. tr takstanas 4,000:000, mliGnas (2), tOkstonistOkstantiy 1,000;000000, iijsrdas (2) Other examples: 404, heturk stad aftdoniaadetint ket ‘S678, pen hatandin del sina septfninaddint (Geptfnioe deity tra 452 Declension of the cordial numbers 2,3, 4, 8 ond 7 Peay 2 ican) Sain Siena true re Rte poeple pn) Sn 5. Benkitme—penalons pyre Sot maam genre agnor 453* Numerals uted with nouns which have only plural form (ploalia tanta 1, viene (3a), wienerios 2 vet Ud, dvtjon B tre), tejor 4. eters (Sb), kitwerioe 5. ponkeri (3), pelkerios 6 Setert (20), thers 1T septyneri (3), sptimerios Baituoneri (3a), astionerios D. evyneri (3a), devsneriae & Seen Meese 1B. eereme —— engrisny Sta 454 Fractions: 1/,— pis: 1/5 — tetas: — heii, ket- virtdalis;*/, —penktidalls,/« — felted '/; — sep- Aintadais; "Ye — aftuntddalis: "/» —- davinldals: 7) —~ aesim- {dais Or: 17, — viend ant), “/, — vie tre), »/, — viend ketvietji,/s — viena penkedi, He — vlend fe). /2 — vena septinti, 74 — vlend stunts '/5 — vlend devintSj, yn — vee ‘nb desma) These Teter forms are used in matherates, book: Keeping, accounting, ete 455 Collective mumeras: 2 — dvijetas, 1 — téjetas, 4 — Ki vvertan, 5 — peskeas, 6 — siftan, 7 — septinetss, @— itdonetae, D—derjneta. 456 Whole muonbere plus one-half 1%, pusaftro, pusantrs, pasante 212, pst, pustetio,. pasted 31, packet, pusketvitns, pasketvitd 4405, puspento, puspenkiés, puspenkt Bic, paste, puede, paste 8)¢. pusseptinto, pusseptnt, passeptint 7TH pusastutt, pusaitunts, psaftant@ 814, pusdevinte, pusdevings, pusdevind, ete 452 Ordinal numbers: Maseutine Nom. Sing. Feminine Nom. Sing. pirmas (3) pir ties teas (4) ante second trots teeta third etwftar (8) rete fourthpefktas (4) enki set Festus (4) ia sath reptintar (8) septinta seventh situttes (4) sitonta eighth devintas (2) devinta ‘nth desist (4) ‘edit tenth ioniolktas (1) vento eleventh avgiinta fveitth testis thirteen Ketunidlitas (1) etait fourteenth penkiolktas (1) penile fiteonth soiktas (0) Fssaikta sixteenth septynidlikts (1) septynidiskta seventeonth Setuonidlktas (1) astuomiieta sightoonth Gevynidiktes (1) devynialilta rineteonth Gfeidesiitas (4) dedi trentieth fwisdebitas (2) tried thirtieth Keturisdedintas (4) Keturiadedimta fortieth penklesdesistes (4) ponkiasdetimth fitieth Fesiasdesimitas (4) | Setasdedimts sxtieth Septymiasdesihtes (4) septyniasdefimld —_geventieth ‘Sluoniasdalihtas (4) aituoniasdedimtd ——_eighteth Alovyniasdatutcas (4) dewyniasdesimth ett itis (8) im Insnredth ‘eusimtan usta ‘eo undzedth taletantas (1) ‘Shetanta hounds 46, PREPOSITIONS ‘The prepasitons may be used with the genitive, accusative or instrumental ease; few may be used with the dative ease 461 The following prepositions are used with the genitive case: abipus ‘on both sides of anus ‘on the other side, be¥ond, cross’ ant “according to (repeating someone's words exactly)": ‘ae ‘on rt ‘near, close by"; aubiéieu“above' b2 without deka ‘thanks to, owing to' dt, det “or, forthe sake of, Because of ret side by side, nea, by the side o' ik "unt up to, as fer a Hg, tig ‘unas far as "out of, from, since’ with other pre- potting taker the genitive cae so, i enpus rom the other Fide of if po “rom under’ silt ‘along’: ftir ‘aingonally a. ross lik, kus "to, towards metolt "not far frm, nea’) nd “trom, off, (guarding aginst, sinc, fom, by reason of, oeause ‘ot pas “secording to tacmnsone else; pias in front of, before’, brig “at, near, in he vicinity of, to, the time of; psi ‘half ‘Way up, half way along” Sula "weary. at th side of, fiapus “on hs side of; tefp “between, amon’ rt "within, inside of; iF ‘irk, sirurh “over, beyond, above" miaa ‘below, farther down than, under’ 462 The folowing prepositions are used with the accusative ase: epi roundabout, about’ ati “round’ fit, to, pagal ‘aang, beside, acording 10" pele ‘along, by the side of, be: de’ pas at, with, at the home of, t's past after, behind’ pe? "Ahrough, actos, during troughout prt "before, in the presence of ago, against, contrary to pra “by, past, through 463 The following propositions are used with the instrumental cases sr 'with’smulig ‘according to, up t, until Hee ope posite fo, im front of, near, by a 464 Some prepositions have different meanings depending up- fon the case with which they are sed 8) po (ith the genitive) “after, past’ (withthe dative in eer {ain idiomatic expressions) pa id dna’ ‘up tothe present time’ po renovet asi wae (iL: according tothe poet po Tego ‘how mach (does it cost) (wlth Use aecusatve) “i throwgh, all about’ withthe instrumental) “unde >) skeraa arith either the genitive othe accusative, but with to difference in meaning) “across, athwart’ .) 4 (withthe genitive) "behind, acres, at; (With the accu ative) orn return for, than 44) In certain fixed expressions tk is used withthe dative: ik [at ignat “up to today"; Uk fdm Let “upto this time 47. ADVERBS ‘Most adverbs are formed from other parts of speech, 0 nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and various verbal forms HEL Adverbs formed from nouns. {TAL Truncated and foslized case forms of nouns: nad ‘note’, amis at home’, ryt ‘tomerrow', port he day after to rmorno' Haden “diy, wokar "yenerdss, ctA712 Propositions plus nouns: be glo ‘without end, endlesly’, 1 tery “rally, indeed’ to “lowly. AT1S. Prepositions derived. from fossilized instrumental. ease forma: greta ‘beside, nears nae “by night's apd ‘side enly'; Kaftee "sometimes" sitomis "here and there, In places tdrpais “at ime, intermittently $12 Adverbs formed from adjectives ATRL Adverbs formed by adding -ai tothe adjective stem: bend ‘ra 'commonly in common lg long time, a long while’: griesta ‘sretly, severly" lerivikal “in Lithuanian’; trumpet ‘briefly’. This is'@partcilery common and produetive adverb sfx in modeen Lithia, 4722 Adverbs formed by adding the suffix -yn denote a change Into the condition denoted by the rot adjective: uukitis ‘up, upwards" (derived from the adjective dutar “hgh bats “(tuming, becoming) white (derived Irom baltas "wilt, iene MYorward, onward, on” (derived from pirmar ist 473. Advorbe derived from numerals, Examples: dose ‘two by two, in twas" tb in a group of three Keturete "in 8 soup of four; penkise “in a group of five’, dréja ‘twice’: teja ‘ree time's diy "ore; tise “hree times vienap “in one sway, in one manner’; entralp in another way, in a contrary at ‘ne eretigp ina third Way, i a third manner STA Adverbs derived from pronouns. Examples: knmé ‘where omewhere'; Ku where, Ratp "how's ek "how much, how many’ Ed "here'; toi there; visadd always; hitap “otherwise tad "then 415. Adverbs derived from participles, ATBL_ Adverbs derived from present setive patiipes:prideran fai ‘in proper manner (derived from riders, the pre ‘ent active patticple of prderét “to be proper 4752 Adverbs derived from past active pastciples: neojkuste! “unsuecessflly, badly’ (derived frum nevis, the past ae tive partieiple neegktt not va go on well, not ta succee' A753. Adverbs derived from present pasive participles: supra tamai “understandably” (derived from supraitamar the presont passive participle of suprast "to understand A794 Adverbs derived from past passive participles: nelauktl “Unexpectedly (derived from Iuktay, the pavt passive par ticiple of Tube to wat fo. 48, consuxcTions Co-ordinating conjunctions Subordinatng conjunctions sf — whether, of fdast — so that, in ordor that tha — or jel — if, im the case that arbi. arbi —elther...or jeigy — ifm the ease that bet and (ean anly be used to Jog — that unite two words, not phraser Kid — that, ap that; since, be or clauses) id if —aldiough (eause bitgh — bat, however Kadai — sine, becaute, af iF and ns — because nel cnei — neither ..ner més — although, though but, and; wheress, while tacaa— but, nevertheless, stil, however 49. INTERJECTIONS (Joustten) ‘Some common Lithuanian inerjetions are sted below: A — oh, ah, Tse (to express surprise, understanding) shi — ah oo Si — oh, alas, dear me (to express pain, fer, surprise) Simin — ‘unfortunately, what a pity je — alas, dear me Sk — alan oh (emoan) nlat — there now (Qo bring the action closer to the speaker, to ‘ake it more vivid) jit —“Unfortunately, what a shame, what pity leva, devia — surely, by God, God! Knows 10 express certlnty) 8.6, & — hey (to ell, to expromesurprne) rnd-—wel, there, now ito express