TWO-PORT NETWORK ANALYSIS

Determination of network parameters

1. By experiment
2. By analytical method using circuit analysis

 Port – a pair of terminals whereby the current entering one terminal should be the
same current leaving the other terminal.

 Two-Port Network – a four terminal (or sometimes three) network described by

certain parameters and designed to perform certain functions such as:
 Attenuators
 Amplifiers
 Transmission lines
 Filters

 Network Parameters – used to define or describe a two-port network by

showing the relationship that exists between the input voltage and current to the
output voltage and current.
 Impedance or open-circuit parameters
 Admittance or short-circuit parameters
 Hybrid and Inverse-hybrid parameters
 Transmission parameters

Equivalent Circuit Model

I1 I2
+ Two +

INPUT PORT v1 Port v2 OUTPUT PORT

Network
- -

IMPEDANCE OR OPEN-CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

Two
+ +
Port
I1 v1 v2 I2
- Network -

1
By superposition theorem,
V1 = V1’ + V1’’
Where V1’ = component of total V1 produced by source I1 “acting alone” in the
system.
V1’’ = component of total V1 produced by source I2 “acting alone” in the
system.

By principle of linearity,
V1’ ∞ I1 and V1’’ ∞ I2

V1’ = k1 I1 and V1’’ = k2 I2

Where k1 and k2 are constants of proportionality characterized as impedances (since

V = IZ). Hence,

V1 = k1 I1 + k2 I2

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2

Similarly, V2 = k3 I1 + k4 I2

V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2

In summary, the analysis given above shows that the responses of the system (V1 and
V2 ) can be expressed as functions of the sources (I1 and I2) acting in the system.
That is,
V1 = k1 I1 + k2 I2

V2 = k3 I1 + k4 I2

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 (1)

V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 (2)

Equations (1) and (2) define two port network provided that the impedance
parameters Z11 , Z12 , Z21 , Z22 are known.

From (1)

V1 V2
Z11  I2  0 Z 21  I2  0
I1 and I1

2
From (2)

V1 V2
Z 12  I1  0 Z 22  I1  0
I2 and I2

Note : Z11 and Z21 are evaluated with the output port open (I2 = 0) while Z12 and
Z22 are obtained with the input port open (I1 = 0); Hence, they are called
open-circuit parameters.

