11 —19 PROGRESSION endorsed for edexcel ## Edexcel AS and A level Further Mathematics Further Pure Mathematics 1 we Series Editor: Harry Smith Authors: Greg Attwood, lan Bettison, Jack Barraclough, Tom Begley, Lee Cope, Bronwen Moran, Laurence Pateman, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Dave Wilkins Over ron11 —19 PROGRESSION endorsed for edexcel ## Edexcel AS and A level Further Mathematics Further Pure Mathematics 1 we Series Editor: Harry Smith Authors: Greg Attwood, lan Bettison, Jack Barraclough, Tom Begley, Lee Cope, Bronwen Moran, Laurence Pateman, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Dave Wilkins Over ronPublished by Pearson Eduction Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL, w-pearsonschoolsandfecollegesco.uk Copies of offical specications forall Pearson qualifications may be found on the website: {qualications pearsoncom Text © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Edited by Tech Set Lid, Gateshead Typeset by Tech Set Lid, Gateshead Original illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2018 Cover ilustiaton Marcustja-alsts ‘The rights of Greg Attwood, lan Bettison, Jack Barraclough, Tom Begley, Lee Cope, Bronwen Moran, Laurence Pateran, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Dave Wikins tobe Identified as authors of ths work have been asserted by them in accordance withthe Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1968, First published 2018 21201918 yoas7 654321 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘catalogue recor for this book s avalible from the Bish Library ISBN 978 1202 183350 Copyright notice ‘lights reserved. 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Pearson has robust editorial processes, including answer and fat checks, to ensure the ‘accuraty ofthe contentin thie publication and every effort fe made to ensure this publication is fee of errors We are, hawever nly human, and occasionally errs do occur Pearson isnot lable for any misunderstandings that arse as a result oferors inthis publication, but its ‘Ur priority to ensure thatthe cantent is accurate. Ifyou spot an enor please da contact us at Fescurcescorrections@pearsanicom so we can make Sure itis corected iie@ Contents Overarching themes Extra online content 1 Vectors 1 1.1 Vector product 2 1.2. Finding areas 7 1.3 Scalar triple product 1 1.4 Straight lines 16 1.5 Solving geometrical problems 20 Mixed exercise 1 25 2 Conic sections 1 32 2.1 Parametric equations 3 2.2 Parabolas 35 2.3 Rectangular hyperbolas 42 2.4 Tangents and normals 45 25 Loci 54 Mixed exercise 2 57 ©3° Conic sections 2 62 @3.1 Ellipses 63 3.2 Hyperbolas 65 3.3 Eccentricity or 3.4 Tangents and normals toanellipse 74 3.5 Tangents and normals toa hyperbola 79 ©3.6 Loci 83 Mixed exercise 3 87 4 Inequalities 92 4.1 Algebraic methods 93 42 Using graphs to solve inequalities 96 ©43 Modulus inequalities 99 Mixed exercise 4 102 Review exercise 1 105 5 The r-formulae 116 5.1 The formulae uy 5.2 Applying the r-formulze to trigonometric ide 120 Contents © =Alevel only 5.3 Solving trigonometric equations ae ©5.4 Modelling with trigonometry 124 Mixed exercise 5 127 ©6 Taylor series 131 ©6.1 Taylor series 132 ©6.2 Finding limits 135 ©6.3 Series solutions of differential equations 139 Mixed exercise 6 43 ©7 Methods in calculus 149 © 7.1. Leibnitz’s theorem and nth derivatives 150 7.2 LHospitals rule 152 ©7.3 The Weierstrass substitution 156 Mixed exercise 7 158 8 Numerical methods 161 8.1 Solving first-order differential equations 162 8.2 Solving second-order differential equations 169 ©8.3 Simpson's rule 173 Mixed exercise & 115 ©9 Reducible differential equations 179 ©9.1 First-order differential equations 180 ©9.2 Second-order differential equations 183 ©9.3 Modelling with differential equations 185 Mixed exercise 9 187 Review exercise 2 191 Exam-style practice: AS 198 ‘e Exam-style practice: A level 200 Answers 202 Index 241Overarching themes e@ Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof * Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols + Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies * Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2, Mathematical problem solving The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle * Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r specify the problem } into the main exercises, + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results ole ain + Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence + Challenge boxes provide extra stretch t proceso J represent information 3, Mathematical modelling + Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it + Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model + Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book Access an online digital edition using the code at the 3 Conic sections 2. __|_frentof the book. Each chapter starts with a list of objectives The real world applications, of the maths you are about | to lear are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter The Prior knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapter ivOverarching themes Alevel content is = clearly flagged =~, Exercise questions oe are carefully graded so they increase "11 in difficulty and gradually bring you up to exam standard Exercises are packed with exam- style questions to ensure you are ready for the exams Challenge boxes give you a chance to tackle some more difficult questions Problem-solving boxes Each section begins Step-by-step Each chapter provide hints, tips and with explanation worked examples ends with a Exam-style questions SSIS MUON ratecies, and Wotch andkeyleaming focusonthekey Mlxedexercise Problem-solving out boxes highlight points types of questions and a Summary questions are flagged areas where students, you'll need to of key points with ®) often lose marks in tackle their exams. Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions Exam-style practice Further Ma farther Mathematis Further Pure 1 Review exercise AS and A level practice papers at the back of the book help you prepare for the real thing,Extra online content e@ Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. EXD suivoressourcrsve SE available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions as a PDF or quickly find the solution you need online Use of technology Dometic nreedeaivivatse SED) rnd ng poncaresscion CP? problems and consolidate your understanding _gfaphically using technology. using pre-made GeoGebra activities. GeaGebra anaes GeoGebra-powered interactives a aoe Interact with the maths you are learning weno using GeoGebra's easy-to-use tools eruee all the extra online content for free at: www.pearsonschools.co.uk/fp1maths You can also access the extra online content by scanning this QI viVectors eae After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Find the vector product a x b of two vectors a and b © Interpret |a x bl as an area > pages 2-6 + pages 7-11 © Find the scalar triple product a.b x ¢ of three vectors a, b and ¢, and be able to interpret it as a volume Write the vector equation of a line in the form (r-a)xb=0 > pages 11-16 > pages 16-20 © Find the direction ratios and direction cosines of aline - pages 17-20 © Use vectors in problems involving points, lines and planes and use the equivalent Cartesian forms for the equations of lines and planes Additive manufacturing is a technique that Uses 3D printers to build an object up bit by bit rather than taking a block of material and cutting bits away. Designers use vectors to create the 3D models which are then put through specialist software to render the object printable. > Exercise 1¢Q11 > pages 20-25 ieee ea 1. Find the scalar product of the vectors 2j—3kand 41-5) +k. + Core Pure Book 1, Section 9.3 2 Astraight line has vector equation SORE) Write down the Cartesian equation of the line. + Core Pure Book 1, Section 9.1 3 Aline has vector equation r= (2-3) +k) +404 5-2). A plane has equation r.(34— 2) + 2k) = 2. Find: a the acute angle between the line and the plane. Give your answer in radians correct to 3 significant figures. b the point of intersection of the line and the plane. € Core Pure Book 1, Sections 9.4, 9.5Chapter 1 @® Vector product You have already encountered the scalar (or dot) product of two vectors. The scalar (or dot) product of two vectors a and b is written as ab, and defined as = lalib|cos 0, CT 2) a where @ is the angle between a and b. fas (*) and b= (:) 21, ms The scalar product produces a number (or scalar) as an then ab =xyx9 +192 +2425. answer. It is useful to define a second type of product Core Pure Book 1, Chapter 9 that gives an answer as a vector. END ereceocctras CF 1 The vector (or cross) product of the vectors a and b ae is defined as vectors. ax b=|allb|singa where @ is the angle between a and b. xD fis the unit vector that is perpendicular to both a and b. Since 0 < @ < 180°, |al[b| sind is a positive scalar quantity. This means that a x bis a vector quantity with magnitude |al/b| sind that acts in the direction of f Gece You can also use a ‘right-hand rule’ to determine the direction of f, and hence the direction of a x b. Ifa is your first finger, and b is your second finger, then a x b acts in A the direction of your thumb: jen [bljalsin a (A) b “s » a Pil |al[b|sin of axb The vector product is not commutative: the order of. multiplication matters. The direction of fis that in which a right-handed screw would move when turned from a to b. if the turn is in the opposite sense, i.e. from b to a, then the movement of the screw is in the opposite direction to A, je. in the direction of -A. Sobxa a —ee Find the values of aixi bixk cixk. b jxk=1x1x sin90% = kxk=0 = ixj=kandjxi=-k Asa x b=|al[b| sin fi, a x b= 0 implies that a=0, b =O or sind =0. sin @ = 0 implies that = 0 or 180°, so a and b must be parallel = Ifa x b=0 then either a= 0, b = 0 or aand b are parallel. a, by Given that a =[ a; and b=| , | find a xb. FS assume the vector product ax b= (ai + aj + ask) x (bi + bj + Dk) is distributive over vector = abi x i) + abel xj) + abs xk) addition. This means that 4 asb(j xi) + dzbolj xj) + arbslj xB) ax (bid =(axb)+axo + asby(k x i) + asbotk x j) + asbstke xk) bak + asbal-j) + dob{k) + apbali) + azh\§) + abl) (agbs ~ dzbe}i + (asb; ~ aybs\j + (dibs ~ agbJk 3 In determinant form, og aie axb=|a a as Bla ae i es bl Flo, be = lazhs ~ asb2)t + (ash; - a)b3j + bz - a2bJk = ax b= (agh;— asba)i + (ash, ~ ayb;)j + (aybz ~ ab.) ijk Ca by be bs Jaz ay b, by a, by by ay by by +kChapter 1 Given that a = 2i ~ 3j and b= 4i + j—k, find a x b: a directly b bya method involving a determinant. ¢ Verify that a x b is perpendicular to both a and b. a (2-3) x 4i+j-k) 4+ 2k + 254 12k-O4 35 + 4+ 14k Ch 7 1 alla al la 4 (3 - 0) - jL-2 - 0) + ki2 + 12) = Bit 2+ 14k © (31+ Qj + 14k).(24 - 3) Mix) #20 xp) ~ 20 xb) 12) xD - 3G x + BY XW (3x 2)+@x (3) +014 x0) (Bi + f+ 14k). +f k= (3 x 4) + (2 x 1) +014 x CD ate Using the discriminant is usually a quicker way to evaluate the cross product. