KIMIA

PERSONAL IDENTITY

S1 TEKNIK MESIN ITS KONVERSI ENERGI

TRI VICCA KUSUMADEWI
S2 TEKNIK MESIN SIIT
THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY -
THAILAND

081382792744 [email protected]
RULES

1. Must Present your attendance in MMP (e-learning)

2. Attendance less than 75% Would Not be permitted do Final Exam
3. Do Not Late
4. Assement following the Academic Rule in University of Jember
ASSESMENT

 Assignment

 Quiz

 Mid-Term Exam’

 Final Exam
LITERATURE

 Chang, R. “Chemistry 10 th edition”. Mc.GrawHill. New York. 2010

 Schweitz, Philip A. “ Fundamental of Metallic Corrosion second edition”. CRC Press. USA. 2007
CHEMISTRY: THE STUDY OF CHANGE
• Health and Medicine
• Sanitation systems
• Surgery with anesthesia
• Vaccines and antibiotics
• Gene therapy

•Energy and the Environment

• Fossil fuels
• Solar energy
• Nuclear energy
• Materials and Technology
• Polymers, ceramics, liquid crystals
• Room-temperature superconductors?
• Molecular computing?

• Food and Agriculture

• Genetically modified crops
• “Natural” pesticides
• Specialized fertilizers
THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY

Macroscopic Microscopic
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO
RESEARCH

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a

set of observations

tested modified
A LAW IS A CONCISE STATEMENT OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PHENOMENA THAT IS ALWAYS THE SAME UNDER THE SAME
CONDITIONS.
Force = mass x acceleration

A theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts

and/or those laws that are based on them.

Atomic Theory
 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION:
Primordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory
In 1940 George Gamow hypothesized that the universe began with a gigantic
explosion or big bang.

Experimental Support

• expanding universe
• cosmic background radiation
• primordial helium
CHEMISTRY IS THE STUDY OF MATTER AND THE
CHANGES IT UNDERGOES

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

A substance is a form of matter that has a definite
composition and distinct properties.

liquid nitrogen gold ingots silicon crystals

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the
substances retain their distinct identities.

1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the mixture is the

same throughout.

soft drink, milk, solder

2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not uniform

throughout.

cement,
iron filings in sand
PHYSICAL MEANS CAN BE USED TO SEPARATE A MIXTURE INTO ITS
PURE COMPONENTS.

magnet

distillation
AN ELEMENT IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE SEPARATED
INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES BY CHEMICAL MEANS.
 114 elements have been identified

 82 elements occur naturally on Earth

 gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur

• 32 elements have been created by scientists technetium,

americium, seaborgium
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16
A COMPOUND IS A SUBSTANCE COMPOSED OF
ATOMS OF TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS
CHEMICALLY UNITED IN FIXED PROPORTIONS.

Compounds can only be separated into their

pure components (elements) by chemical
means.

lithium fluoride quartz dry ice – carbon dioxide

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

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A COMPARISON: THE THREE STATES OF MATTER

19
THE THREE STATES OF MATTER: EFFECT OF A HOT POKER ON A
BLOCK OF ICE
gas

liquid solid

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 TYPES OF CHANGES
A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting
in water
A chemical change alters the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.

hydrogen burns in
air to form water

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 EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
An extensive property of a material depends upon how much
matter is is being considered.
• mass
• length
• volume
An intensive property of a material does not depend
upon how much matter is is being considered.
• density
• temperature
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• color
MATTER - ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE AND HAS MASS.
mass – measure of the quantity of matter SI unit of mass is the
kilogram (kg)

1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

weight – force that gravity exerts on an object

weight = c x mass A 1 kg bar will weigh
on earth, c = 1.0 1 kg on earth
on moon, c ~ 0.1 0.1 kg on moon

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INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)

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25
Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3
1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3

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Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3
mass d = m
density = volume V

A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5

g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?

d= m
V
m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g
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28
A COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE SCALES

K = 0C + 273.15
273 K = 0 0C
373 K = 100 0C

0F = 9 x 0C + 32
5
32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C

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Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius.
0F = 9 x 0C + 32
5
0F – 32 = 9 x 0C
5
5 x (0F – 32) = 0C
9
0C = 5 x (0F – 32)
9
0C = 5 x (172.9 – 32) = 78.3
9

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 CHEMISTRY IN ACTION

On 9/23/99, $125,000,000 Mars Climate Orbiter entered Mar’s

atmosphere 100 km (62 miles) lower than planned and was
destroyed by heat.

1 lb = 1 N
1 lb = 4.45 N

“This is going to be the

cautionary tale that will be
embedded into introduction
to the metric system in
elementary school, high
school, and college science
courses till the end of time.”
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SCIENTIFIC The number of atoms in 12 g of carbon:
NOTATION
602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
6.022 x 1023
The mass of a single carbon atom in grams:
0.0000000000000000000000199

1.99 x 10-23
N x 10n
N is a number n is a positive or
between 1 and 10 negative integer
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568.762 0.00000772
move decimal left move decimal right
n>0 n<0
568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
the same exponent n
2. Combine N1 and N2 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =
3. The exponent, n, remains 4.70 x 104
the same

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Multiplication
(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
1. Multiply N1 and N2
2. Add exponents n1 and n2 (4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1

Division 8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =

1. Divide N1 and N2 (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2 1.7 x 10-5
SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES • Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
•If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the
decimal point are significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
•If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the
end and in the middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures
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HOW MANY SIGNIFICANT FIGURES ARE IN EACH OF
THE FOLLOWING MEASUREMENTS?
24 mL 2 significant figures

3001 g 4 significant figures

0.0320 m3 3 significant figures

6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures

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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Addition or Subtraction
The answer cannot have more digits to the right of the decimal point
than any of the original numbers.
89.332
+1.1 one significant figure after decimal point
90.432 round off to 90.4

3.70 two significant figures after decimal point

-2.9133
0.7867 round off to 0.79

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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Multiplication or Division
The number of significant figures in the result is set by the original
number that has the smallest number of significant figures
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

3 sig figs round to

3 sig figs

6.8 ÷ 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

2 sig figs round to

2 sig figs
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Exact Numbers
Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered
to have an infinite number of significant figures

The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?

6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70
= 6.67333 = 6.67 = 7
3

Because 3 is an exact number

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Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each other

accurate precise not accurate

& but &
precise not accurate not precise
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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS METHOD OF SOLVING PROBLEMS
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.

given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

desired unit
given unit x = desired unit
given unit

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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS METHOD OF SOLVING
PROBLEMS
How many mL are in 1.63 L?

Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL

1000 mL
1.63 L x = 1630 mL
1L

1.63 L x 1L L 2
= 0.001630
1000 mL mL

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The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this
speed in miles per hour?

conversion units

meters to miles
seconds to hours

1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min

1 mi x 60 s x 60 min = 767 mi
343 m x
s 1609 m 1 min 1 hour hour

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