Using Matrix Notation

V1   Z11 Z12   I1 
V    Z  
 2   21 Z 22   I 2 

Solving for I I   Z 1V 

Where

1 Z 22  Z 12
Z 1 
Z  Z 21 Z 11

and
Z  det er min ant value of Z 

 Z11Z 22  Z12 Z 21

 Z 22  Z 12 
 Z Z  Y11 Y12 
Z 1     Y 
  Z 21 Z 11  Y21 Y22 
 
 Z Z 

I   Z 1V   Y V 
Equivalent Circuit Model
1. Z12 is not equal to Z21

I1 I2
Z11 Z22

V1 Z12 I2 Z21 I1 V2

2. Z12 = Z21 = ZM

3
 I1 I2
Z11 – ZM Z22 - ZM

ZM
V1 V2

ADMITTANCE OR SHORT-CIRCUIT PARAMETERS

I1 I2
Two
Port
v1 v2 v2
Network

By Superposition and Linearity,

I1 = f (V1 , V2) ; I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2

I2 = f (V1 , V2) ; I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2

I1 I1
Y11  V2  0 Y12  V1  0
V1 and V2

I2 I2
Y21  V2  0 Y22  V1  0
V1 and V2

Using Matrix Notation

 I 1  Y11 Y12  V1 
 I   Y  
 2   21 Y22  V 2 

Solving for V I   Y V 

V   Y 1 I 
Where

1 Y22  Y12
Y 1 
Y  Y21 Y11

and
Y  det er min ant value of Y 

4
  Y11Y22  Y12 Y21

 Y22  Y12 
 Y Y   Z 11 Z 12 
Y 1     Z 
  Y21 Y11   Z 21 Z 22 
 
 Y Y 

V   Y 1 I   Z I 

Equivalent Circuit Model

1. Y12 is not equal to Y21

I1 I2

V1 Y11 Y12 V2 Y21 V1 Y22 V2

2. Y12 = Y21 = YM

I1 I2
-YM

V1 Y11 + YM Y22 + YM V2

HYBRID AND INVERSE-HYBRID PARAMETERS

I2
Two
Port
I1 v1 v2 v2
Network

By Superposition and Linearity,

V1 = f (I1 , V2) ; V1 = h11 I1 + h12 V2

I2 = f (I1 , V2) ; I2 = h21 I1 + h22 V2

5
 V1 V1
h11  V2  0 h12  I1  0
I1 and V2

I2 I2
h21  V2  0 h22  I1  0
I1 and V2

Using Matrix Notation

V1  h11 h12   I 1 
 I   h  
 2   21 h22  V 2 

Solving for N M   hN 

N   h 1 M 
Where

1 h22  h12
h 1 
h  h21 h11

and
h  det er min ant value of h

 h11 h22  h12 h21

 h22  h12 
 h h  G11 G12 
h 1    G 
  h21 h11  G 21 G 22 
 
 h h 

N   h 1 M   GM 
INVERSE-HYBRID PARAMETERS

 I 1  G11 G12  V1 

V   G  
 2   21 G 22   I 2 

I1 = G11 V1 + G12 I2

V2 = G21 V1 + G22 I2

Equivalent Circuit Model

I1 I2
h11

6
 V1 h12 V2 h21 I1 h22 V2

TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS

I2
Two
Port
I1 V1 v2 v2
Network

By Superposition and Linearity,

V1 = f (V2 , I2) ; V1 = t11 V2 - t12 I2 = A V2 - B I2

I1 = f (V2 , I2) ; I1 = t21 V2 - t22 I2 = C V2 - D I2

V1  t11 t12  V 2   A B  V 2 

 I   t t   I   C D   I 
 1   21 22   2    2 

where: A, B, C, and D are called generalized transmission constants.

Note : If a two port network is reciprocal, the following relationships are valid.

 Z12 = Z21

 Y12 = Y21

 H12 = H21

 l T l = t11 t22 – t12 t21 = 1

= AD - BC = 1

Conversion of a set of parameters to another set:

a. By matrix Inversion

Y   Z 1  Z   Y 1  h  G 1  G   h 1 

b. By mathematical manipulation of defining equations.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. Find the Z and Y parameters of the T network shown.

I1 24 8 I2

7
 V1 8 V2

Sol’n.
Z - Parameters

V1 Z11  24  8  32
Z 11  I2  0
I1
V2  8  V1 V1 V1
Z 21  I2  0 V2  V1   I1
I1  8  24  4 Z 21  4  8
I1 4

V2 Z 22  8  8  16 
Z 22  I1  0
I2
V1  8  V2 V2 V2
Z12  I2  0 V1  V2   I2
I2 88 2 Z12  2  8
I2 2

Y - Parameters

I1 1 1
Y11  V2  0 Y11   S
V1 24  8 8 28
I2  8  I  I1  I1
Y21  V2  0 I 2   I1   1 V1 1
V1 88 2 Y21  2   S
V1 2 56

I2 1 1
Y22  V1  0 Y22   S
V2 8  8 24  14
I1  8  I  I2  I2
Y12  V1  0 I1   I 2   2 V2 1
V2  8  24  4 Y12  4   S
V2 2 56

We can also use the relationship Y = Z-1 or vice-versa (inverse matrix) to get either Z or Y-
parameters.