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both (4i + 3] + 2k) and (8i + 3] + 3k). The vector product will give a perpendicular vector. ijk 432 633 32 jaz a 3 alse 3lt*le 3 = (9 ~ 6) - jtt2 - 16) + k«12 - 24) Aj 12k Since |3i + 4j - 12k| = (3? + 4? + CaF = 13 2 suitable unit vector is 4(3i + 4 - 12k). You can find vector products using your calculator. But you might encounter a vector with an unknown in it, s0 it is important that you know how to find the vector product manually.ee Find the sine of the acute angle between the vectors a = 2i + j + 2k and Oo -3 4 = 14 +6) - J - 0) + k-6 - 0) a co A So sind Ingeneral,to ind the angle between two vectors use the scalar product. This gives the cosine of the angle. Immediately we know whether the angle is acute or obtuse. In this example it is ot clear whether the angle 0 is acute or obtuse. This is similar to the ambiguous case when using Fees 1 Simplify: a Sixk b 3ixk © kx i d 3ixi-j+k) 2) Gi+i-k) f£ Giti-k) x2 “2)G) GG) 1)G) QQ) 2. Find the vector product of the vectors a and b, leaving your answers in terms of 2 in each case, Ai+2j+k b=i-3k 2-j+7k b=i-Aj+3k a b 3 Find a unit vector that is perpendicular to both 2i— j and to 4i + j + 3k. 4 Find a unit vector that is perpendicular to both 4i + k and j - yk. 5. Find a unit vector that is perpendicular to both i-j and 3i + 4j - 6k. r 5 6 Find a unit vector that is perpendicular to both (: and to () 4 8Chapter 1 4) 7 Find a vector of magnitude 5 which is perpendicular to both (* and ( 1 8 Find the magnitude of (i+ j-k) x (i-j +k). 9 Given that a a ab baxb ¢ the unit vector in the direction a x b. +2j- Sk and b = 5i-2j+k, find: 10 Find the sine of the angle between each of the following pairs of vectors a and b. You may leave your answers as surds, in their simplest form. a a=3i-4j,b=2i+2)+k b a=j+2k,b=Si44j-2k € a= Sit 2j+ 2k b=4i+4j+k 11 The fine /, has equation r = i - j + 4( + 2j + 3k) and the line /, has equation r=2i+]+k +y(2i—j +k), Find a vector that is perpendicular to both /, and Js. 1 2) @nx wisn hata =(3 ana (i) and that ax b=(~6), where u,v and w are scalar 1 » constants. Find the values of u, v and w. ® 13 Given that p = ai—j + 4k, that q = j-k and that their vector product q x p= aand b are scalar constants, a find the values of a and b b find the value of the cosine of the angle between p and q. — j +k where ® 14 Ifaxb=0,a=2i+j-kand b= of dandy. Aj +k, where A and y are scalar constants, find the values ©® 15 If three vectors a, b and ¢ satisfy a +b + ¢ = 0, show that axb=bxe=exa Challenge ais a non-zero vector and b and c are non-parallel vectors. Given that a x b= >a, show that a is parallel to b + €.Vectors, (1.2) Finding areas You can use the vector product to solve problems involving areas of triangles and parallelograms. Find the area of triangle OB, where O is the origin, Ais the point with position vector a and B is the point with position vector b. VA Area of triangle OAB = }(OA)(OB) sind = Heel 2 = If A and Bhave position vectors a and b respectively, then Area of triangle OAB = 3|a x b| Ge 5 Find the area of triangle ABC, where the position vectors of A, Band Care a, band ¢ respectively. Area of triangle ABC (AB)(AC) sind Z = tb - alle - alsin Hib - a) x (e - a} = tb x @) ~ (bx a) ~ (a xo) + (a x all = Hib xe) + (ex a) + (ax bl) = da x b) + (b xe) + (ex al] = If A, Band Chave position vectors a, b and c respectively, then Area of triangle ABC=3| 48 x 4C| = 2I(b—a) x (e—a)| =} \(axb) + (bx) + (exa)] ~Chapter 1 Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, where the Dy c position vectors of A, Band D area, b and d respectively. Area of parallelogram ABCD sf h rea of triangle ABD + area of triangle BCD 2 x area of triangle ABD (bb - a) x (d-a)] 4 A = If A and B have position vectors a and b respectively, then Area of parallelogram OABC= |a x b| oO. ‘B = If A, B, Cand D have position vectors a, b, cand d respectively, then Area of parallelogram ABCD = |AB x AD| EEE tse ceocebrato =|(b—a) x (d—a)] explore this relationship. = |(a x b) + (b x d) + (dx a)| Find the area of triangle O4B, where O is the origin, A is the point with position vector i - jand B is the point with position vector 3i + 4j — 6k. Area of triangle OAB = 53|(i~ p) x (Bi + 4j ~ Gk)] jk Raita Ee 3 4 -6 Git Gj+ 7k So area of triangle = 3|Gi + Gj + 7k| = tv vier 5Vectors, Find the area of triangle ABC, where the position vectors of 4, Band Care 4i- 2) +k, -12i + 14j + k and -4i - 2j + k respectively. FB = (12+ 14) +8) - (41 - 2) + = 161 + 1G) AC = (-4t ~ f+) - (4b Qj +k) = -81 ijk AB xAC =H6 16 0 8 0 Oo So area of triangle ABC = ${I28k| = 64 Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, where the position vectors of A, Band D are 2+] —k, 61+ 4j — 3k and 14i + 7j - 6k respectively. 128k Acea of parallelogram ABCD = |AB x AD| TE Gea Se N= eS AD = (WAi + 7j ~ Gk) ~ (2h + jb) = 12h + Gj - 5k. lye ABTS Sear AB) M2 6 -5 So area of parallelogram = |-31 ~ 4j ~ 12k| = 13 1 Find the area of triangle O48, where O is the origin, 4 is the point with position vector a and Bis the point with position vector b in the following cases. a azitj-4k b a=3i+4j-5k cas 2 3 0 2. Find the area of triangle ABC, where the position vectors of A, Band Care a, bande respectively, in the following cases: aasi-j-k b=ditj+k ¢=4i-3)+k dt el) 2.Chapter 1 3 Find the area of the triangle with vertices 4(1, 0, 2), B(2, -2, 0) and C(3, -1, 1). 4 Find the area of the triangle with vertices 4(-1, 1, 1), B(1, 0, 2) and C(O, 3, 4). 