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SOLUTIONS
Homogeneous mixture: Substances which dissolve with each other thoroughly to form a
uniform mixture is called homogeneous mixture.
Eg: Water + Salt.

Solutions: A homogeneous mixture formed with two or more substances is called as

solution.

Components: Substances present in solution are called as components.

Solvent: A component which is larger in quantity in a solution is called solvent.

Eg: Water in salt water.

Solute: A component which is less in quantity in a solution is called solute.

Eg: Salt in salt water

Aqueous Solution: If the solvent in a solution is water, the solution is called as aqueous
solution.

Types of Solution: Solution are divided into unsaturated, saturated and super saturated
solutions based on the solubility of the solute.
Note: Super saturated solution is more unstable.

Solubility: The maximum amount of solute by weight in grams in 100 grams of solvent at
constant temperature is called the solubility of that substance.
Eg: Solubility of certain compounds at 30°C.

Compound Solubility - Grams

S.NO.
(Formula) (In 100 grams of water)

1 CaCO3 0.0052
2. KMnO4 9.0
3. H2C2O4.2H2O 14.3
4. CuSO42H2O 31.6
5. NaCl 36.3
6. AgNO3 300.0

Factors affecting solubility of substances.

(a) Nature of solute & solvent.
(b) Temperature.
Generally polar substances dissolve in polar solvents, but not in a non-polar solvents.
In the same manner non-polar substances dissolve in non-polar solvents but not in polar
solvents.
Eg (1): Copper Sulphate is a polar solute. Hence it dissolves in water which is also a
polar solvent. But the same copper sulphate doesn't dissolve in kerosene as kerosene is a
non-polar solvent.

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Eg (2): Naphthalene is a non-polar solute. Hence it dissolves in kerosene which is also
a non-polar solvent. But the same Naphthalene doesn't dissolve in water which is a polar
solvent.
Solubility of KOH, NaNO3, KNO3, NH4Cl increase with the increase in temperature.
Solubility of Ce2(SO4)3 and all gases decrease as the temperature increases.
Effect of temperature is negligible with respect to NaCl solubility.

Concentration of Solution:
Concentration solution is expressed by the following methods.
 w 
(1) Weight percentage =   × 100
w+W

 v 
(2) Volume percentage =   × 100
v+V
w 1000
(3) Molarity = ×
gram molecular weight v
where 'v' is in milli litres.
w 100
= ×
gram molecular weight V
where 'V' is in litres.
No.of molesof constituents
(4) Mole fraction (X) =
Total no.of molesof all constituent present in t he solution

If nA moles of solute A is dissolve in nB moles of solvent B then

no.of moles of A
Mole fraction of A (XA) =
Total no.of moles

nA
=
n A + nB

no.of moles of B
Mole fraction of B(XB) =
Total no.of moles

nB
=
n A + nB

 n A   nB 
∴ X A + XB =  + =1
n
 A + n n
B  A + n B

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Ionization of Substances in Water:
Ionization: The process of a molecule giving rise to ions is called ionization.

Weak Electrolytes: Substances which ionize in completely are known as weak electrolytes.
Eg: CH3COOH, NH4OH

Strong Electrolytes: Substances which ionize completely are known as strong

electrolytes.
Eg: NaCl , KCl , NaNO3, KNO3

Non-Electrolytes: Substances which do not ionize is called as a non-electrolyte.

Eg: Glucose, Sucrose, Urea.
(Standard Flask: Standard solution ie known concentrated solution is prepared with the
help of a standard flask)

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Important Questions from Solutions:

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5 Mark Questions:
1. Draw the diagram of standard flask and mention their capacities.

4 Mark Questions:
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1. Make a brief note about the factors that affect solubility of a substance.
Ans- Factors affecting solubility of substances.
(a) Nature of solute & solvent.
(b) Temperature.
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Generally polar substances dissolve in polar solvents, but not in a non-polar solvents.
In the same manner non-polar substances dissolve in non-polar solvents but not in polar
solvents.
Eg (1): Copper Sulphate is a polar solute. Hence it dissolves in water which is also a
A

polar solvent. But the same copper sulphate doesn't dissolve in kerosene as kerosene is a
non-polar solvent.

Eg (2): Naphthalene is a non-polar solute. Hence it dissolves in kerosene which is also

S

a non-polar solvent. But the same Naphthalene doesn't dissolve in water which is a polar
solvent.
Solubility of KOH, NaNO3, KNO3, NH4Cl increase with the increase in temperature.
Solubility of Ce2(SO4)3 and all gases decrease as the temperature increases.
Effect of temperature is negligible with respect to NaCl solubility.

2. How do you prepare 0.1M standard Na2CO3 solution using 250 ml standard flask?
(Molecular Weight of Na2CO3 = 106) [March-2001]
A. To prepare 0.1M standard Na2CO3 solution using 250 ml flask.

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W 1 W 1
(1) Molarity = × (vol.in litre ); 0.1 = ×
GMW V 106 0.25
∴ W = 2.65 gm
(2) Thus we need 2.65 gm of Na2CO3 to prepare 0.1M Na2CO3 solution in 250 ml
flask.
(3) Transfer this Na2CO3 into 250 ml standard flask with the help of a funnel.
(4) Rinse the walls of funnel with distilled water effect quantitative transfer.
(5) Shake gently the flask till the solid is dissolved.
(6) Make up the solution to the mark of the flask with distilled water.
(7) Close the flask and invert it several times to make the homogeneous solution.