2. Determine the Z and Y parameters of the circuit shown below.

I1 21 I2

V1 42 10.5 V2

Sol’n.
Z - Parameters

V1 Z11  31.5 42  18 
Z 11  I2  0
I1

8
 V2  10.5  V1 V1 V1
Z 21  I2  0 V2  V1   I1
I1  10.5  21  3 Z 21  3  6
I1 3

V2 Z 22  63 10.5  9 
Z 22  I1  0
I2
V1  42  2V2 2V2 V2
Z12  I2  0 V1  V2   I2
I2  42  21  3 Z12  3  6
I2 3
2

Y - Parameters

I1 1 1
Y11  V2  0 Y11   S
V1 21 42 14
I2  42  2I  2 I1  I1
Y21  V2  0 I 2   I1   1 V1 1
V1  42  21  3 Y21  3   S
V1 3 21
2

I2 1 1
Y22  V1  0 Y22   S
V2 21 10.5 7
I1  10.5  I  I2  I2
Y12  V1  0 I1   I 2   2 V2 1
V2  10.5  21  3 Y12  3   S
V2 3 21

We can also use the relationship Y = Z-1 or vice-versa (inverse matrix) to get either Z or Y-
parameters.

3. Determine the Z and Y parameters of the circuit given.

I1 4 2 I2

V1 42 3 V2

Sol’n.
Using analytical method (circuit analysis)
KCL:
2 V V2  I1  I 2  (1)
I1  V2  I 2  2  0
3 3
KVL:
 2 
 V1  4 I1  2 I1  V2   V2  0
 3 
1
 V1  6 I1  V2  0
3
1 17 1
 V1  6 I1  ( I1  I 2 )  0 V1  I1  I 2  (2)
3 3 3

17 3  1 3
Z  
1 1  (In matrix form)

9
 I1  V2  I 2  1 17 
I1  V2    V1  V2   I 2
From (1) (3) to I1  6 18 
17 1 1 1
V1  V2  I 2   I 2 I1  V1  V2  (4)
To (2) 3 3 Therefore 6 18
1 17
I 2   V1  V2  (3)
Therefore 6 18

1 6  1 18 
Y  S
 1 6 17 18 (In matrix form)

4. Find the Hybrid parameter model of the network shown.

I1 9 I2

V1 1 5i V2
i

Sol’n.
Using analytical method (circuit analysis)
KCL:
I1  2V1  I 2  3V2  0
I I 3 1
V  1  2  V2  I1  V2  I1  I 2  3V2 
2 2 2 (1) to V1 2
KVL: I 2  3I1  V2  (2)
V 11I1  2V1   4V1  V2  0
V1  I1  V2  0
V1   I1  V2  (1)
 1  1
H  
 3 1  (In matrix form)

5. Find the G-parameters.

I1 2 j4 10 I2

V1 10I2 -j20 V2

Sol’n.
Using analytical method (circuit analysis)
KVL:
 V1  2  j 4 I1  10 I 2  0
V  10 I 2 I1  0.1  j 0.2 V1  1  j 2 I 2  (1)
I1  1
2  j4
KVL:
 V 
 V1  2  j 4 I1  10 I 2  2   V2  0
  j 20 

10
  V 
V2  V1  2  j 4 I1  10 I 2  2 
  j 20 
10
V2  V1  2  j 4 0.1  j 0.2 V1  1  j 2 I 2   10 I 2  V2
j 20
V2  0V1  16  j8I 2  (2)

(0.1  j 0.2  1  j 2  
G
 0 (16  j8)

6. The Hybrid parameters for a certain two-port are

9 2
H
20 0.2
Find the new hybrid parameters if 1- resistor is connected in series with the
output port.

I1 I2

9 2
V1 H V2’ V2
20 0.2

V1  9 I1  2V2 '
I 2  20 I1  0.2V2 '

but V2 '  V2  1I 2

I 2  20 I1  0.2V2  I 2 
Therefore I 2  16.67 I1  O.17V2  (1)

And V1  9 I1  2V2  I 2 
 9 I1  2V2  216.67 I1  0.17V2 
V1  42.34 I1  1.66V2  (2)

42.34  1.66
H 
16.67 0.17

EXERCISE A
Name_________________________ Rating ________________

1. Determine the impedance, admittance, hybrid, and inverse hybrid parameters

for each two-port network shown.