encouragement, threat, sisprise) ‘hi — now then (to express surprise, threat) 8 —o,alas, a to express surprise, Aspleasure) tho “my” goodness (to express surprise! St ah (to express pain, ifleatey)o}8 — oh (wo express surprise to all) Etat — here, Took here {il — oh, ouch (to express surpese, fear, pain) vA — Took here, (to express the command to Took at something) ‘ajo — oh, good heavens, af (to express surprise, exclamation) vi — oh, ah hore (to express vividnes, co bring the ution close ‘te the speaker! vallé —hurray, hurrah (to express approval) 80, INTERIECTIONS (tke Certain interjetions are commonly formed from a trune- ated verbal stom. They generally denote a sudden momentary ae- ton and in some cases may be uae instead of a form ofthe finite verb with momentary meaning. Some of these interjection: are Tisted ‘below Dit, bist — denotes «sudden light piercing action Din — expresses the Idea of rattling. linking Dilinkt — expresses the lea of throwing something brakt— erat, bang (expresses the concept of breaking, smashing? clnkt — erash (expresses the sound of breaking) {WOE — denotes a sudden action ‘Supt — expresses the iden of snatching, grabbing a Uitte bit ‘Spt — expresses the idea of snatching, grabbing toa greater de- free than hupt Aribt denotes the sound of sudden falling sift — expresses the idea of gresping, grabbing for something Illst — denotes the ection of iting or talsing something ist — denotes the setion of thrsting a little bit Inst — denotes the setion of thrusting ta greater degree than kit Tept — denotes the etion of falling past — denotes a slight tp ot fer Dlsukit —~ denotes rudden sound of hitting, striking plfkst — denotes a sudden lash of fame Diane — denotes a fall (inte the water) Dékit — express the sound of ersking ‘Gmpt — denotes a slight su, a Jere {rink — erath, smash (expresses the sound of erasing) ‘tidkst — erack (express the sound of breaking) ‘dk — denotes strong, hard pull {rik — denotes a slight wp, jork {62 — denotes» sudden action (gar!) {bt — denotes a small flash of light ght — denotes a sudden, brillant flash of light {gt — denotes a glance at something Examples of their uso in sentences are given below 1) Tk riokdt iF mao. — 1 just went crak and broke. 2) Pakit iF mutrdko, — Bang snd It broke of 8) 2be, Sibt evfeihavo, — Flesh, fash it lightened 48) Girdsi—trinkttrinkt—hishas «ina, — I hear—crash,erash— 5) Dri kepiré ait S2més nudribo, — Plop the eap fell on the sound 8) Sud dt po¥ tre. — The dog leaped over the fence 1D) ABT is ronksves pest. — 1 tugged at his sleeve, 8) Kye gitea pro duri,— He buted his hea! through the doors From the point of view of their meoning the intefections @ losely bound to the verbs in ele which have a momentary pect. Thus pak has roughly the same mesning as pkiteleo (i) cracked’ bt the same meaning ae Sjhtlsjo i) Cashed” 51. ACCENTUATION, Nouns ond adjectives, In a short syllable only short intonation is possible; the acute intonation is witten ir i, im, bm ia my hn pS beginning with elther ar w followed by 11%, of S11 Nouns and adjectives of the first aoent clase have the ttrese on the same eylabla thoughout the dedlenson, The sacute intonation may be on any spllable of the stem, end the {lreumflex ot the short intonation may be on any syliable of the Stem except the penultimate. The stress fs never found on an ine Heetional ending in nouns and adjectives of ths cass. For ex amples see 41.10, 41.11, 42.20, 4121, 41.35, 423 and Lesson 3 512 Nouns and indetinite adjectives of the second accent clas have theses (ohieh must have either the clfeumflex ot short intonation, never the aco) on the fia syllable of the sera ‘except for the following cases where the stress is found on the Inleetional ending’ the neminalive singular of nouns I=, theInstrumental singular ini, i (but not in mil; the loative Singular of nouns which have the nominative singular in =a; the {ectsative plural andthe nominatve-eeeustivesocstive dual. For ‘xamples see 41.1, 41.41, 423 (gelsinis) and the examples given below Ps = S121 Definite adjectives have the same stress pattern as their {indefinite counterparts with the following exceptions: the tasculine nominative singular ending -jsis has the circumflex Intonation, the feminine nominative singular ending -6t has the seute Intonation, the mateuline and feminine instrumental sing lar endings wiofs, {jz have the acute Intonation, the masculine fd feminine accusative plural endings vive and sing have the Seuto intonation, the masculine and the feminine aeminative-ae- ‘usative-voeetive dual Rave the neute intonations “aja and respectively. For examples see 4213, 513 In nouns and indefinite adjectives of the thi accent clase the stress during declension may be either on the pen ultimate or the final syllable. Inthe nominative singular the stess Js always on the final syllable (with the circumflex intonation if the syllable is long) except for nouns sid indefinite adjectives ‘hich have the nominative singular ending "azn the genitive Singular the ending receives the cicumflex intonation unfes the fending is -o, In which eave the penltimate splible i stressed In the dative singular the penultimate eylable is xseasod except for the maseuline singular adjective ending In im which receives the acute intontion. Inthe accusative singular the penultimate 70 syllable is lways stecsed Inthe instrumental singular the pen- Ultimate syllable i streaed unless the final syllable ofthe ending ls om in which case thir final syllable receives the fohor}) into. nation, Tn the leave singular the final syllable is slays stressed aiving “unless the final -e i dropped in which ease the preceding tyllable (if Tong) adopts the eizeumflex intonation, In the voce tive of nouns the final syllable e stressed with the circumflex Intonation exeept for nouns whieh have the voetive ending "e oF a immediately proeeded by a consonant ie, not ié) such nouns have the siess'on the penultimate syllable," In the nominative Plural the penultimate sVllble is strexed except for the endings ‘and 1 which take the circumflex sad short Infonations respec: tively. The genitive plural ending is always siresed. (vith the circumflex intanation) and the dative. plural ‘ending is always Stressed (with the aeute or short Intonation), In the accusetive plural tho penultimate sylsble Is always tsesed, In the Inst ‘mental plural the final syllable is always stzened (with the elt cumflex oF short Intonation depending upon the ending) In the locative plural the final syllable is alwaye stressed giving “2 ur Tess the final e is dropped sn which case the preceding syllable (Gf Tong) sdopts the exeumtiex intonation. Compare the loctive plural with th locative singular in this regard. Inthe nominative ‘dual the sires is on the penultimate syllable. In the dative du {he (acute or short! Intonation is on the final syllable. In the Mrumentat dual the circumflex sstonaton ison the fal sylable must be kept in mind that in the third aecent clas whenever the sess falls on the penultimate syllable of disgllable words the Sstrested syllable will have the acute intonation. See 4212, 41.40, 421, 422, 4241, $242, Lesson 8 and the examples given below:5131 Teisyllabic nouns and adjectives of thie class having the cute intonation sm the inital syllable of the aceuretive caso are labeled 3 and tetrasyllabie (Souryllable) noun and ad. Jectives which have the aeute Intonation inthe inital syllable of the accustive case are labeled 3". The play of sirens ix between {he inital syllable (rather than the penultimate) and the final sy. lable: Otherwise i ls the same as that described in SL3 for disy- Jabie nouns and adjectives. See 41.51 and the examples given teow 2 ie (2) ‘love? toute (nese Ptah Soi 2 gus) a ‘oun i: Samo ¢ Bona setae — E Besa Soe ¥ siteuay — senate asin Aaectne mee at at enn Adjctre 1 thane pas 5182 Teisllabie nouns and adjectives of this class having the ‘rcuniflex or short intonation inthe initial syllable of the accusative cace are labeled 2 and tetresyllable nouns and adjee tives which have the acute intonation In the ila syllable ofthe [ccusatve case are labeled 3. The ply of stress between the In- $Mal syllable and the final syllable isthe same as that described In 513 for disllabie nouns and adjectives (except, ofcourse, thatthe ftrvas ix on