3. Define molarity and mole fraction and give their equations.

[March-09, 03, June-01]
(a) Molarity: The number of moles of solute present in a litre of solution is called

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molarity. It is measured in moles/litre and denoted by the symbol 'M'.
n no.of molesof solute

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M = Molarity = =
V volume of solution in litres

W W 1
n= ∴M = × (V in litres )
GMW GMW V
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(b) Mole fraction: The ratio of number of moles of a constituent to the total number
of moles of all constituents of a solution is called mole fraction of a constituent.
It has no units.
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nA = no. of moles of A, nB = no.of moles of B
nA
Mole fraction of A(XA) =
n A + nB
A

nB
Mole fraction of B(XB) =
n A + nB

∴ XA + XB = 1
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Problems
(4 Marks)
1. Calculate the moles of oxalic acid present in 400 ml of its 0.025M solution. (Oct-1999)
Sol:
Molarity = 0.025M volume in litres = 400 ml / 1000
No.of moels of solute n = Molarity × V in litres
= 0.025 × 400/1000 = 0.01

2. 10 grams of Na2CO3 present in 120 grams of its aqueous solution. Calculate the weight
% . (June-2004)
Sol:
Weight of solute w = 10 grams
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Weight of solution w + W = 120 grams
w 10
W% = × 100 = × 100 = 8.33
w+W 120

3. 20 ml of alcohol is mixed with 160 ml. Find out the v% of this solution. (March-2007)
v 20 20
V% = × 100 = × 100 = × 100 = 11.11%
v+V 20 + 160 180

4. 15 ml of hexane is mixed with 45 ml of heptane. Calculate the V% of this solution.

(Solution similar to 4th problem) (June-2003)

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Volume of solute (v) = 15ml

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Volume of solvent(V) = 45ml
Total volume of Solution = v+V
= 15+45 = 60ml

15/60 X100 =25

V% =
v
× 100 =
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V% = 25
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v+V
6. 2.12 grams of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) is present is 0.25 litres of its solution.
Calculate the molarity of the solution. (Mol. wt of Na2CO3 is 106) (June-2010)
A

Weight of solute (w) = 2.12gms

Volume of solvent = 250ml
Gram Molecular weight of Na2CO3 = 106
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Molarity =

= 2.12/106 x 1/0.125
= 0.08M

Short Questions (2 Marks)

1. Copper Sulphate is soluble in water, but not in kerosene. Give reason?
(March-2008)
A. Both copper sulphate and water are polar substances. Hence copper sulphate
dissolves in water. Since kerosene is a non-polar solvent copper sulphate doesn't
dissolve in kerosene.

2. What are strong electrolytes? Give some examples?

A. Substances which ionize completely are known as strong electrolytes.
Eg: NaCl, KCl, NaNO3, NaOH.

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3. What are weak electrolytes? Give some examples?
A. Substances which ionize incompletely are known as weak electrolytes.
Eg: CH3COOH, NH4OH etc.

4. What are non-electrolytes? Give some examples?

A. Substances which do not ionize are known as non-electrolytes.
Eg: Sucrose, Urea and Glucose.

5. Why Naphthalene soluble in Kerosene but not in water?

A. Both Naphthalene and Kerosene are non-polar substances. Hence Naphthalene
dissolves in Kerosene. Since water is a polar solvent Naphthalene doesn't dissolve in
water.

Very Short Questions

(1 Mark)

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1. What is meant by standard solution?
A. When the concentration of solution is known it is called standard solution.

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2. Give one example for each of polar and non-polar solvents? (March-1999)
A. Polar solvent: Water, non-polar solvent: Kerosene.

3.
A.
Define volume percentage?
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The volume of solute present in 100 ml of solution is called "volume percentage" V%.
v
V% = × 100
v+V
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4. Define weight percentage?
A. The weight of solute present in 100 grams of solution is called weight percentage.
A

w
W% = × 100
w+W

5. What is meant by ionization?

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A. The process of a molecule giving rise to ions is called "Ionization".

Fill in the Blanks (1/2 Mark Questions)

1. When 10 grams of Na2CO3 is present in 120 grams of aqueous solution the w% is
_______
(June-2005)
2. The amount of oxalic acid required to prepare 100 ml 0.2M solution (Mol.wt. of Oxalic
Acid is 126)_______ (June-2006)
3. 10 grams of Na2CO3 is dissolved in 190 gms of water, the w% of solution is _______
(March-05, 09)
4. 4 ml of alcohol dissolved in 36 ml of water. The volume percentage of solution
is_______
(June-2010, 07, March-2006, 2000)
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5. Molecular weight of Na2CO3 is _______ (March-08)
6. Molecular weight of H2SO4 is _______
7. 12 grams of Na2CO3 is present in 120 grams of its aqueous solution. The weight
percentage of solution is_______ (March 02, June-03)
8. If 2 moles of Na2CO3 is dissolved in 3 moles of water the mole fraction of water is
_______ (June-2000)
9. Standard solution is prepared in _______
10. The sum of mole fraction of solute and solvent is equal to _______
11. Solubility of gases with increase in temperature _______

Answers:
1. 1000/120
2. 2.52 gm
3. 5

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4. 10
5. 106

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6. 98
7. 10
8. 0.6
9. Standard flask
10. one
11. decreases
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K
A
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