5 Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, shown in DY c the diagram, where the position vectors of A, Band D arei+j+k,-3i+4j +k and 2i- j respectively. 6 Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, shown in the diagram, in which the vertices 4, Band D have coordinates (0, 5, 3), (2, 1,1) and (I, 6, 6) respectively. 7 Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD, shown in the diagram, where the position vectors of A, Band D are j, i+ 4j + k and 2i + 6j + 3k respectively. ©® 8 Relative to an origin O, the points P and Q have position vectors p and q respectively, where p=ati+j+2k),q=a(2i+j+3k) anda >0. Find the area of triangle OPQ, giving your answer in terms of a. ® 9 a Prove that the area of the parallelogram ABCD is |(b — a) x (¢ - a)) b Show that (b ~ a) x (¢ — a) = (b—a) x (d — a) implies that (b a) x (e~ d) = 0, and explain the geometrical significance of this vector product. ©) 10 The position vectors of the points A, B and C relative to an origin O are —k, 61—2k and 3i + 3] respectively. Find: a AC x BC (3 marks) b the exact area of triangle ABC. (2 marks) © 1 The sail of a yacht is modelled as a triangle with vertices at A(-3, 2, ~4), B(-2, -3, 1) and (1, 2, -1), where the dimensions are in metres. a Find AB x AC. (B marks) b Hence find the area of fabric needed to construct the sail according to this model. (2 marks) © Suggest, with a reason, whether the actual area of fabric needed to construct the sail will be larger or smaller than this value. (1 mark) ©) 12 A jeweller makes gold pendants in the shape of a parallelogram ABCD where sides AB and DC are equal and parallel. She designs the pendants in 3D space and models the pendants as having vertices A(-1, 2, 0), B(3, -3, -2) and D(-2, 0, 3) where each unit represents Lem, a Find the coordinates of point C. (2 marks) Given that gold costs £595 per cm’, and that the pendants will be 3 mm thick, b find, correct to the nearest pound, the cost of making one pendant. (4 marks) 10Vectors, Challenge In the diagram below, ABCD and CDEF are parallelograms which lie in the same plane. , BC = qand CF =" By considering area, show that |p (q +#)|=|p x ql + |p xr. ® Scalar triple product You can find the scalar triple product of three vectors, a,b and ¢ and use it to find the volume of a parallelepiped XIE) se Geosebra to ep and of a tetrahedron. ‘explore the scalar triple product. CEEED 4 paraticlepiped isa three-dimensional solid with six parallelogram-shaped faces. You know that b x € = (b3¢, — bycsJi+ (bse, — byes) + (bxe2 ~ acs), where b c= qitoj+ok. So ifa=ai+a,j+ayk, then = an(b x €) = ay(bacs ~ bycz) + ap(bsea ~ bres) + as(bac2 — boca) This can also be written as Ce iy by by ee = a(b xe) |, and a.(b x e) is known as the scalar triple product. iGang _ Given that a = 3i-j+ 4k, b=i+j-k and e=2i+ 3) + 5k, find a ath xe) b bie xa) © afaxe) Vi + 7 - Nk J WATE + 7-11) The above worked example illustrates two important points. = The scalar triple product is cyclic: a.(b x) = bile x a) =e.(a xb) Bae) sbiexe) =< faxkl CED vou can use the first of these to prove the «= Ifa vector is repeated then the scalar triple second: product is equal to zero: alaxp)=p.laxa)=p.0-0 a.(a x p) = a.(p x a) = 0 for any vector p. Gen Find the volume of the parallelepiped shown in the figure, given that O is the origin and A, B and C have position vectors a, b and e respectively. The angle between b and ¢ is @ and the angle between the perpendicular height and ais 6. 12Vectors, The volume of the parallelepiped is given by (erea of base) x h where his the perpendicular distance between the base and the top face. The base, OBDC is a parallelogram and its area is |b x So the volume of the parallelepiped is |b x elt But h = OAcos¢ So volume is |b x eA. cos. = [bx ellalcoss a(b xe) = If three sides of a parallelepiped are given by vectors a, b and as shown in the diagram, then the volume of the parallelepiped is given by |a.(b x ¢)|. a GED 2 bandecanbe any three non- parallel sides of the parallelepiped. Find the volume of the tetrahedron shown in the figure, given that O is the origin and 4, Band C have position vectors a, b and ¢ respectively. The angle between b and ¢ is @ and the angle between the perpendicular height and a is 6. : The volume of the tetrahedron is gi formula S{area of base) x ht where fis the perpendicviar height. The triangular base, OBC has area 3Ib x e| And h = OAcos¢ = So volume of tetrahedron is ib xe) lb x ellalcos.} the diagram, then the volume of the tetrahedron is given by Zla.(b x ¢)|. a GED 2 bandecanbe any three non- fe coplanar sides of the tetrahedron. «= If three sides of a tetrahedron are given by vectors a, b and ¢ as shown in Lf 13Chapter 1 Find the volume of a tetrahedron which has vertices at (1, 1, -1), (2. 4, -1), (3, 0, -2) and (0, 4, 5). If the vertices are labelled A, B, Cand D in the order given above and have position vectors a,b, e and d respectively, then AB =b-a=t+3 AC =e-a=2i-j-k AD = a-a=-1+ 346k Volume of tetrahedron = 2|AB.(AC x AD)| 3.0 Satna AB.(AC x AD) is negative. If you ‘swapped any pair of vectors in this scalar triple product the answer would be 6 instead of -6. For example, AC.(AB x AD) = 6. ABAAC AB AC x AD) 1 Given that a= Si+2j-k, b=i+j+kand ¢=3i+ 4k, find: a a(bxe) b b(cxa) © e(axb) @® 2 Given that a=i-j-2k, b= 24+] -kand e = 2 ~ 3]— 5k, find a.(b xe). What can you deduce about the vectors a, band e? 3 Find the volume of the parallelepiped ABCDEFGH where the vertices A, B, D and E have coordinates (0, 0, 0), (3, 0, 1), (1, 2, 0) and (1, 1, 3) respectively. 