the inti rather than the penultimate sable, See 4152, 41.54 and the examples given below & tian tan Ty Rireloe rmete 2 peaumtnga (9) patna saniie Active ‘auganl—taasane repos x ona 5133 In the definite adjectives ofall ofthe varetles ofthe third accent class the stress Is In general on the same syllable 1s In the corresponding indefinite form, The fllowing endings, Thowver, sequiee comment ‘The masculine nominative singular ending i ds, the feminine nominative singular ending it~ "The masculine instrumental sngulsr ending is =o), the feminine instrumental singslar ending ise ‘Tho masculine locate singular ending is-djome, the feminine locative singular ending 8-30 ‘The masculine nominative plural ending Iie, the feminine accusative plural ending it~, ‘The masculine instrumental phir ending te isos, the feminine instrumental plural ending is dsm The masculine locative plore ending a -udeiuoe, the feminine loeative plural ending Is sow. ‘The masculine nominative dual ending Ie, the feminine nominative dual ending ¥s “ej See 42.41 (baltdsie, and 42.42 514 Tn nouns and indefinite adjectives ofthe fourth accent clas thoreIb-a play of stress between the stem tinal syllable (hich must have either the short or circumflex Intonation) sind the inflectional ending. To the loner the fourth secent clas seems to be # kind of combination ofthe seond and thin scent ‘lasses. tn any particular cae i the stress ie requited om the in Hecionalspllable by either the rules of the svond ot the third sccent class, then the stress wil be on the inflectional syllable Inother words the stress son the cate ending unless m stem stress demanded for that same ease im both the second and third accent lasses (dis an exception). See 4113, 41.15, 41.22, 41.29, 41.3, ‘4150, also Lescon 5, 4211 (oaieas, aids), 422 (puis, atid) and the example given below. 515 The dofinto adjective hos the stress om the same sylable asthe corresponding indefinite form, Seo $1.21 and 81.33, '5L6 Verbs. In the present and past tenses the unpresixed verb ‘ill retin the stress on the same syllable taroughout the conjugation If the thied person has the aeute intonation on the em, €f 49.11 and 43.12 (airatt and ml 5161 In the present and past tenses the unprefived verb will, shift the stress fo the ending in the frst and second per= sons singular if the third person has the short or the eineomflex Intonation, ef 43.11, 4812" (marjt), 21 (raGté and skaitgt) and 1 (et. LT the present tengo of prefixed verbs the stress generally ether remains on the stem according tothe rules of 31.8 or shifts to the end according to the rules of 5161, The following exceptions must be noted SLTL_ Tho profix pér- always tes the stress throughout the con- jngation, no matter what the intonation of the rout may be In the prefixed formSLTE_ The stress shifts to the verbal prefix or the negative par: ‘cle nev of any firt or second sonjugstion verb with a is te, sa of -e- Inthe rot followed immediately By s single come Sonant, eg. ikima “(he) occupies, nirmeta "(he) throws down’, fe. Exceptions ere tt “he has and ga "(he) ean’ which donot Shite the sres in the negated forms neti ‘The) does note” and ‘negli "(hed cannot SUIS The stress is shifted to any prefix of a frst conjugation verb which has a root -e- immeditely followed by, “fe, 6, in the present stom ithe -e- alternates with ah (ot i in the infinitive stem, eg, stlpe to find toon enough? but [tea he) finds room enough’, ntepiiti “to buy’ but mirperka he) buy, iris to wade out of but Mbrenda ‘he) Wades cout of. SLTA The stress is shifted to any prefix of a frst conjugation ‘verb which has the infinitive stem in tv unless thi fet conjugation verb hase present stem ending in a palatlized eo fonant eg. ap-kalbét to slander but dprkatba “the sanders! 518 In the past tense the stress shifted to the prefix only for first conjugation verbs with the ending io\-e i the cot responding unprefixed form hau a short or ceeumflex intonation inthe third porson, eg. dage it burned’ but i-dege "it burned out SLBL_1€ there is more than one prefix and the stress sift, it will shift to the one immediately proceding the 100, ¢g- nebepineta (he) cannot carry anymore 519 In the future tense the sttese is the same as that for the Infinitive and ir constant on the same syllable throughout the conjugation. But an acute intonation le eplaced by slreun flex in the third person, cf 48.14 and 01, 5191. A few monosyllabic verbs withthe stem in ar -- short fn the stem syllable in the third person rather than sub- stitute a elreumfex stress, eg. Bat "to Be, but Pas he) will be 52, The folowing charts give the noun endings according to the declension, If there is no number Immediately under the ending this means thatthe ending is never strosed. If sess Js written above the ending, this meuns tht the ening i stressed in that aovont clase the mimnber for which is found immediately lunder the ending. Thus, for exemple, we find the second declen- Son genitive singular ending ~s with the numbers 3 and 4 ne ‘mediately under the ending, This means thatthe ending -o isnot ress in accent elateer 1 and 2, ut that it does recive the (circumftex) intonation im acct classes 8 nd 4 NB. For the accentustion of the pronouns, mumerls, adverbs Prepositions, et, consult the appropriate essns, aso the ap propriate paragraphs of the Append SingularPlara ar we elon aa aa a7 Do ime Sms, tine ines, dw ime is ae ‘V.__Same as nominative in all declensions 58, VERBAL PREFIXES: 1, (apis appears before forms beginning with p- and by) ‘A. Tt may denote that the action gocuples the entice surfoee of an object of a whole series of objects. Examples: ap-éugti "to Become overgrown (with), to grow up all over (with) opgaib “to over, o wrap up completely: pert to strew all over, to sprinkle allover eplastyt to besprinkle, to sprinkle (water) all, stound’; apetkott “to search everywhere, to ransick’ ep-rédyti “to show everything, o show around” 2. It may denote an action around, oF passing by the objec. Examples: apt Yo ceumvent, go around, to avoid’ ap ‘Hiatleplik éerq “to travel around the Ike's ap-eliut pasiull alle "to travel through the countries of the world m0 G.I may denote that the seton is completed only to a cer tain degree ard does not encompase the object completely. Exc amples ap-draskjt "to ter, to scratch’ apdausit to damage, (0 beats ep-itint “to polish, to benuify 6." Te may denote the process of Becoming something of the ‘completion of an getlon. Examples: gp-rifgt to falls, to Become Sek epseuFt "to become dea Eo" With reflexive verbs it mey mean that the aetion is eat ed out tothe end, Examples: ap-otgyeent Yo take up residence sp-stdBiacgt to rele’ 2. at: (ath appears before forms beginning with td) ‘A. It may denote arrival, coming to a certain place, Exam- ples: ati to come, to areve' at-nett'to bring, to catty here's ‘stoatiot to come, to arzve (by vehiele"; et npc to arive’ TL It may denote separation or division or removal. Exam tat to bite of er kva "to cutoff to hew of; a-jangtt lunyoke, to disconnect’ arakirt to separate, to detec idutt to cutoff, away ._“Iemay denote return to an original position, passage fom fone place to another. Examples: ardugt to grow bck, to gr ‘gain’ ecg “to be reborn, to be revived atindart to open, Atridet “tovuntie, atgéut to'win back, to get back, to retrieve . It may denote the completion of an action. Examples at -pigt to become ches, to fallin pice t-bilett to become blunt, {become stupid’: abut! to finish, to end, to conclude Reflexive verbs denote the intensity, the suticiency oF the absolute completion of an action. Examples: at-svmicpo to sleep oneself out, to get one's fl of sleeping; et-s-rdkt 49 shout foneself out, to shout a lot; at-stasiaigt to get one's fill of re- sotcing’ pi 3 be A. Ttmay denote the duration ofa characterise or an a tion. Examples: Sis ede bekruta “Tho old man hardly gets round’; Be-edint dala pasidére ‘Sitting (for some tine) one be- ame cold Sinie be-kaitis, tévar be alge “The an reading, the father ie witng 5 Tes used as a pret for verbs with the meaning ‘sil’ or ‘it may bo used with negative verb to denote that there lent any more of the object in question. Examples: KO be-eikia? "Whatmore is necessary; Ne-be-rekia It is no longer necessary"; Ne- belgja isnt raining any more’; Nesbe-atmenu