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Null Hypothesis. The Null Hypothesis, Denoted by H Alternative Hypothesis. The Alternative Hypothesis, Denoted by H

This document discusses hypothesis testing, including: - There are two types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis (Ho) and alternative hypothesis (H1). Ho assumes sample observations are due to chance while H1 assumes some non-random cause. - The four steps of hypothesis testing are: stating the hypotheses, formulating an analysis plan, analyzing sample data, and interpreting results. - There are two types of decision errors - Type I errors occur when a true null hypothesis is rejected, while Type II errors occur when a false null hypothesis is not rejected. - Decision rules for rejecting the null hypothesis include comparing the p-value to the significance level alpha or comparing the test statistic to critical values.

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Santi Fang
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40 views3 pages

Null Hypothesis. The Null Hypothesis, Denoted by H Alternative Hypothesis. The Alternative Hypothesis, Denoted by H

This document discusses hypothesis testing, including: - There are two types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis (Ho) and alternative hypothesis (H1). Ho assumes sample observations are due to chance while H1 assumes some non-random cause. - The four steps of hypothesis testing are: stating the hypotheses, formulating an analysis plan, analyzing sample data, and interpreting results. - There are two types of decision errors - Type I errors occur when a true null hypothesis is rejected, while Type II errors occur when a false null hypothesis is not rejected. - Decision rules for rejecting the null hypothesis include comparing the p-value to the significance level alpha or comparing the test statistic to critical values.

Uploaded by

Santi Fang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NAMA : SANTI

KELAS : LH53
NIM : 2201787461
A statistical hypothesis is an assumption about a population parameter. This assumption may or
may not be true. Hypothesis testing refers to the formal procedures used by statisticians to accept
or reject statistical hypotheses.

The best way to determine whether a statistical hypothesis is true would be to examine the entire
population. Since that is often impractical, researchers typically examine a random sample from
the population. If sample data are not consistent with the statistical hypothesis, the hypothesis is
rejected.

There are two types of statistical hypotheses.

 Null hypothesis. The null hypothesis, denoted by Ho, is usually the hypothesis that
sample observations result purely from chance.
 Alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is the
hypothesis that sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause.

Summary of forms for Null & Alternative Hypothesis

1. One-tailed ( Lower-tail)

2. One-tailed ( Upper-tail)

3. Two tailed

Statisticians follow a formal process to determine whether to reject a null hypothesis, based on
sample data. This process, called hypothesis testing, consists of four steps.

 State the hypotheses. This involves stating the null and alternative hypotheses. The
hypotheses are stated in such a way that they are mutually exclusive. That is, if one is true,
the other must be false.
 Formulate an analysis plan. The analysis plan describes how to use sample data to
evaluate the null hypothesis. The evaluation often focuses around a single test statistic.
 Analyze sample data. Find the value of the test statistic (mean score, proportion, t
statistic, z-score, etc.) described in the analysis plan.
 Interpret results. Apply the decision rule described in the analysis plan. If the value of the
test statistic is unlikely, based on the null hypothesis, reject the null hypothesis.

Decision Errors

Two types of errors can result from a hypothesis test.

 Type I error. A Type I error occurs when the researcher rejects a null hypothesis when it
is true. The probability of committing a Type I error is called the significance level. This
probability is also called alpha, and is often denoted by α.
 Type II error. A Type II error occurs when the researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis
that is false. The probability of committing a Type II error is called Beta, and is often
denoted by β. The probability of not committing a Type II error is called the Power of the
test.

Decision Rules

The analysis plan includes decision rules for rejecting the null hypothesis. In practice,
statisticians describe these decision rules in two ways - with reference to a P-value or with
reference to a region of acceptance.

 P-value. The strength of evidence in support of a null hypothesis is measured by the P-


value. Suppose the test statistic is equal to S. The P-value is the probability of observing a
test statistic as extreme as S, assuming the null hypothesis is true. If the P-value is less than
the significance level, we reject the null hypothesis.
 Region of acceptance. The region of acceptance is a range of values. If the test statistic
falls within the region of acceptance, the null hypothesis is not rejected. The region of
acceptance is defined so that the chance of making a Type I error is equal to the significance
level.

The set of values outside the region of acceptance is called the region of rejection. If the
test statistic falls within the region of rejection, the null hypothesis is rejected. In such cases,
we say that the hypothesis has been rejected at the α level of significance.

These approaches are equivalent. Some statistics texts use the P-value approach; others use the
region of acceptance approach.

Steps of Hypothesis Testing


1. Develop Ha & Ho
2. Specify the level of a significance α
3. Collect the sample data & computer the value of the test statistic.
x−μ
z=
α
√n
4. Use the value of the test statistic to computer the p-Value
5. Reject  H0 if P-Value ≤ α
Accept  H0 if P-Value > α
Critical Value Approach
Critical Value Approach
-Use the level of significance to determine the critical value & the rejective
rule
-Use the value of the test statistic & the rejection rule to determine whether to
reject
Reject Ho if Z ≥ Z α
Accept Ho if Z < Z α

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