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Lecture 5

This lecture discusses hardness testing of engineering materials. Hardness is a material's resistance to indentation and can be measured via various tests such as Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell, and Knoop hardness testing. The lecture covers how these tests are performed, the units used to report hardness values, and conversions between hardness scales. Hardness values provide information about a material's strength and can be used to evaluate properties for applications. Microhardness testing allows mapping hardness distributions at small scales like within spot welds. Various factors can affect material hardness over time.

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65 views

Lecture 5

This lecture discusses hardness testing of engineering materials. Hardness is a material's resistance to indentation and can be measured via various tests such as Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell, and Knoop hardness testing. The lecture covers how these tests are performed, the units used to report hardness values, and conversions between hardness scales. Hardness values provide information about a material's strength and can be used to evaluate properties for applications. Microhardness testing allows mapping hardness distributions at small scales like within spot welds. Various factors can affect material hardness over time.

Uploaded by

Icy45
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

EMCH361

Professor Y.J. Chao

Lecture #5
Fall 2016

1
Hardness of Engineering Materials

• Selection of materials for different applications:


“How hard is a material?”
• For the same material – long term degradation
could change its hardness, e.g.
– Plastics exposed to sun light
– Nuclear reactor vessel steels : embrittlement (lower
the fracture toughness)

• Hard to reach area – e.g. welds (small)

2
How are the Hardness Tests performed?

Brinell Microhardness
Hardness Testers Testers

3
Hardness test : Finding the resistance
to indentation deformation

4
Brinell Hardness (BHN)
Finding d

5
How are the Hardness Tests performed?

Unit?

6
Unit of hardness value
• P : kgf
• D, L , t , d : mm
• Typically, Hardness in kgf/mm2

• Other units:
1 kgf/mm2= 9.8 MPa

7
Conversion between Vickers and Rockwell
hardness values

8
Hardness
Conversion
Chart

Appendix B

9
10
Hardness values can be used to evaluate the
desired mechanical properties for specific
applications
For example: gear

11
Hardness and Strength
• Studies have shown that (in the same units) the
hardness of a cold-worked metal is about three times its
yield stress (YS). For annealed metals, it is about five
times.
• A relationship has been established between the
ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the Brinell hardness
(HB) for steels. In SI units the relationship is
– HB=~(3-3.5) UTS, where UTS and HB are both in
MPa.
• For example, a cold-drawn bar has a Brinell hardness of
HB=190 kg/mm2, the tensile strength is
– UTS= 190/3.5 = 54.28 kg/mm2 = 531.9 N/mm2=531.9 MPa
12
Young’s modulus can also be determined from the
unloading curve from an indentation test

13
Micro-Vickers Micro-Hardness (load < 1 Kg)

Vickers Pyramid Diamond Indenter Indentation

Knoop Diamond Indenter Indentation


14
d
F
HV  c  2
d
15
Lap-shear specimen -resistance spot welds
IF (interstitial free) steel joined with BH (galvanized bake
hardenable) steel

A. Interfacial failure
B. Pull-out failure
C. Tearing pull-out

16
S. M. Hamidinejada,et al. JMPT, 2011
Opened view of a spot weld (steel)
Diameter ~ 5-10 mm

17
100

80

Knoop Hardness
120 60

Weld 211
100
40
Knoop Hardness

Al 5754-O Weld 212


80
20
60 Nugget Overmatched
Area
0
40
Al 6111-T4 -10 -5 0 5 10 400

20 Weld 476
Location (mm)
Weld 475 300

Knoop Hardness
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
Location (mm) 200

Undermatched 100
Weld 934
1008 Steel
Weld 942
0
-10 -5 0 5 10
Location (mm)

Micro-hardness Distribution Across the Spot Weld Nugget


UTS= ?
18
Hardness of Rubber or Rubber-like Materials

19
Durometer Chart:
Hardness Value
Durometer A B C D O OO
Scale: 100 85 77 58
95 81 70 46
90 76 59 39
85 71 52 33
80 66 47 29 84 98
75 62 42 25 79 97
70 56 37 22 75 95
65 51 32 19 72 95
60 47 28 16 69 93
55 42 24 14 65 91
50 37 20 12 61 90
45 32 17 10 57 88
40 27 14 8 53 86
35 22 12 7 48 83
30 17 9 6 42 80
25 12 35 76
20 6 28 70
15 21 62
10 14 55
5 8 45

20
Lab I (Next week)
Hardness tests
Room A232

21
EMCH361
Professor Y.J. Chao

End of lecture 5

22

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