T don't remember shy more C2'Tt fe used as prefix for verbs with the meaning “onl Examples: Js vienasbe-iko We remained alone (without anybody lie); Tink sf bergrdjo “ite heard only 30 mh aoe ‘A. It may be used to denote motion into a place or an object Bxamples: ett to go ino, to enter eetiion "to drive into, ‘eet to Tad Int"; posto transport Int 3. "Tt may denote the begining of an action which is carried ft omly to's alight degree, Examples: let piper “to tear ome paper’ kit to eut into smmething to cut lite Bt: {Ch_Temay be used with verbs formed from nouns oF adjec- tives, Examples: ftidin "to glaze (a window’ ef. sikas ‘386 émfint to immortalie, ef dintinas ‘eternal, everlasting” 1D. Ie may denote the ebilty to carry out en action. Exam- ple: Jis dag Pogo‘ can eat la’ prektito be able to shout femarjt ‘to be abe to see something, to see something clearly, to suess correctly Tt may denote the completion of an aetlon. Examples: Arigt to become wet through, tiknt to persuade’, -ovkdyé ‘to carry out, to completes fst Aarett “to Looe at (attentively 5 oe A. It may denote mation out of something, Examples: varjti "to chase out of eit "to go out of 8. Temay denote that the aetlan eovers the entiro arca oF whole series of object. Examples: i-mindyti to trample al over teusyt “to break up everything; somift to dle out completely Co Temay denote an action lasting for a certain length of time, Examples: iearbt "to work for a certain length of tie’ bai "to stay, to remain fora certain length of tne’ budeti “to watch over fora certain length of te’ D. I may denote ability to carry out an action. Examples: ‘sake tobe able to ery out tedabnios “to be able to sing lt. It may denote completion oF flflment ofan action. BX amples: imate “to finish learning, to learn thoroughly’; ug ‘ta grow up’; 645. “to win’ Heodlgyts to eat up, to empty (a plate om [AL Temay denote motion away from something o sine place Examples: meet to go away’; mucplakt to sll away’; nuctiet “to fly away’ 5. Te may denote motion downwards, Examples: mitipt to limb down, to get down’; mesh! "to bend dose ma-fktl “a jump down’ (C._Tt may denote severance from the main part of an object. [Bxamples: mic “o takeoff; nupatt "to eat off maogér "to deine off; murat to cut off. D. IL may denote thatthe action was completed tothe very lend. Examples: mimi to die of nuedirbit to accomplish, 10 fun spi to buy’ ‘A. Te may denote that something is put under something ele, Examples: pekti'to push under, to shove under: pa-brikts to Du under, f0 shove under’, palst (pS tal) "to ereep under ithe taba 3. It may denote the completion of an ation, aij to finan writing’; andar "to make, to do CC. Temay denote thatthe setion i lasting fora certain shor, limited period: Examples: panei "to carry for a Hts Bip {okt to dance fora litle While’; packebat total for a while D. It may denote attenuation of the action. Examples: pa airbét to work for Ite Bit; pa-begét to run a short distance (or a litle whey E It may denote the ability or capacty to perform a certain section. Examples: pareit'o be able to all palékt tbe able to fly (said of young birds" pundit to be able 10 carry par angi "ta be able to rea’ Samples: pe & poe ‘A. Tt may denote the idea of returning or coming bask. Ex- amples: paved “to bring home (in'a vehicle’ par-babluot to ome home (ina vehicles par-bétt (mam) "to Tun tne 3. Te may denote falling to the earth, Examples: par-migt to knock doen to strike down’ par-efati to throw dove, t Over throw’ par mest "to throw down, ta bring to the ground!pee ‘A. It may denote motion across oF through something. Ex amples: pret ‘to eross to go aero; peli to clin over pre {okt ‘to jump over, to leap over; pér-durt to pierce through, to ‘rans; pémsaut to shoot through” Tt may denote separation or division, Examples: pétaudti “to break into pleco’ privet to eut throught eu in to", per= Pani "to cut in two persirt ‘Yo separate, to divide” Te may denote an action which takes place of is performed by an intormediary. Examples: er-duots to deliver, to rans persiyat "to transfer, to-remit. D. At may denote an action lasting for a definite period of time. Examples: pér-nakeot to spend the night; pértemot “to spend the winter’; péraguteti (vieg dieng) "to pats the whale day Tying down It may denote the repetition or the renewal of an setion. Examples: pérdirtl ‘to do over again pérgetvot ‘to think over, 1 reconsider pérdatyt “to paint over; to paint enother calor F. It may denote execeding of the norm or aving beyond cortain limit. Examples! peretatengt to make too greet effort pérmokétt “to overpay’; pérpildytt ‘to overfill &. It may denote success or victory In some venture, Bx: amples: pérrékti “to outshout; pérgingyt “to overcome. inh srgument 10. pre ‘A. It may denote movement by of past some place, Exam= ples: pre-it to. pass by"; prabigtt “Yo run by pre-easiat? "to rive past, to ride po 8.1 may denote movement through something or some lice. Examples: prandiet ‘to plerce through’, pro-piaut to eet ‘hrough’;pratiult “to Brake through C. It may denote disappearance, loss or lack of something Examples: proleiti “to mis pregirt to drink away (one's money)’ pragat “to be lest, to vanish, to disappear" pro-piltt, “to be lost completely, to vanish D, It may denote the passage ofa certain length of time in ome activity. Examples: pre-bit to be some place fora certain length of time’; prarmiegot "to pase one's time in sleeping’ pr ‘guleti "Yo pass one's time Iying abed E._ Te may denote the beginning of an aetion, Examples: pra: irk to begin to ery’; prastio begin to sing’ proelbeth to begin to speak F Temay denote that the scion wat carried out to certain dogo, Examples: preplatint to spread out; pravért “to open junta bits pramakel to learn & litle’; presitt "to open The mouth a ite bit A pre A. Temay denote movement toward a pla, Examples: pre ‘oto run nea (10), to run tpi to go near t's pitt, "oldrag ner, to drag lose to 8. It may donote the action of fastening one object to ane ‘other or annexing something. Examples: pre-rit to te to, to bind to's pre meget to knit on to; preseirtint to fasten to (C._Temay denote the direction of sn action downward, from above. Examples: prispdusti to press down har prealgp to Sepress, to press down! D. It may denote the idea of putting something into some- thing else oF filing something. Examples: prt to pour in Drift “to stale int rie tobe filled by rat It may denote that an action was exrred out only to a certain degree. Bxamples: pri-gst to buen with a weak flan Drvvért to half-lose' prist-bijt to be a Ite afraid of. F. emay denote thatthe scion has been caried out to its ‘completion, Beamples: pr-bigt “to bring to a eamplete lose, #0 put an end t's pranokel "Yo eipen’; prised to eat one's fi 12, ae A. Tt may denote convergence or congregation, Examples: sudéti ‘to put together, to compose’ suit "to gather, to colle Sbépt to run together, to converge’; sett Ho come together, to moot BT may denote dissection, damemberment of division in- to pars. Bxamples: aurdauaytt "vo brea into parts, to smash 10 pieces suit "Yo reak to pleces, to smash sesatdyt to spit {ip to close to piece C. It may denote the begining of an action. Bxamples: sx ike io begin ta shout’; sufnekt to begin to talk suelo Tegin to gtr9 Te may denote the ataannt of the gal o he ala. arity el oat fer mating (an coms pr {ethno goa i wating svat tnd wh one bo a) ‘nesdit "to trace down, to find out. a 1 Temoy denote th linet or complain ofan ston Earle: to get cmlccy dk, t bce nigh oe fs" eat up (0 coaumey megulosd oink apo eesiee 13, uk ‘A Bmay det he deton up. Examples et th 40) to clini ip (hel 2p to en upto et oe veend’; ué-kélti ‘to Lift up’ m ee 3. ny dena hal something i pt on tmething ee amples: absent to cover kiss Wo bury, to coves wh ter tha td on og ty Sie Ping someting Bein oman se of song behind someting amples wet ae Cel eine ‘Esto pac bond ata stand behinds eee! 1. may dee the completion oa ats ames sagt ‘cae to fll grotto grow, amok po curl (am account; nimit to Ril mee Je may dene the bsning of on acon. Examples dainiioti ‘to start singing, to begin a song ™ ores ‘Bey eri seg ott: mir "toe bag eas Praag appear waht pai tc te aa a FIER tects wie ae wet nesegal sense sa Si. VERBAL ASPECTS Verbal spect is that characteristic