EXPERIMENT 1 (A): MOMENT OF FORCE

EXPERIMENT 1 (B): STUDY OF EQUILIBRIUM

ABSTRACT:
This experiment verified that the sum of the clockwise moments equals the sum of the
counterclockwise moments ( F1D1 =F2D2 ) , when the applied external forces acting
on a rigid object are in static equilibrium. The static equilibrium will then be used to
show that the weight of the meter stick acts at its geometric center. This will further
verify that for a uniform beam the geometric center and center of mass coincide.

OBJECTIVE:
The experiment is performed to:
1. investigate the lever principle.
2. acknowledge the fundamental principle of the equilibrium of moments.

MATERIALS:
LS-12 132 Simple Moment Apparatus, 3 weight hangers, 3 sets of weights,
Instruction manual.

PROCEDURE:
EXPERIMENT 1
1. A load of 200 gm was hanged at 100 mm on the left side of beam.
2. Then, a load of 100 gm was hanged somewhere on the opposite site and
positioned when the equilibrium is achieved.
3. The position of the equilibrant and weights used were determined.
4. The status of equilibrant were checked whether the weights were in
equilibrium or non equilibrium state.
5. The loads on the beam were removed after the results is taken.
6. Calculated values based on the theory and the experimental values of the
moment arm were compared.
7. The steps 1-6 were repeated by using different load and the distance of
position.
EXPERIMENT 2:
1. A load of 200 gm was hanged at 200 mm and 100 gm at 250 mm respectively
on the left side of beam.
2. Then, a load of 300 gm was hanged somewhere on the opposite site and
positioned when the equilibrium is achieved.
3. The position of the equilibrant and weights used were determined.
4. The status of equilibrant were checked whether the weights were in
equilibrium or non equilibrium state.
5. The loads on the beam were removed after the results is taken.
6. Calculated values based on the theory and the experimental values of the
moment arm were compared.
7. The steps 1-6 were repeated by using different load and the distance of
position.

RESULTS:
Table of data of the Experiment 1A.

Left Hand Side Right Hand Side Status of

Load (g) Distance (cm) Load (g) Distance (cm)
equilibrant
200 100 100 165 Non equilibrium
200 150 100 250 Non equilibrium
300 100 100 235 Equilibrium
300 100 200 137 Non equilibrium
300 120 200 167 Non equilibrium

Table of data of Experiment 1B

 Left Hand Side Right Hand Side Status of
Load1 Distance1 Load2 Distance2 Load Distance equilibrant
(g) (cm) (g) (cm) (g) ( cm)
200 200 100 250 300 247 Non equilibrium
200 100 100 190 300 150 Non equilibrium
300 100 100 150 300 125 Non equilibrium
300 70 200 200 400 165 Equilibrium
400 50 300 160 500 141 Non equilibrium

Note: The mass of scale indicator block of 48 gm have to be added to the load applied
as well while performing the calculations.

DISCUSSION:
1. The values from the experiment are not the same with the calculated values
based on the theory.
2. Some of the errors may come from few mistakes during the experiment such
as:
 The beam are rotating when the experiment is conducted.
 The eyes position while taking the reading were not parallel to the
scale on the beam.
 The apparatus were not set up on a flat surface.
3. The precautions to be taken while donducting experiment are as follow:
 Do no attempt to rotate the beam while experiment is conducted and be
careful when putting the dead weights to the beam.
 Make sure the position of eyes is parallel to the scale on the beam
while taking the readings.
 Conduct the experiment on the flat and horizontal surface.

CONCLUSION:
From the experiment conducted, we can conclude that the formula ( F1D1 =F2D2 )is
valid to be used since the value of experimental are almost the same with the
calculated value based on the theory.
EXPERIMENT 2: LINEAR MOTION OF HORIZONTAL PLANE (Kinetic
Friction).

ABSTRACT:
Whenever two surfaces touch, they exert forces on each other. The ultimate source of
these surface or “contact” forces is the electrical attraction or repulsion between the
charged particles – electrons and protons – of which all matter is made. The vector
sum of all the sub-microscopic forces between the particles in the surfaces is a
macroscopic force that we can measure in the laboratory.

OBJECTIVE:
The experiment is conducted to:
 determine the coefficients of static friction for a carriage on a sliding plank/rail
by using horizontal surface.

MATERIALS:
Weights and weights hanger, Guide Way, PVC carriage model.

PROCEDURE:
1. The apparatus were set up for the test by following the steps in the Setup
Section.
2. The Guide Way was levelled at 0° by referring the degree indicator.
3. The weight of the PVC carriage was recorded.
4. Then, the PVC carriage was placed at the end of the guide way.
5. The string from the carriage were pulled over the pulley.
6. A weight hanger of 0.5N was hanged at the end of string. The smaller hanger
of 0.2N is replaced if the first hanger were too heavy.
7. A weights were put on the weight hanger.
8. Observation on the carriage was taken either the carriage were moving or not.
9. Another weights are added if the carriage does not moving.
10. The process were repeated by adding weight on the carriage until the
specimen slides along the guide way.
11. The time recorded on the timer were recorded into the table of results.
 12. Steps 7-11 were repeated by adding 0.5N, 1N, 1.5N and 2N weights on top of
specimen respectively.

RESULTS:
Table of results of Experiment 2
Carriage Force Velocity Time taken (s) μs
T1 T2 T3 Tave
weight (N) (N) (ms-1)
4.55 0.5 0.31 1.574 1.595 1.640 1.603 0.11
4.55 1.0 0.55 0.917 0.907 0.917 0.913 0.21
4.55 1.5 0.68 0.736 0.723 0.735 0.731 0.33
4.55 2.0 0.77 0.645 0.656 0.645 0.649 0.44

Static coefficient of friction μs = F/R

*R = Reaction Force = Carriage weight.

DISCUSSION:
1. Calculation of static coefficient of friction,μs:
By using formula μs = F/R

1st trial (0.5N) : 0.5 / 4.55 = 0.11

2nd trial (1.0N) : 1.0 / 4.55 = 0.21
3rd trial (1.5N) : 1.5 / 4.55 = 0.33
4th trial (2.0N) : 2.0 / 4.55 = 0.44

2. It is found experimentally that the force of friction is directly proportional to the

normal force. The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of friction.

3. When one body lies at rest on a surface and an attempt is made to push it, another
type of friction, static friction, must be overcome. The maximum static friction
resisting motion is:
Fs = μs N
where μs is the coefficient of static friction.
CONCLUSION:
The static coefficient of friction of this experiment are 0.11, 0.21, 0.33 and 0.44
respectively. The values obtained can be accepted since the μs < 1.
 Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering
Technology

Engineering Science LGB 10203

Laboratory Report

Title of experiment:
Experiment of Determining the Static Coefficients of Friction

Group member’s name:

ID Name

56267113627 AMEERUL HADFIZ BIN SUBOH

56267113641 MOHAMAD FALAH HASYIMI BIN AB MUGHITH
56267113643 MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN ZULKIFLI
56267113682 MUHAMMAD NAJMIE FIRDAUS BIN MAZUKI
56267113526 SYAHRUL AFZAL BIN HUSSIN
56267113642 ZULKARNAIN BIN MUSTAFAR

Prepared by: MUHAMAD HAKIMI BIN DRAMAN 56267113711

Lecturer name: Mr. Ahmad Makarimi Bin Abdullah

Lab Instructor name: Mr. Mohd Firdaus Mohd Hassim