4. Find the volume of the parallelepiped ABCDEFGH where the vertices A, B, D and E have coordinates (-1, 0, 1), 3, 0, -1), (2, 2, 0) and (2, 1, 2) respectively. A B 5 A tetrahedron has vertices at A(1, 2, 3), B(4, 3, 4), C(1, 3, 1) and D(3, 1, 4). Find the volume of the tetrahedron. 6 A tetrahedron has vertices at A(2, 2, 1), B(3, -1, 2), CU, 1, 3) and D(3, 1, 4), a Find the area of face BCD. b Find a unit vector normal to the face BCD. ¢ Find the volume of the tetrahedron. 7 A tetrahedron has vertices at A(0, 0, 0), B(2, 0, 0), C(1, v3, 0) and oft 2 46) a Show that the tetrahedron is regular. b Find the volume of the tetrahedron. 14© Vectors, A tetrahedron OABC has its vertices at the points O(0, 0, 0), A(1, 2, -1), B-1, 1, 2) and €Q,-1,). a Write down expressions for 4B and AC in terms of i, jand k and find AB x AC. (3 marks) b Deduce the area of triangle ABC. (2 marks) ¢ Find the volume of the tetrahedron. (3 marks) The points A, B, Cand D have position vectors a, b, ¢ and d respectively, where a=2itj b=3i-j+k e=-2j-k d=2i-j+3k a Find 4B x BC and BD x DC. (4 marks) b Hence find: i. the area of triangle ABC (2 marks) fi the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD. (3 marks) The edges OP, OQ and OR of a tetrahedron OPQR are the vectors a, b and ¢ respectively, where as2itdj b=2i-j+3k ¢=4i- 2) +5k a Evaluate b x ¢ and deduce that OP is perpendicular to the plane OOR. (4 marks) b Write down the length of OP and the area of triangle OQR and hence the volume of the tetrahedron. (3 marks) ¢ Verify your result by evaluating a.(b x ¢). (2 marks) An architect is designing landscaping sculptures in the shape of tetrahedra. She designs them in 3D software with the origin as her starting point. The position vectors of vertices A, Band C from the origin are 3i + 2j + k, 2i—- j 4k and -2i + 4j- 2k. a Find OB x OC. (3 marks) She prints solid prototype models using a 3D printer and a scale of | unit in her design representing 2cm on the model. The density of the plastic used by the printer is 1.13 g/em?. b Find, to the nearest gram, the mass of one prototype model. (5 marks) A scientist is studying the crystal structure of a mineral. The crystal forms a lattice with parallelepipedal unit cells, He models one cell as having vertices with coordinates (0, 0, 0), (0.6, 0.6, 0), (0.9, -0.9 ,0), (-0.4, -0.4, -1.3), (0.2, 0.2, =1.3), (Ll, -0.7, =1.3), (0.5, =1.3, =1.3) and (1.5, -0.3, 0) Crystallographers measure distances in angstroms, where 10 angstroms is equal to one nanometre (10 metres). Find the volume of the unit cell of the crystal, in cubic angstroms, if one unit on the scientist's scale is one nanometre. Give your answer to two significant figures. (6 marks) 15Chapter 1 13 The diagram shows a parallelepiped ABCEFDHG. H c Mis the midpoint of EF. The point NV lies on AB such that A {7 AN: NB=2:1. a Find the ratio of the volume of the parallelepiped to the volume of the tetrahedron NCME. marks) (SY i, 4 F b State, with justification, how this ratio varies as N moves along the line segment AB. (2 marks) c G®) 14 The diagram shows a pyramid with base vertices A(-1, 0, 0), BO, 2, 1), (1, 2, 3) and D(0, 0, 2). The vertex of the pyramid is at (3, 0, 1). Find the exact volume of the pyramid. marks) 7 La iE 4 Grea Split the pyramid into two tetrahedrons. Challenge a Explain why a.(b x.¢) = (ax b).<. b Use the result from part a to show that d.(a x b +a x ¢)=d.lax (b +¢)). ¢ Hence deduce that ax b+axe=ax (b+0) Straight lines You can use the vector product to write a vector equation { Links } vector equation ofa ofa line in a form that doesn’t require a parameter. straight line passing through a ‘Suppose that a is the position vector of a point on a line, Point 4 with position vector a, and and that the line is parallel to the vector b. erelielietthetiectar Bil sreeatrel by Let r be the position vector of a general point on the line. peace eunaianete — ‘€ Core Pure Book 1, Chapter 9 AR =OR-OA =r-a Since AR is parallel to b, AR x b =0. So(r-a)xb=0 = (f=) x b=0is an alternative form of the vector ‘equation of a line passing through the point 4 with position vector a, and parallel to the vector b. This may also be written as rx b= ax b. EEDD evsire steven CP equation of a line, written using a cross product, with GeoGebra. 16Find the vector equation of the line through the points (1, 2, -1) and (3, -2, 2) in the form. (r-a)xb=0. The line is in the direction Vectors, You can use the direction vector of a straight line to find the angles a, 3 and + that the line makes with the positive x-, y-and z-axes respectively. The angles a, and 7 lie in the range 0< a, 8,7 = 180. = Ifa lineis parallel to the vector a= xi+ yj +zk, the direction ratios of the line are xy: , and the direction cosines of the line are a. x z cosa= cos 3 =~ and cosy= and are written as /, m and n respectively. The sum of the squares of the direction cosines is always 1: ateytte? fal? ki k = Aline with direction ratios x: y:z has direction cosines /, mand n such that /? + m? + n= 1. Pam +n 1 4 A line has vector equation ( - ( 2 )) (2) =0. <1 2. a Find the direction cosines of the line, /, m and 1. b Show that the Cartesian equation of the line can be written as For the vectora=x1-+y)+2k, the angle made with the positive x-axis is ‘€ Pure Year 2, Section 12.2 a7Chapter 1 al= VPaCaPee -2_:41 ea "ae 2 eeu aa The direction cosines are in the same ratio as the direction Em: sc 1 Find an equation of the straight line passing through the point with position vector a which is parallel to the vector b, giving your answer in the form r x b = ¢, where ¢ is a vector to be found for the following pairs a and b: a a=2i+j+2k b=3i+j-2k b a=2i-3k baitjtsk ¢ a=4i-2j+k b=-i-2)+3k 2. Find a Cartesian equation for each of the lines given in question 1. 