of the verb which shows whether the aetien has been completed oF i sill in progress, Thus {or example for the imperfective aspect of rat to write’ we find following forma! (ed person presen) rido he write, (rd person simple preterit) rate he was writing, he wes engaged sn writing he wrote’ (Sr person future) rage he willbe writing, he wil be ‘ngage in writing he will write, For the perfective aspect (bere formed by the addition of the prefix pa) of this verb, pratt to ‘write, we have the 2rd person simple preterit parle he wrote and the Sr porson simple futare parass “he will wt’ 1m Lithuanian the use ofthe vorbal aspect depends on three things viz. the structure of the verb, its Texleal (eel) meaning tnd tense As far oe structure is concerned, most simple (unprefixed) verbs are imperfective, eg. ro, rte, ralje and mst compound {preixed) verbo are perfective, og. pardte, para, Le. in general, the prefix makes the verb perfective, But the addition of the ier- ative suffix “inet makes such verbs Imperfective again oF perhaps neutral in regard to aspect, For example ské ‘he sald” and dle ‘he rerote’ are impertective: athe che answered’ pérraté "he copied” are perfective; but atank-insjo ‘he kept answering’, pe ‘absingjo he kept copying’ are imperfectve ‘As far asthe lexical meaning af the verb Is conecrned, those verbs whieh denote a very short momentaneuos)setion ean nly Deol the perfective aspect, eg. rast "to find’ auth to shoot, se ‘iki to give a shout, RL to shout a itl’ ‘As far as tenae is concerned the duration of an selon i at portant boeauso wo can only imagine a finished action in the past fr the future. finished seton in the present would be In’ the past st the moment of utterance, Perfective verbs ean then only be used with presont tense endings in secondary function, ke, tO denote (1) a general ation whichis not connected with any special time, eg. Hime epsinuka eplitkadule per” 369 donde "the earth revolves around the sun in 365 days: (2) the possibilty of per- fSrming am action, eg. takes joa peat the obi aleeady reeds forthe ehld already knows how trea’ (3) the historical present, eg. Vytautas Didjes sumule krpsiuodis 1410 mites "Vytautas the Great defeats (Le. defeated) the Knights ofthe Cross 1810% (4) the future, eg. einu iF pusakaw “T shall go and 1 shall say Foohere ec ela and para pasatjsi “shall sy)Tn adaition the forms of the various tenses ofthe verb can be of different aspects, Therefore one must talk about the aspects of ‘verbs in diferent tenses. The Psat Tone Simple forms ofthe present tense are impertective, eg r8fo “he write’ divba “he work’ ina he goes. Forming an exoeption to this are the punctual or momentary verbs with a meaning eh 25 raida he find, S4una ‘he shoot, suri ‘he ives a show’, Fktetie “he shouts ttle’. Since these forms do not actually de rote a present time they are not bmpertective, {Compound (prefixed imperfective verbs are those which: (1) are not generlly used without prefine,eg.supranta ‘he under stands, mena "he remembers, plsakoja he relates’. pojégia he Is able’ (to 2) change thair babe meaning when they are pre fixed, eg, kalbe ‘he speaks, but hatte the slanders or geune ine gets but opgiuna ‘he deeeives 1S) or mody the basie mean lng of the verb, eg. bépa ‘he runs, but iebiga ‘he rung out of 6F [pe "he climb’ bt wipe ‘he elias down’ Al other compound Iprefixed) verbs are perfective and are ‘used only in the secondary functions mentioned above AL Simple forms. 1. Most simple verbs are imperfective, eg. airbo ‘he worked 56 ‘he wrote’, skate “he Feud, kalbejo “he spoke” 20 number of verbs are neutral from the point of view of the aspect Le they can be ether perfective or imperfectve, © baige he inshod, dave “he gave’, piFka “he bought” For example, ei a bagi dara, ps mane aigjo dradgar could be translated tithes ‘as Twas finishing Work a tetend came’ or when T tnihed ‘Work a fiend came’ 5. Punctual verbs such as diigo ‘he disappeared’, rio ‘he found’, Soe ‘he shot” and verbs with the sulle tert, “elett are nly perfective. Examples: Ku dligo mano pinigal? "whore did my ‘money disappear; jis drofe mén Tada} ‘he gave me a slap on the ‘ear fs rédo mand namie found tne at home distelej jet ‘nal if mated "t glanced athe ill end 1 see. moteris Sp terejo, bat nike nesta the woman gave s litle smile, but an- ‘wered nothing B. Compound (prefixed) forms 1. Most prefixed forms are perfective. Among these some are resullative, ¢g. padivé ‘made’, pasdke “said, aupio “rotted” i naikino “destroyed others are ingresive, eg. pralnako "began to {all suriko ‘gave shout’ sil others are atemustive, eg. pag {Wo ‘ay for a litle bit, pasedj ‘sat for little while’, poskaté "read tle’ and sll others are terminativ, esto arrived’, Bajo “went out, mudjo ‘went away” An example illugtrating the “ilerence between the imperfective and the reaultative perfective Is the followings je deug dare, bet niko nepadre "he ai Int, ‘but accomplished nothing. In this sentence daré merely. means ‘engaged in a certain amount of activity” whereas padare implice completed aeton or the attainment of 8 gal 2. Some profited forms are neutral, ie, they ean be either perfective or imperfective, eg. dtmine ‘remembered, supra "un Serstood’ In sentence sich a fe amine mand “he remembered Ime’ the verb dtmine could be either perfective or imperfective Aepending upon how one understands it If one wnderstands it 35 fn action lasting over a long period of time, ie with the meaning ‘ho had me in mind’, then i impertective. Iam the other hand fone understands i i meaning ‘he (audenly) realized who T wae, than itis perfective 3. A fow are imperfectve, namely those which are not used ‘without prefses oF the prefix of which changes the bare meshing Sach are psokojo ‘related, pavydejo envied erie ‘seemed oe Th Fare Tose oughly speaking one con say that the categories of the future tense parallel those of the preterit dcussed above. Examples jit dag dar, bet nisko nepadargs he will doe lot, but will accom: plish nothing The Feguetaive Pst Tonto Just asin the preterit, verbs inthe frequentative past tense ray he elther imperfectve, neural (Se. either perfective oF Ii perfective or perfective. ‘A. Bxamples of the smperfctve: jis dirtidavo nami ‘he used to work at home’, fis viet pavydedavo “he slwayy used to Be1B. Examples of neutral verbs: (pontective) ka jis atetdavo, visi atsitédavo ‘(every time) when he came, everybody got (would svt) up. Here the action is perfective Because itis » completed ‘cilon, Le. everybody got up after he came, imperfective) Ret jis tet, visi bégdevome jo partie "when he ere (would come), ‘everybody would run to mect him’. This ls impertective because the two actions, that of arriving and thet of running are sim fancous. Here we soo the dependence of aspect om tense: afelna ‘arrives is imperfective; arZj arrived is perfective; ateidav ‘ar ved, used to arrive fe neutral CC. Example of a perfective verb: Jit visadé laimédavo “he would always win’ oF ‘he sways used to win The Inte In general one can find the same aspectusl differences in the Infntive asin the preterit. 