11
 a.
I1 0.5 I1 300 I2

V1 100 200i V2

b.
I1 0.3V2 4 I2

V1 0.2I2 10 V2

c.
I1 10 1.5V1 I2

V1 25 20 V2

d.
I1 5 0.3V1 I2

V1 0.1V2 4 V2

EXERCISE B
Name_________________________ Rating ________________
1. Find the H-parameters.
I1 2 I2

12
 V1 5 8 V2

0.02V2 0.1V1

2. Given the Y – parameters of a given two port network:

10  5
Y
 8 20

e. Obtain the new Y-parameters if a 100 resistor is connected across the

upper terminals of the input and output port.
f. Draw the equivalent circuit for the two-port network.
g. Draw the equivalent Л model for the two-port network.

3. Given the Z – parameters of a given circuit.

20 5
Z
8 10
Draw the equivalent Л model for the two-port network.

4. The following measurements were made on a two port resistive circuit.

With port 1 open with port 2 shorted
V2 = 10 mV V1 = 50 mV
I2 = 0.25 A I1 = 50 A
V1 = 5 V I2 = 2 mA
Find the H-parameters of the network.

13
 5. The following measurements were made on a two port resistive circuit.
With port 1 open with port 1 shorted
V2 = 15 V V2 = 10 V
I2 = 30 A I2 = 4 A
V1 = 10 V I1 = -5 A
Find the Y-parameters of the network.

6. (a) Derive the expression for the H-parameters as functions of the T-

parameters.
(b) Derive the expression for the G-parameters as functions of the Z-
parameters.

NETWORK RESPONSE
I1 I2
Two
+ +
Port
Vs v1 v2 ZL
- Network -

1. Voltage Gain,
V2 V2
Gv  or
V1 Vs

14
 2. Current Gain,
I2
GI 
I1

3. Power Gain
P2 P2
GP  or
P1 Ps

4. Input Impedance
- Thevenin’s equivalent impedance as viewed at the input port.
V1
Z in 
I1
5. Output Impedance
- Thevenin’s equivalent impedance as viewed at the input port.
V2
Z out  with V s  0
I2
6. Insertion Power Gain
PL
G PI 
PL '
PL = power delivered to the load
PL’ = power that will be delivered to the load if the load were
directly connected to the source.

7. Reverse Voltage Gain

V1
GVR  with V s  0
V2

Exercises.
1. Find ZIN and ZOUT for a two port driven by a source having RS = 100  and
terminated with RL = 500 .
100  0.01
H
 20 1mS

2. Given the H-parameters of a given two port network

15
 1 k 1
H
4 500 S
Find the average power delivered to (a) RS = 200 ; (b) RL = 1 k
(c) the entire two port.

200 I1 I2

+ 1 k 1 +
100 V v1 H v2 1k
4 500 S
- -

3. A two port network for which

10 2
Z
40 5
is terminated in ZL = Z22 and driven by a 20 VRMS source in series with
ZS = Z11. (a) How much power is delivered to ZL ? (b) What value should
ZL have to receive maximum power? (c) What is the value of this
maximum power?

4. For the system shown, RS = 2 k and RL = 20 k. Find V2 / V1; V2 / VS;

I2 / I1; V2 / I1; ROUT; GP ; GIP ; GVR.

2 K I1 I2

+ 0.4  0.002 +
VS v1 Y mS v2 20 k
 5 0.04
- -
INTERCONNECTED TWO-PORT NETWORK

1. SERIES CONNECTION
I1 I1A I2A I2

+ +
V1A ZA V2A
+ - -
+
V1 V2
I1B I2B
-
-

16
 + +
V1B ZB V2B
- -

V1   I1 
V   Z I 
 2  2

V1  V1 A  V1B 

V   V   V 
 2   2 A   2B 

V1 A   I1 A   I1   I1   I1 A   I1 B 
V   Z A  I   Z A  I     
 2A   2A   2 From  I 2   I 2 A   I 2 B 

V1B   I1 B   I1  V1   I1 
V   Z B I   Z B I  V   Z A  Z B I 
 2B   2B   2 Therefore,  2  2