3. Find, in the form (r ~ a) x b= 0, an equation of the straight line passing through the points with coordinates: a (1, 3,5), (6,4, 2) b (3, 4, 12), (4, 3, 5) © (-2,2,6),(3,7, 11) d (4,2, -4), (1.1, 1) 4 Find a Cartesian equation for each of the lines given in question 3. 5. Find, in the form (r- a) x b= 0, an equation of the straight line given by the following equations, where 2 is a scalar parameter. arsitj-2k+dQi-k) b r=i+4j+aGi+j-5k) — € r= 3i+4)-4k +AQi-2)- 3k) 6 Find the equation of the straight line with Cartesian equation x-3_ytl 22-3 in the form: arxb=e b r=a+ fb, where risa scalar parameter. 18EP 10 eu Vectors, Given that the point with coordinates (p, q, 1) lies on the line with equation iH] find the values of p and g (4 marks) rx Given that the equation of a straight line is 1) fal ED betas ais a,j anand rxl Ips) 2 ‘set up simultaneous equations. - \a find an equation for the line in the form r= a + rb, where fis a scalar parameter. (4 marks) A line L passes through the points and B with position vectors ~3i + 2j + 7k and 3i + 4j- 5k respectively. a Find the direction cosines of L. (3 marks) b Hence or otherwise write a Cartesian equation of the line. (2 marks) ‘Write down the direction cosines of: a the x-axis b the y-axis © the z-axis d the line x Zz Lines £, and L3 intersect and have direction vectors i + 2j + 3k and 3i + 2j + k respectively. a Find the direction cosines fy, m and m of line L1. 3 marks) b Find the direction cosines /,, m, and n of line Ly. (3 marks) © Verify that f+ myn + ny; = cos 6 where @/is the angle between the two lines, (4 marks) 4. Prove that the above result is true for any two intersecting lines, (6 marks) “The direction cosines of two lines L, and Ly are /, Apmis apand h= ke, respectively, Find, in radians correct to three significant figures, the acute angle between the two lines. A line L makes angles of a, (? and 7 with the x, y and 2-axes respectively. Show that cos 2a: + cos 23 + cos 2y = -1. Find, in degrees correct to one decimal place, the angles that the line segment OP makes with each of the axes given that P has coordinates (2, 3, 4) A straight line passes through the origin and makes angles of 45° to the x-axis and 60° with the axis, Find wo possible equations of the line. A line L passes through the point (1, 2, ~1) and makes equal angles with the axes. a Find the direction cosines of L. (3 marks) b Hence find the equation of the line in the form (2 marks) 19Chapter 1 17 A telephone wire is modelled as a straight line in 3D space. i and j are the horizontal vectors >) _ due east and north respectively, and k is the vertical unit vector. The units are metres. An engineer inspects the wire at the point with position vector 6k, and finds that it is horizontal, and directed on a bearing of 015°. a Find a vector equation of the wire, giving your answer in the form (r — a) x = 0. (4marks) b Hence show that the wire will intersect with a second wire with vector equation 5 5-26 - v2) (: - (3) x\ 2-26 +2) ] =0 3 marks) 1 -5 © Give a possible criticism of this model. (1 mark) Challenge x ‘Spherical polar coordinates are defined by the distance from the origin, r the ‘azimuthal angle’ (measured anti-clockwise from the x-axis in the xy-plane), and the ‘polar angle’ (measured from the positive 2-axis), Aline L passes through the origin and the point with spherical polar coordinates their simplest form, the direction cosines of L. b Find, in terms of # and , expressions for the direction cosines of the line which passes through the origin and the point with spherical coordinates (r, 6, y). @® Solving geometrical problems You can use the fact that the vector product a x b is perpendicular to both a and b to solve problems involving planes and lines in three dimensions. a. Find, in the form ran = p, an equation of the plane which contains the line /and the point with position vector a where / has equation r = 3i+ Sj - 2k +A(-i + 2)-k) and a=4i+ 3)+k. b Give the equation of the plane in Cartesian form. 20a The vector -i + 2j— kis perpendicular ton. 1 The vector 4i + 3j + k- (31 + 5j— 2k) also lies in the plane and is also perpendicular to ne. 1-2) + Skis perpendicular to n. ijk 2 -4 1-2 3 Son ni + Qi) = 4i + 35 + Wai + Op Find a Cartesian equation of the plane that passes through the points 4(1, 0,—1), B2, CQ. 16, 6). > n(-91- Gj + 15k) = -9 - 15 = -24 So the equation of the plane may be written as , which is a Cartesian «| = 4142) So the equation of the required plane is > ni4i + 2) = 16 +6 ‘An equation of the plane is n(Al + 2)) = 22 1,0) and (36 + 2j - 5k) = 5 2Chapter 1 Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes /T, and 17; where IZ, has equation 121 - 2} — k) = 2 and 7, has equation r.(i — 3] +k) = 5. Direction vector of line is given by oj kl fs 2 -2 -|=|-3 1-3 1] \n4 Hy; 2x- 2y-222 Mz x= 3y + Set = =O and solve simvitaneously: oss) Saxe 1 y= x-3y=5 So (4, -2, 0) lies on the line, and the equation for the line is ey Cuca 4 = (2) . ‘() You could also find two points on the line 5 : by setting z = 0, and also setting x =0 (for example), then use these to find an equation for the line. Show that the shortest distance between the two skew lines with equations r = a + ab and (a ¢).