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Fluid Mechanics Potential Flow PDF

1) The governing equations for potential flow are the Euler equations, which require that flow is incompressible, inviscid, and irrotational. This means that velocity potential φ must satisfy Laplace's equation (∇2φ = 0). 2) Velocity potential φ and stream function ψ are related to velocity components. The change in φ between two points is equal to the line integral of velocity, and the change in ψ is equal to the flux through an element. 3) For ψ to represent a streamline, it must satisfy Laplace's equation and the conditions that velocity components are orthogonal. This ensures ψ satisfies the governing equations for irrotational, divergence-free flow.

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61 views13 pages

Fluid Mechanics Potential Flow PDF

1) The governing equations for potential flow are the Euler equations, which require that flow is incompressible, inviscid, and irrotational. This means that velocity potential φ must satisfy Laplace's equation (∇2φ = 0). 2) Velocity potential φ and stream function ψ are related to velocity components. The change in φ between two points is equal to the line integral of velocity, and the change in ψ is equal to the flux through an element. 3) For ψ to represent a streamline, it must satisfy Laplace's equation and the conditions that velocity components are orthogonal. This ensures ψ satisfies the governing equations for irrotational, divergence-free flow.

Uploaded by

Raihan Lutfianto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Governing Equations

Potential Flow
AE3120 Aircraft Aerodynamics and Flight
Performance
Dr. ir. Djoko Sardjadi
Ema Amalia, ST., MT.

Fakultas Teknik Mesin dan Dirgantara

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• For a steady, incompressible, inviscid flow, Conservation


of Mass and Euler equation gives:
𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑉 = ∇ ∙ 𝑉 = 0
𝜔 =∇×𝑉 =0

• On the surface, there is no flow normal across the


surface.
𝑉∙𝑛 =0

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Velocity Potential
• Definition of velocity potential:
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑢= ;𝑣 = ;𝑤 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

• Or: 𝑉 = ∇𝜙 A flow which having  satisfying this equation called


“Potential Flow” which is irrotational.

• This equation satisfy: 𝜔 = ∇ × 𝑉 = 0


• To satisfy 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑉 = ∇ ∙ 𝑉 = 0
• We should have ∇2 𝜙 = 0 or  should be a harmonic function
∇2 Is called “Laplacian” and defined as:

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Velocity Potential
• Now we will derive the change of velocity potential 
between two points.

𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
𝑑𝜙 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 while 𝑢= 𝑣=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Then 𝑑𝜙 = 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑑𝑦


Or in vector notation:

dR is then the differential vector along the


[1] curve, directed positively, with a magnitude of ds
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Stream Function

• The stream function  related to velocity by:


𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝑢= 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Stream function can only defined easily in 2-


Dimensional Flow

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Stream Function
• A line of element ds is part of line AB.
• The differential flux through this element is:

while

• Then: 𝑑𝑄 =
𝑢𝑑𝑦 − 𝑣𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝜓
= 𝑑𝑦 +
𝜕𝜓
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

or

[1] • Consequently: The change of stream


function between two points
is equal with the flux
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Stream Function

• Previously, we have know that for a streamline:


𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= = or
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤

• And, also we have:


• Therefore:

• Or

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Stream Function

• The stream function should satisfy both equations


below: 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑉 = ∇ ∙ 𝑉 = 0
𝜔 =∇×𝑉 =0
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝑢= 𝑣=− 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 ∇∙𝑉 = 𝑖+ 𝑗 𝑖− 𝑗 = − =0 Satisfied
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝜕 𝜕
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 0 = 0𝑖 + 0𝑗 − 𝜕2 𝜓 𝜕2 𝜓
∇×𝑉 = = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 + k=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 Satisfied if ∇2 𝜓 = 0
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤 − 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

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Example:

• Consider the uniform flow:

Will be zero for y constant

 will be changed in y direction


[1]

= 0 is taken along x-axis

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Example:

• If the uniform flow contains velocity in y direction, then,

𝑥 𝑦
𝜓 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝜓 0,0 = න 𝑈𝑖 𝑖 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑉𝑗 −𝑗 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑈𝑥 − 𝑉𝑦
0 0

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Example:

• To get the expression of  for uniform flow with


components of velocities of U and V,

• Taking =0 at x,y=0

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References
[1] Barnes W. McCormick, Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight
Mechanics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.

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Thank You

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