1 mast be pointed out, however, that ‘in many eases there is hardly any diference in meaning between the imperfctve and te perfective Infinitive. Examples: impet fective) praia esti (perfective) rate atest please sit down (One should note here that itis possible to use a perfective infin tive as 2 complement af baigt!tofinis or pradeti "to begin’ if the verb in question has no impertective enunterpatt with the ‘same meaning, eg. fs pradéjeatnneikint "he began to take leave The tnpeatie Mood We find the same categories in the imperative as in the pre terit For example, ene might use the imperfective in the sentence shai Hevioly Wleratira ‘read Lithuanian tereture’ where the ‘command is a general injunetion to spend some tite in the pers suit of Lithuantan literary studies. On the other hand one might {se the perfective imperative in the sentence perseity Osta ‘ko Kanaréle ‘read Ostrauskas' (play) The Canary”. In the second ‘case the abject is more definite and the goal of the ection the completion of the reading of a specifle play by K. Ostrskas, a fontemporary Lithuanian author. In sotne cases there seins to be ho rea difference in meaning between the perfective and impr. fective imperatives. Thus ene might ss either limperfective) hick rank oF (perfective) pabusiol rath ‘hse the hand? with. fut any real difference in meaning The Subjunctve Mood Here again we find the same categories as in the preterit Examples: (perfective) 8 paratiéien tf knggg, ign galition ‘T would write (finish writing) that book, if could’ impertec: tive) af vag diéng rabjelau, Jeigu a8 gal@iaw would write all ey (spend all day wring), HT could The Compound Tenses ‘The same eategoris as we have in the preterit are to be noted here. Its most important here forthe student to datinguieh Carefully between the perfect tenses ad the perfective aspect. [Arperfect tense denotes the sate or condition which ie the resul of a past action, whereas the perfective aspect denotes a com- piloted action, Thus the varinie perfect tenses may have verbs in Cithor the perfective or fimperfectve aspect. Examples: (preset Perfect tense, but impertective aspect) df eri valinajesftuo Kelis have traveled by this road”. In this case the imperfective verb ‘sand “to travel” denotes that it as repeated ation, but the perfect tense denotes thatthe speaker isin the condition of a man ‘who has. made the trip s certain numberof limes (pluperfect fense and perfective aspect) at is ato, af joa buoad asanes { sveciae “when he arrived, [had already ledt to go visting. AP {ough any combination of tense and aspect i theoretically pos: sible it Isto be expected thatthe perfect tenses are more lel {to be used with verbs of the perfective aepect This iv because a ‘condition which has been stained (he sg of the perfect tense) {is more likely to be cupid with @ eampleted action (the sign of the perfective sapeet) than with an incompleted setion the sign ofthe impertective aspectSome Lithuanian Proverbs ‘Kas ers nepavargs; kes vogs, nepalabs, — (He) who plough ‘wll not grow ized: he) who stale wil not get rich Verkia dione, tinginio velgoma, — Bread cries when eaten by a lary person. (That i, 0 lazy perton has no right to be fea) ip psibtos,taiptimiegost.— As you have made your bed thus will you sleep. (Tht is, one gets what one deserves, the results of one's actions must be endured. 1 pasts, 1g tr pausl. — Whatever you sow, that will you ‘reap. (Similar in meaning to pruverb 3 shove.) Omuotys nuo obele neottnukrints, — Like father, like son, (Lit: Am apple doesnt fall far (om an apple tre.) A Short Introduction to Readings 1 ws ot the intention of the author 0 present hee a anthlogy of sere lectin of Lithuanian Hieratre that weld ply take Wp tach pace. We have wed simply to aa few reading selection or these for whom othe rplar reading in Lithuanian a not realy aval Readings include the fellwing 1) Keaita, a oa, aie simplified and adapted for ease unde 2) ietoos monarchs Karima, a shot survey abot he etblh- tment of the Lithrniantonarchy ite Mido Ages 3) Vytenio in Geimine Lite, a sey of the times of thee tw ‘ute of Lithunnin. Both no. and Shave ee taken rs the bck My [twe, edd by Broivs Ket. The langage in thse two weet has aot hoe changed repens rather difclt expository prove The sadent sould ot worry he finds these wets ae di 4) Teatngs Tents pram san eda taken from the Lithuanian sem-weklysewspaper DARBININKAS. Iti prtape the mow if roe section 5) Four Tithanian folongy= Meno sult oedf; Dt, ati, me so giaite; L2h, vargas; mao, sot, Alhough we have tried 0 Tet at snple flags as pone, the scents il find them rather i= Feat w tale, However there are andaons a ll of thes flsong sable, Se fctnote? under Dink, see 6) OF the individual Lithuanian Ire poetry, we sce ony four pron by fur utsanding Lithuanian Iya pet: Mazon, Myla Psa Jonas Ais and Kans Bradanas. The poo selected are agen ‘hoven primary Seeaave thc langues wet eer, ot brea we ‘hk Use dee four pres are te ost charters poms o the Lite san Ivcl porty, of the oct thenies, Reading ad underanding Dctry a dilficie tok, even forthe nave peter of te languagetherefore we consider thee prs only 8s & sample of “how Lithuanian sounds i Ia poe ‘rants into English fall thee pes are aval, Se footnote 1 ander Dato sents ‘The pote are ether cpio, but ail the dents will have to cll upon thee native autactor to undestnd Tllytheeectow nade Tern. KvaILUTIS. ‘Vieng karte gyveno toks Gkininkas, hurls turtjo tris sis du protingus, o'tretig kvallu|. Misdamas' ems protinglems. ‘ums Ji paliko namo fr fem, 0 kvalluiat — may versivky [Rvailtispapiove ta werioka ie jo meg alidave funims, sakyde “— Suniuas, pirkite® mésa! Suniuks,pitkite? mésy! (© Sunys fam ste: — Mes norétume pint, bet netueine ing Jeipe netarite ping, tas imkite be ping Sunys suédé ta mesa, o Kvaluts griZo namo. Jo broliat klaus sia jo! Kar padéjal vertiuky? = Sonime dating, Tal Taba Kalla padarei, — aako brolia, — Ar est kur rors gledejes* ad Sunys kam? skola grading? Man graains, — tare kvaluts Sis musivio ga Dotage ir tuo botagu® pradéjo vias Kimo Suni mt, aldara! ‘—Atiduokite: man piniqus! Atlduokite mam pinigus! ‘Sunys isgando i fbigo Hf kaimo | mldks, Kvalllis, matydae ‘mast, Kad Jy peatias nepaivys, pasibalnojo broly atklj, pasitme ‘duonos" ir prado funis vyti, Note kalp tk tuo mela" vensene Imaleme namelyje ayveno pléikal. Jie sédajo ple sale, gelando plus ir shaigive pinigus, ‘Sunys, fsgande? kvaiutio botago,sufoko pro lange 4 ply amelie, mandami, kad paskul Suni ag ie Senonés, mele Dinigus ir pabego | pats tamsiaurae miko viet, Kvallutis par Séme visue pinlgus i tare: = Atia, fonyCial, kad man ud meésg uimokejots Kal apie tai sgindo kealutio bola tal piove gyvulius ir ‘veae | urgy,tadiau targujeniskas jy mtsue™ noprko, i ie ax o namo labai perpyke. Si vio kvall 8 nam, kadangt jis ems ‘buvo pripasakojes", ad mesa Tabal pabrangus ‘Kvalluis cna, einai priina dvara O fen gyveno taka Hop- 1a pono, Jr aus i ue pats asada? kad af nek tage eeu radius 5 dangaus nutans" — etsake Kallis Ar nemate ton mano sina?” Kai je ton Taos? — Madi, madiau jam ton labs bloga” ‘Ar nenuneitum'= mano sini pigs” Kodelgi net Jeigu Ue do tat fr moncisa.* Ponia davé jam pinigy o tari efna sau tollau** Neteukus sugrto to dvara ponas. Tis tojau suprsto, Kad Koks qudruolis bas Jo tmong apgavge.” Jie tuojau pasikinke anki ir eme apgavikg Xt Pamatgsatvazisojant pong, kvailutis petiis pareme pasvl= ‘sl cbell, Privatiava pons ir kiausa “Tar nemetet tokio Zmogaus, kuris mano Zona apgave? = Matiau, Kuru Keli i hurion pustn is nuejo. AS tac ju jf pagaus, tk palaikyk tamstaobel, ad J! neSviesty Taiko ponasobelo kvallutis oko | ving sr mudardo su pone aria. Grito ponas namo pastas, suprates kad kvalltis j {hip pat apgavo. Tade js pasikinks kita ark lr vel foko kvalludo xytis Kvaiutis jou buvo pono ark pardaves Uk gird! — vel J ain kas™ vejas Js isitepe dumblu® veld ir gal, kad jo ne- padintg?" ataiedo prle kolo ir loki, Ket pongs privadiavo, Ji Jam ako: = Pone, ar negirdejal nausenos: Karel Seido rat, ku same paratyta.” kad po tijy dieny visus plkus Kars. Lalmé?" ‘eed turiavalsty* nvo kur per tris dlenas plaka tela ‘Tas ponas buvo plika,Jis prado kvailutio pradyt ty vais Kail istepe jo galve inven veda dumb ir ep jam tee ionas nejudett 18 vetos, © pats Soko Jo vetima ir nuvaziavo Sédejo ponas su tuo dumbla ant galvor tris dionas, 0 kai "jeigu ordino grobwoniss elgesys pasike tokiay ribs, jog net pais Rygos arkivyskupas Kvletst } pegalb pagond Vytent ple ordino savivalp. KryZivotiy ordinas, ekings ir Hauge ker ‘ose su turks Palestine, | visus nekrikslonls 2i0rejo" toms petiomis skims” kap j trkis, Vytenial bello ovo ir Lskt Eviesoaniy den. Vytenio brolis Gediminas, palikes varda disstija, davasis visg elle garbingy valdoy. ne te Lietuva), bet ir Lenka (Gogallaety vardu),cnést elt Lietava visose toe site, lose jk buvo alsikusi® nuo Vakary Europa, visy piema dio site. Hldle Traky ir Vliauspilys; augo, gars, Kulp tas Ge Tedino viko" staugimas, naujo Lietuvos sortine Vili. Vic ary Buropos pakesti" plauke j Lictuvy amatininka, pita Tojt Vakary Europe dares vis atimesné. Sta it teslogiis 19899" su popledlum uimengamas. KeikiGiongbe vel Symioh pratt Pile Lietuvos. Deja, Gediminas veliau atstako hrikiytis,Tikralas slo sakymo prictasis varyu kad” susinosime, Ligiolinat id imal, kad Kalla toi pati keytivotiy greome, nepakankamal SL at- Slmetim pageindéi. Kaip sr daugelia”intorniy ately, tap ie 8 arta gal horetyse pogeldauly, kad eykiai Baty kitaip side ‘Tatu Sis Ir Kil itorniat faktal