Where ZEQ = ZA + ZB

2. PARALLEL CONNECTION

I1 I1A I2A I2

+ +
V1A YA V2A
+ - -
+
V1 V2
I1B I2B
-
-

+ +
V1B YB V2B
- -

 I1  V1 
 
 I   YEQ V 
 2  2

 I1   I1 A   I1B 
I   I   I 
 2   2 A   2B 

 I1 A  V1 A  V1  V1  V1 A  V1B 

 I   YA V   YA V  V   V   V 
 2A  2A  2 From  2   2 A   2 B 

 I1 B  V1B  V1   I1  V1 

 I   YB V   YB V   I   YA  YB V 
 2B   2B   2 Therefore,  2  2

17
 Where YEQ = YA + YB

3. SERIES-PARALLEL CONNECTION
I1 I1A I2A I2

+ +
V1A HA V2A
+ - -
+
V1 V2
I1B I2B
-
-

+ +
V1B HB
V2B
-
-

V1   I1 
 I   H V 
 2  2

V1  V1 A  V1B 

I   I   I 
 2   2 A   2B 

V1 A   I1 A   I1   I1   I1 A   I1 B 
 I   H A V   H A V  V   V   V 
 2A  2A  2 From  2   2 A   2 B 

V1B   I1B   I1  V1   I1 

 I   H B V   H B V   I   H A  H B V 
 2B   2B   2 Therefore,  2  2

Where HEQ = HA + HB

4. PARALLEL-SERIES CONNECTION
I1 I1A I2A I2

+ +
V1A GA V2A
+ - -
+
V1 I1B V2
I2B
-
-

+ +
V1B GB V2B
- -

18
 I1  V1 
V   G  I 
 2  2

 I1   I1 A   I1B 
V   V   V 
 2   2 A   2B 

 I1 A  V1 A  V1  V1  V1 A  V1B 

V   G A  I   G A  I     
 2A  2A  2 From  I 2   I 2 A   I 2 B 

 I1B  V1B  V1   I1  V1 

V   GB  I   GB  I  V   GA  GB  I 
 2B   2B   2 Therefore,  2  2

Where GEQ = GA + GB

5. CASCADED CONNECTION

I1A I2A I1B I2B

+ + + +
V1A TA V2A V1B TB V2B
- - - -

V1   V2 
 I   T  I 
 1  2

V1   V2 A 
 I   TA  I 
 1  2A

V1B   V2  V1B   V2 A 
 I   TB  I   I    I 
 1B   2 From  1B   2 A 

V1   V2 
 I   TA TB  I 
Therefore,  2  2 Where TEQ = TA . TB

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. In the figure, determine the resulting parameters after connecting two of this
two-port in parallel and in cascade.

I1 1Ω 1Ω I2

+
V1
19 -
 +
1Ω V2
-

2. In the figure, each element is a 15Ω resistor. Two of these bridged tees are
connected in cascade between a DC voltage source and a resistive load. The
DC voltage source has a no-load voltage of 100 V and an internal resistance of
8Ω. The load resistor is adjusted until maximum power is delivered to the load.
Calculate (a) load resistance, (b) load voltage, (c) load power.

Z
I1 I2
Z Z

+ +
V1 Z V2
-
-

3. For the interconnected network shown, obtain the Hybrid parameters of the
equivalent two-port network.

I1 I2
+ +
V1 1 2 V2
- -

For Network 1 For Network 3

1Ω 2Ω
4 0.4
3I1 H
 0.124 66 m
4Ω

20
For Network 2
2.2 V2 + 1.05 I2 + 4 I1 = 0
V1 – 2.9 V2 = 1.425 I2

4. Determine the total transmission parameters of the cascade connection of 3 of

the two-port network shown in the figure.

I1 12Ω 3Ω I2

+ +
V1 6Ω V2
- -

5. For the network shown, find V0 if VS = 9 mVDC.

800Ω

+
VS 1 2 Vo 72kΩ
-

For Network 1 For Network 2

4 0 .4 Z
H
 0.124 66 m
Z Z

Z = 72 kΩ
Z

21