(b x d) |bx dj r= +d, where 4 and are scalars, is given by the formula The shortest distance between p the lines is XY where XYis perpendicular to both lines. x The common perpendicular to the two skew lines is in the direction b x d and aurit vector ¥ ° bxd ipxd| IF Pis a point on the line with equation r = in that direction is, + Ab and Gis @ point on the line with equation r= € + jd then oP The projection of PQ in the direction of the common perpendicular is et dba yd ( ~ et ib nde S 22Vectors, Pen aged ents yates {ania = ce). + ab xd] Hae al jbxd| But bulb x d) = dilb x d) = O and the shortest distance — bxdlisperpendicuarto both band must be a positive quantity, so the shortest distance is, c).(b x d) ib x al given by = The shortest distance between the two skew lines with equations +Aband r=¢+ j1d, where 2 and 1 are scalars, is given by the formula (a-«).(b xd) [bx qd] Find the shortest distance between the two skew lines with equations r = i + 2(j +k) and +3) —k + w(2i—j—k), where d and y are scalars. (2i ~ 3 + W125 - 2k) So the shortest distance is 1 Find a Cartesian equation of the plane that passes through the points: a (0,4, 2), (1, 1, 2)and (-1, 5,0) b (1, 1,0), 2, 3, -3) and (3, 7, -2) © (3,0, 0), (2, 0, -1) and (4, 1, 3) d (1, -1, 6), (3, 1, -2) and (4, 1, 0) 2. Find, in the form r.n = p, an equation of the plane which contains the line /and the point with position vector a where: a (has equation r =i +) - 2k + A2i-k) and a=4i+3)+k b Thas equation r =i + 2j + 2k + i +j- 3k) and a=3i+ Sj+k ¢ Thas equation r= 24 j-+k +A + 2j + 2k) and a= Ti+ 8) + 6k 3. Find the equation of the line of intersection of the planes JZ, and JZ, where: aT, has equation #.(3i — 2j- k) = S and ZZ; has equation r.(4i - j - 2k) 2k) = 16 and I, has equation r.(16i — ij + k) = 10 and JT, has equation r, b 11, has equation ¢ Hy has equation 23Chapter 1 O4 24 Find the acute angle between the line with equation (r ~ 33) x (~4i - 7j + 4k) = 0 and the plane with equation r= A(4i - j - k) + u(4i — 5) + 3k). Find the shortest distance between the two skew lines with equations r= i+ M-3i— 12) + 11k) and r= 3i—j +k + p(2i + 6j — 5k), where A and pare scalars, The plane JT has equation r.(i + j- k) = 4. a Show that the line with equation r = 24 + 3) +k + 4(-i + 2j +k) lies in the plane IT. b Show that the line with equation r = -i + 2j + 4k + 4(-i + 2j + k) is parallel to the plane JT and find the shortest distance from the line to the plane. A tetrahedron has vertices at A(1, 2, 3), B(0, 1, -2), C(3, 6, 1) and D(S, -2, 4). Find: a the Cartesian equation of the plane ABC (3 marks) b the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD. (marks) The normal to the plane ABC through point D intersects the plane at point E. ¢ Find the angle CDE, giving your answer in radians correct to three decimal places. (5 marks) The lines Z and L; have equations volt) wool) If the lines L, and L; intersect, find: a the value of a (4marks) b an equation for the plane containing the lines ZL, and Z>, giving your answer in the form ax + by + cz + d= 0, where a, b, cand dare integer constants. (4marks) For other values of a, the lines L, and L, do not intersect and are skew lines. © Given that a = 1. find the shortest distance between the lines L, and L3. (3 marks) The plane /7 has equation 1 =1 0 r=(-2)+2[ 2 }+a{ 2 1 —2) \-1 a Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane IZ. (marks) The line / passes through the point A(2, 3, 2) and meets JT at (1, -2, 1). The acute angle between the plane /7 and the line lis a. b Find a to the nearest degree. (4 marks) ¢ Find the perpendicular distance from A to the plane IT. (4 marks)Vectors, a Find the perpendicular distance from the point (3, -3, 2) to the plane I/). (3 marks) The plane JZ, has vector equation (att where Z and p are scalar parameters. a 10 The plane JJ, has Cartesian equation 2x — y + 32-1 b Find the acute angle between IJ, and JJ, giving your answer in radians to three significant figures. (S marks) ¢ Find a vector equation of the line of intersection of the two planes, (6 marks) @®) 11 The plane JZ, has vector equation (345) where 2 and sare real parameters. TI, is transformed to the plane /7; by the transformation represented by the matrix T, where 10 2 T=(0 1 -3 021 Find an equation of 17, in the form r.n =p. (9 marks) Four planes have Cartesian equations Why 2x-y+32=1 0 Hyxty-3e=2 My 3x-2p- Find the volume of the finite space enclosed by all four planes. Cas Show that the plane.x +.y-+2=0 is invariant under the linear transformation represented @ a 3) bythe matrix( 22 -1 122 b Show that the only invariant point in this plane is the origin. Mixed exercise @) Mgx+y=0 © 1 The points 4, Band Chave position vectors a, band Q respectively, relative to a fixed origin O, as shown in the diagram. a=+3j b=i-2j+2k c= 314 2j-4k al < Calculate: c abxe marks) 4 b albxe) (marks) © the area of triangle OBC (2 marks) s d the volume of tetrahedron OABC. (1 mark) 25Chapter 1 @) 2 26 A soft drinks manufacturer is designing a package in the shape of a tetrahedron. He designs it in 3D software with the origin as his starting point. The position vectors of vertices 4, B and C from the origin are 2i + j + 3k, i - 4j- 3k and -i + 3j— k respectively. a Find OB x OC. (3 marks) He prints prototype packages using a 3D printer and a scale of 1 unit in the design representing 4cm on the model. b Given that the thickness of the plastic can be considered negligible, find, in