yea jaw améioms nebepakela ris i fq gllme ik pasimolyta, Kal Gediminas tevyne gindamas,Zavo kovoje ou kryluotiis 1341 mais, jis paliko savo fpediniams sujangta ir kiss puke 4g valstyby." palko Tai Ur tas problemas, kari is nebespejo presi Teen om: Bk, tay Lists, tly Brees Lal Nores: 2) meta ne ac 4) bantogs(streed with snd meaning) would e ale ‘Nebebive ‘here was mo ongee1) entrant ab th thn 18) Je ley ine, MEI ea | keane eine regal the noc of resiny 21 ets pag ass fo arom) 2 Kus vedio Bare ed SC un craton Ferme era an fre team ie gendy sy BR age SP BRE eae uh ae 24) at ka okt alton TTAUTINES SVENT#S PRASME “ickviena ivontéyra sunita su pracitimi, Nefvendiamas gin lenis! al? kodiks gimste. Le po Meliolieos mel glnnes era rardinds'neca tick’ retksmingos, kalp"sulaleus" 90 ar 73 met, Jao" tlimesnisjsykis, to Svante darot svarbomé ir ikilminges ne. Practis nenustelbia, bet dar lblau pein” Kasmet minima, Hi pasidaro tueta tradi. Two buh susidar tautines fr val ‘inte fvent, ‘Letuvoje neprikausomybéslakais” pradzoje buvo tik viens ilkilemé Vasario 10 vente, Jt priminé nepriklausomos Lietuvos valltybis atkosimg. Kai! valsybiné dvents, dabar many okupan 1G! neleiddiama”?Svest, Panaiking'* valetybée neprklausema, hnaikina ir valstybines Lietuves fventes. Tap daro viswooe kra foose Visi okupanta, ir Hf to Jau galt Juoe padint, Uigniauly Inlevg, sckia uislopints & tos laine prisiminima autos Sven, Rugsejo 8, epriklausomase Lietuvoje buvo f vesta Vytauto Didiojo metals (1030), mini jo 500 ret mit Parinkta diena kurloje is turejo vainiesotie” Lietuvos lara: lum bettas uisimojimas* praatioje buvo sakliudytas Teng © pasiat mirtes, Prd mirt vainikavienas buvo starter Vilnie Nejeyko tiktatiskitmés*"Tautos Bvente Rugséjo & noréta Dretil ne tek t3 wainikavimg, kiee Lietuvos valstybes galybe™ ‘Vytauto Diabioj likais =" Vasoro 16 primine atkurtaja Lietuvos valstybe kurs buvo fymisl senesné it didingesne, Tats patios Tietwviy tavton proeitis” tktal paskutiniis amis” apromdyea nelasvés" Bet dil to ne tktal mereka" senos pracitics™ paml {i bet prisiminimu ie jausmais™ dar twiesau using, nes tats tiktaltadastiprja i iBleka: venings, kai iluko ‘vienyby vise savo pracitims ‘Trumpaslalkas buvo Inisvéje tiem rySian™ tind su Lie- tuvos praeitim! sumegztio? Tautos fvente pasidaro vigutine Ir lradiciné atal per Hgesn| aika™ o Lietuva great vel wihlupe Karas iv okupactjos. Okupantam svarbs.” ke lauta vise pair, ‘es 31 buvo, tr darytusiJengviau ju pavaldoma.® Ustat nalkinamos pavergto Kraito Sventés Ir grldamos svetimon®” Tal pavergos {utes prievarlavimas ir ifnekininas.Laikoma® nicking daikta, eal vieno tkejimo magus spiriamas et j Kite tiki bednyeta ‘Nickinga tap pat yea okupuotam krailut primest! vergei™ galvotes Sventes, su kuriom'™ Lietuva nicko bende neturl ugsijo 8 turl dar vieng netraujama lstuviy tautoj trad iia ir vente — tat Marjor Gimimo prising." Nors ir reli- ints Svontés Letuvoje Seton! uistelbs, bet moni Sia Jia nejstengioma. Tal rode daar j Siemon’ sutekantios ‘minjos Emoniy, © nuo seniau™ j Siluva.® Rugsejo 8 yra rena it farsi stuvinyetlady Bente Kal kam seniau rodésl, kad tautine vente Iyg bet nonéta uistlbt rligig Lietuva tradieja Jet as" tokiq mind turcjo, fai netoll mate Reigyja tr tautybe neskerta, 0 viena stra remia, ‘TaulingsWwentes dares visuotineanés, ka tri i rebign pasrind, Altai, ne betkas™ sstengty ir idrsty i airy toutes plist Sv Paulo dieng kurt yea tok pat patti, hap it relate, 7Nores {ited i requnyeecbrated Pater tan tae rte = OS ite sag wet ot oH we ants te SES ten et nm 1 eon, a ia some, eo nc a, Sets patent ereadae ieee Bir nase oe eee ———rr—~—. hci ne vj he retained tna vn hr ri No recat Te agrees wth vastybe, te werd It wollfiee, {itl peti Ane yo see es! set el Nolte pee ie Fn te eat Seas monks tae rs {The ce’ sentence nthe tala "Predo was foo sored ta the sunjet, Wt Te mute undcrtoed at too aorta time Wine nin soe enya tan sumear ah nice raring of together, to kn at ‘Secfeangving 19 pavabiome oni be more easly raed. by Ow! Siig Pe i oe opera Oct ear ote cups i nt ene ese the ge ‘pani Now tat te petetive rath pave ere maa te be ‘eratly "ay te enstvers The genitive here denotes the logical abject Peers means marae EES cies mane Sa nro Stemanye at un ony Se mses a nae eS ees come mes eae Bnd pon to thf ‘eine Sewer ane bs ‘spay {tee nonce pal feminine to agree wth miso “cod Teirwric ie aeration cama BE ther ta thal dated to Our kad of nn = Pee iran. PERSMRNUO SAULUZE VEDE Manuo! saulute vedd? Perkins? aidaat supygs, Plrma pavessrl) 3 hard. perdalij. Sulu anti eles, ‘Meni tslkyre — Kot saulutisatsakyrei? Auleing pamyléjal? ‘Viens nakt) valkStingjai?™ ‘Menuo vienss vaikitindo ‘Auuting pamylejo. 8) Ee PO bantl, Seete. The Gren Ont 25 ‘O2KIT, O2KIT, MANO GIRNAITES ‘oaxie, aki, Jule ts Sinaia Mano gienatée! [Sirdies Bort Dingos ne viena? matu Mane dvare nesédint* AE viens matin, 1 etatig iena dainavat’ 1 pareynat ‘Viena gimmaier traukiau ie pasty Lvandenaith Ko! uisipate, WVargion mans dienuséa? Invnas bert, ‘Mane wart merguia? LEK, VANAGELL Lak? vanagéti? Sule mots, Per elerel, Saule motuse, ‘Tame? elerely Sule motuse ‘Verpetae ska, rate Koti, Pas ta verpeta Mano tetas ity darts, Meno tetutie, ‘Tame darely Ménito tetule Verkia merge Datele skit ‘Nex mant motuies 2esigide sesele, Katelin? ot 2eaigide eesele, Nér man tetutio 2esitéde eescle Datei" set Vainio pith. Née man brelio. Sletynae broeis 2irgams" bali, Sletynat brolelis [Nér man seselde Sietynat broe Vainikat pint suk Iya" PE ue caeeme aae mn DAINUOK, seSYTE! Dalnuok, sesyte* tos numintos, Ko! nedainuosi” Roles nuskinto, Ko rymai ent rankeliy? alos Iibatkytos, Rankeles uieymustoe! Fasube nubraukyta! ‘Kur af dainsosin? Ar Bourys pate? ‘Kur lnksma basi? ‘Ar ups patvino? ‘Yeu darie kad [Ar porklinas griovs, Dartely ads: [At Zabois muss?Ne iaurys pats ites numyae, [Ne upo patvino® odes nuskyné, Perkins negriaudams Lalijes Isakite, Su faible nema, Fasute nubesuks, Baredoti vyraiy 0 i a8 pati Vyrai if jini, Vor isla Pie kraitlekziant* Po ris paula, T daria koplant Po juoda vain BRA EIT na emt es Me Maironis SENOVES DAINA, ina garsas nuo pat Viliaus dingy rok! bulma: aug kryieviy no Malburgo renglas mus teriot! Pasi, sete, svetka! Naren srdee! Gal pargritix noprazuvge | tevy lel. Daugel turto pas kryleviue no sence gadis Auk Aiba miesty bonds, siko plnoe skeynios. AAS parveiu' sa 8 Prsyplieno hard ict, ‘Tau, sete, Silko skarg, dirty aul eta” sau pavasaris auto, gleda vieversis, — [Nebegritat nao Malburgo melas bernubais! Saule leis, buvo kovs,kraujo dau” tekéo: Mylimasis ub tivyng gaiva ten pad, Mano draugs gid linksmos” ir Silks Gebinas; Mang afars Uk iba ir hapa valdines! [Nelalbos, bernuteli, man metiy 2odely ‘Neukmausl aukso sieda™ ant baity ranketiy © 404 OEE e SER Per oat, rhe Sa: ite States hi sel clas Wat oh ea Ee eee Be a we te i BOE aaa vt, V. Mpkotati-Putinas ROPINTOSELIS! Diewuli mano, kas per? flesoe naktys! Tr kas peciy padangiy per” aultumas! 0 Seaigides, 2vaigeder didelis it maias Talp spindl. net gravdus Dievuli mano Teisu, sau tarau ant Iygaus keto: Ant Iygaus ello tai val value” Ant lygaus Kello Sviesinja makes ‘Tal tik jaunem plains domes dimot Bet kam gi tu, budrus Dioval mano, Prie Iygaus Helio rapeteiy? yma? Pie Iygaus Keli, kur vargy vargelii”™ ‘Vieni per dienes dasaudam alkato, iowuli mano, arg mass godor ‘Tave pri Kell 18 dangate atpratt, [Ar gal tt fviesos rudenio naktubés ‘Tave is many dems ideapnavot™ Primi gt mane, budeus Rapintojei, Pie iygaus kelo Sgnakt padimoth, =~ © ad aulitam dangu) tor Sviesio Evsigéés ‘Tap spindl, net graudu, Diewult mano2 Te sah A ec ear > ae pers aa cr ne hte UE nec 4B) prt "sow End slg. iporaiee 0 pre (usually: pri). Jonas Aistia 8V. SEBASTLIONAS, keldamas! ake aukityn drebdfoy, Kad nepalniity valios man kandie™— Ismigo Stat pirmoit vylyéa, Irnerimas, © Viespatie,pragj, Kaip miclat — Iyg! Blth Io late. {yg tala sanarii =. Krip gers! da Man taukt matyt su Sypeensskelatia Ateinanty i tolo Atpikels. Garbé ir slové Tr, o Viengall Mania, kad reiks tempt vali ‘Bet Ste! Tu Pats mangspt seins © kick Sviesoe!” Not man akis gadina’ Svelnaus skambéjimo saliauta pl ‘Tk suyra ja gale, snk ip Sin Se tht 4) hate, lta fn, mews ma enter fom of the etre. biases Keazys Bradinas KAD NEROTUM VIENA Nuploviau! tanga, rie tavo Tonto, Kod Svnigies teksty ‘Tekedamon mire, Kad nebatum viens, er naktute ven, Linguosi osu’ Prie Iygaus helio, Kad paultis natpty Nutapdams giubets, Kad nebatur viens, Kelionee viens. Kalnan’ palyaési, Smt nubysei Kad vejlis post Pustydamas mnigayt, Kad nebitum viens, Pemeleje viensVOCABULARY ‘The number in parentheses following the Lithvanlan nouns and adjectives denotes the accent clase. For adjectives the fern nine form is listed also, For nouns in sic the gnive singular i Iisted. The number in parentheses following the English meaning of the word gives the lemon in which the word appeared for the Ties time. This number has been omitted for words in the ap ppondix and for common words. The leter A im parentheses shows {hat the word appears in the anthology. In the main entry the verbal prefixes are set off by hyphens Following the infinitive in parentheses ase listed (1) the test person singular of the present tens, (2) the thied person of the Present conse, (3) the third person ofthe simple preterit end (4) the third person ofthe future tense‘ktm ‘1 Sxptanation (a) ‘dunes cise 1a) ‘ie; used as adjective) > Ameren ‘nist ana aajetive) ean vo a0 ata compar ogee of anh Ser ag, iy ai) ose a set hag, etary, panes tin Spann) Peles Laptenend, apari tact i tolehcamen to geal "inaduln apganeaav, epost eine apg See penal) "asec ET “ty are ae se ER San Oe Sey cea, i otal tana ec sre tage Nai ales a sping 1) citstane (A) ete Sauiya ‘orcad anc ae ees ce S2RoS" Seat ee ee pa "rm, apse, apetatea) ‘Math fo ar © ple to ged ts eta (apreei, apse, om, res) ty El "tke apd “to rota to 2 Stage pa: nine {ro Ceongnction on) onc) ene“Simm, to ante Rudden atone ata. aah, se ae een a Ey eras ai ts ee ce Se ee es on ap coneusae atta nner, enacialy aktnaame pci acon actve arcs of tee ee a8) Be ie ee ee asktn ehh ang staid oun ‘used port 3B) — Porton ene “Ses oes stig y Aes memory sites ain has 39 — stoatee 1) — seer (4) Sepia dsl a, ae ies apaane are on Soo step atria tpt, ape appar to Gone tibet Gateoje attboja aro}, css (ad pre peo of rst SRenejudatmakad atte ath air att aaa, a Spee cane can eeu fay signage ie Betty ss Seok Si ae to ge po a sip teagan, ERO LS Seer etme ea ase AC et tts, stig) to na) Sah gta, seanen “eect eons Me a) ld poten, made oD tnatan) = Sphe alee Ty SONAR mata erty, ok osation of gh ag =e oe Siscae ("ti ‘ewe — et hii tie bale cn et he a a oun so ‘fe plural; 3a) — CD TEE th ames oeS dele Tit oat a Sea gata — to lpr pete 9 tng Srna (yen toa, Sore ‘le tatntve of tenn; Sn ae ee heat eenjunctony = bts however Te aie oe ie oe Se Seen ne Seen en a Pi nh wa, eta, Read) iy oe "Sheahan dame iu Bae eter rete ot seve ert (pert te a cee iy cag) mh me a SE Lee gear om me Toners expat the foe ini iste Musijua — clurbo- Banga ot ee anon, dak ania ta) ltate, thine, matter ee eta ee aes stil 4a (adjective: LCL ap (tg, ftere orgy — "Pia ay sh separ hrs, dre) —Pt ti il “Sy AP at, et, ng) — hal regen, often) ao ‘oud (8) ~ ah eg, e.g) — 10 setter) — tora, tat wat oon dts, sete, totem tase yo a sein one with fem. mune 2) se 8 tia ie geet aod) te hea rome iio uns) — sag Soe mice etn aes te Tap aac)" to planes ot ‘temo a) ature) ‘hao seen a “se So aac to guer 3) tas) oe he and sult “ie 2) aupmer ©) ‘Sr Temi an wh 3 ee a = ai dunia “thc, ta) — "eos 8 ors) — ey to a 0 Rica cna res to go cn) ie pane of bot) thet eo) Sarasa tetas re etryporary tac tah coftaiie at) Comets sie eae, ga ei, gates aly rsa see ish tga, gatos. gana, ‘Ae ese ts i” Ee ne) - See eet a a a site id) eet tar in coma ee a esta Con Se of ua — Seow age. gt — co Fe epee cle pnt, ot 3 Se att ge ine ied pe sone prt of oom in, em) — to com eco nt ios) gt act pao, gr = int gts) — to sine lexicon. rat srsrel gio) ptige (an) at) feet, evo era geo. tee anata. cea, uc ey toate ta pl 8)ids, hon, wy the uae oe“ seth — ea rive 8) eh am 3) i i itn, en er) = aie ed Seer. fit gula, ga, pute, Eu) OS BREE ise dees net 1 fom with 205). — int at in (Beja sgn nt xr [pale tem rie feb cy tl at none at [Boman Span aoe Ft dt td — tog etna th, mt, agen wSstace as gl pe of pe a er es a BN Sea Ht i, ps, 1p, ay — to ll (lo, d,s gine (ty Sanam) 3 {init pea ea fee etna ce Pensa renee tn aime Ete eee re ‘aie ee rey te ae See Soe ani (2) —Spath Sr anu See aes ‘seit prep. wit nee.) — lage: M9 rapid pen) te under = asugt akage, eag, ‘wath (uaa Bac ea) — to ie aoe ae eben ein cut oe ta ‘writ irs aot, sare ee ee scot eh SE ee, wen Sree! eect Sr “Be Seaver me w-ayvénth itgyvendy eyvtna, tay Sear ear weenie Sere Beh HE mariana 2 vn Fate ae soa to ‘amiss tna, te ui megs) te hate aom ape ene ‘Hmokys) to tenth (te porte: wpa ante. dope, Ueto, eee “pee ee res Soe ee ara een araee Sees Se Seat “"igpnta,‘sapnay a ape Sue eee ore uespotinl Vasipentsy, say tn nn pe ‘cet geen Sie ep, ate, tp “eae appa ty toe sucjra” epee eran of ek wor iy maa, are wwikrat liaende ‘lend te ‘w-Spmit topes laps Seti esate to utr tte ty vetehat Cen aka Bet, et tm wt: et st) rit el erate ts ata tans) gs ee sees ae pe esata ae a HSA ee a ‘eka ie en ten ts) ey euies eaae he sheet en en sc oe, pronnand — br 2) Jy (mane dake pronoin) — 10 se ay Sona to oo on) — ley — young Siena cpr apr ou setts)" pel oth Amen 2) — out pent Jabenee (a) — ometion, feng (a) BTS aa tp Tem fagh anength Be cae eae) Bag ens) ah ae ht [B tiron — she works (2) Apa arn — dis (eave om 9 ronon) — e pire cies finer pe ot nete (bere) 20) ” =e “thn grand ds i a! gn oot a) — my {a} — mot on, none Belae fmnom pla or fe Sem, Serio) ha, prota) — wtih) — nan aee fa) — the, useage (20) — movement, motion vy aids) to owt (10) Mion tas iS 8 — ESP aac ato dea o ey (26) jetta — ag, actse (27) tp tara ""tonchow oven 8 ms ato on) ~ sou to you 8) aie (ty hs Pag — ta he PCGngaund eoomanation "aid ~ to oe et 39) iupotin's Ghana co) en, ti) i ae eS i cay ee ee ae oe ee ea a eat BoA ele Se ita ge tees ‘uaa ke 1) Esuoes fumpiar gh ot the iti rt pad hos, Beard a te it 1a tangunges epee, tae NE SE PSPS) tena, Hain, ati, Ral 2 a tie cus baa, tae. pithy om Ses ake ret LY oar emt Sian Peleg tin Si oe 5 Se eam sm ctine al, ton a0 salen te oo tat; atm, a ase Sa — nn a6 nh anes sat a ty, et a SEr a'r ppt: ome, many babar Hig: ‘eambarys Seca amas ot, onto (2) = oman ny Aime "cem.) 1) — neighbor (11) aale (2) Kngsow 438 “Starnes "to beat wa with 6 et arian oe, of baton sont Serta har bart sate tel a a a) suger es 31—t akin tae — seme, somthing: My ache em an oo ee ‘Sigs ton than went) tn use in es 3) (i eae “qe ne) ae tas fete rt Egteatime el) — fry Beret — Seen econ vt i a) eee to eu tnt acre on vig ee peo Seah eee alee ee st (> ee 7 ee ee «on 6 inte — In ther word 24 pa en Gaui tanas tit vet thon ona "jr enae) ol, oe at dats. shine oe ea ith hls = Rnjete lace ‘ral a ve ed een gpntne )— vokstore (2) sept ite Vom: «) cape (2) — le ae; tte pt Eeeocee, uti te (2) ankle 3) nae) —— bo am body (25) he 8) — aan, race te cp tin cma scrings ant eatin rr (2) woeset hve, via, evens, “eit le ton ‘i ear: See mba Inia 9 (2) ria oe (or if to.et ae A ag) sy camera a ine 2) — an vane, gl iigas pp, ek, 508 sae tact ago ae) = ter LE CE gy eto en tnokaa’ “hae (orth ae = AC sy, tant a0 ini oma, Se enn Uinta) rea tp secnpdie elt, Tiina tn yeni) — Lian (Fi vga ia vj.) — WB i we Tete, at, ey — to “ose ote a me Eee oe Wl Rio omemaad hie Pen Sra oy ugar veto: ee eee on ‘tral we) ate ogee ages gt, we, WK, et, ted ou ge ki Nae, alle le, nny peo, Hs) — ttm sya tg to rm 08) Saag ah =" ages 1) — tina co vo i tn tattyee ES aE io, ml a sin brine Wt ie Iman ren hy "ie me cen fim eee a 28 gs sm nd spe pte ent ahr may — Gi el! mate inh" ter apie a8) foment eles cere Seapee es ‘hlegojo, mie ny 716 pat ta sep fll 6 itn i in, mae) a au Tr mw mpi ipo ef me) — mi a go a eee) gen geo curtwnise tA) Sapa 0 piston are A roe (3) hal (20) eagy eee Se aay — ‘makings (34) —"popt trae) 20) iat ak at ma)ater) wh hrs tnt)” = “Geaeaye a mr eS ape, i i St BR TE tae Sete obs a aad, sa som Wri) — Titel” acs, fe ne hone nape) to fate relieve negate ea pe. um nse he btn ctusnh mates Xd notes seine rated oer ps elit 1) — catty, avery (40 Sorieestislmasdiet aes ‘eponioman "a (negated pees. pas ogee Mpnaocoman 2 Gh nado Seeon aioe whom (2 — are sty, eine mas tony — bean (9) see eed ag: prt (et, el, mai, me ihe pore (22 mee re, ge ew — ea Jarre =e ee alee Ceceat ein an, tn a gaa, ‘obeni, nile mua ‘uthraptttt tours, murat, iit, gs pal ‘ey

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