em’, the volume of one prototype package. (4 marks) The diagram shows a parallelepiped ABCEFDHG with c D vertices 4(0, 0, 0), EG, =1, 2), C14, 1, -2), and FQ, -5, 1) Ip —_—_——_1] A tetrahedron is formed by joining vertices 4, Cand E to the point M on side EF such that the ratio EM : MFis 2:1 Show that the volume of the tetrahedron is $ of the volume to of the parallelepiped. marks) «= Relative to an origin O, the points A and B have position vectors a metres and b metres respectively, where a=5i+2j b=2i-j-3k ‘The point C moves such that the volume of the tetrahedron OABC is always 5m’. Determine Cartesian equations of the locus of possible positions of point C. (6 marks) ‘The lines L, and L, have equations r = a, + sb, and r= a, + th, respectively, where +2k by = 5i+4j-2k. a Verify that the point P with position vector 3i—j+2k lies on both Land L). (2 marks) b Find b, xb. (marks) ¢ Find a Cartesian equation of the plane containing Ly and Lo. (4 marks) The points with position vectors a, and a, are A, and Az respectively. d_ By expressing A\P and A,P as multiples of b, and b, respectively, or otherwise, find the area of the triangle PAyAs. (3 marks) The position vectors of the points A, B, Cand D relative to a fixed origin O, are ~j + 2k, 3] + 5k, 24 - 2j + 7k and j + 2k respectively. a Find p= AB x CD. (3 marks) b Calculate AC.p. (2 marks) ¢ Hence determine the shortest distance between the line containing AB and the line containing CD. (marks) Relative to a fixed origin O, the point M/ has position vector ~4i + j - 2k. ‘The straight line / has equation r x OM = 5i- 10k. a Express the equation of the line /in the form r = a + rb, where a and b are constant vectors and 1 is a parameter. (3 marks)Vectors, b Verify that the point N with coordinates (2, -3, 1) lies on / and find the area of triangle OMN. (4 marks) © 8 Aplane passes through the three points 4, B, C, whose position vectors, referred to an origin O, are (i + 3) + 3k), (3i + j + 4k), (2i + 4 + k) respectively. a Find, in the form fi + mj +k, a unit normal vector to this plane, (4 marks) b Find also a Cartesian equation of the plane, (3 marks) ¢ Find the perpendicular distance from the origin to this plane. (3 marks) © 9 a Show that the vector i +k is perpendicular to the plane with vector equation +9j+0i-k), (2 marks) b Find the perpendicular distance from the origin to this plane, (3 marks) ¢ Hence or otherwise obtain a Cartesian equation of the plane. (3 marks) © 10 The points A, B and C have position vectors i + j + k, 5i-2j + k and 3i + 2j + 6k respectively, referred to an origin O. a Find a vector perpendicular to the plane containing the points 4, Band C. (3 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find an equation for the plane which contains the points 4, B and C, in the form ax + by + ez +d=0. (3 marks) The point D has coordinates (1, 5, 6). ¢ Find the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD. (4 marks) © 11 The plane I passes through (3, -5, -1), B(-1, 5,7) and C(2, -3, 0). a Find AC x BC. (3 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find the equation, in the form ran = p, of the plane IT, (3 marks) © The perpendicular from the point (2, 3, -2) to IT meets the plane at P. Find the coordinates of P. (4 marks) fen that P and Q are the points with position vectors p and q respectively, relative to an origin O, and that p= 3i—j+2k and q=2i+j-k, a find pxq. (3 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find an equation of the plane containing O, P and Q in the form ax+ by +ez=d, (3 marks) ‘The line with equation (r — p) x q = 0 meets the plane with equation r.(i + j +k) = 2 at the point 7. ¢ Find the coordinates of the point 7. (4 marks) © 13 The planes /7; and IT, are defined by the equations 2x + 2y - 2 = 9 and x - 2y =7 respectively. a Find the acute angle between JZ, and IZ, giving your answer to the nearest degree. (3 marks) b Find in the form r x u = van equation of the line of intersection of JT, and JZ. (4 marks) 27Chapter 1 &" €) 28 The plane JT has vector equation yooy4y 3 3)+q ify 2 Ji where «and v are parameters, The line L has vector equation 2 2 re| i} + { 3 -3} | 4 where ris a parameter, a Show that L is parallel to 17. (4 marks) b Find the shortest distance between L and IT. (marks) ‘The plane JT has equation 2x + y + 3z = 21 and the origin is O, The line / passes through the point P(1, 2, 1) and is perpendicular to I7. a Finda vector equation of /. (3 marks) The line / meets the plane J7 at the point M. b Find the coordinates of M. (3 marks) © Find OP x OM. (3 marks) d_ Hence, or otherwise, find the distance from P to the line OM, giving your answer in surd form. The point Q is the reflection of Pin IT. (3 marks) e Find the coordinates of Q. (3 marks) Ina tetrahedron ABCD the coordinates of the vertices B,C, D are (1, 2,3), 2,3, 3) and (3, 2, 4) respectively. Find: a the equation of the plane BCD (Amarks) b the sine of the angle between BC and the plane x + 2y + 32=4, (marks) ¢ If ACand AD are perpendicular to BD and BC respectively and if 4B = v6, find the coordinates of the two possible positions of A. (4 marks) Points A and B have position vectors -2i + j + 5k and 4i + 2j — 3k respectively. a Find the direction ratios of AB. (3 marks) b Find the direction cosines /, m and n of AB. (3 marks) ¢ Write down the Cartesian equation of the line through A and B in the form x=M HN i (2 marks) A line L makes angles , 3 and + with the x-, y- and z-axes respectively. Prove that sin? + sin? + sin? = 2. Two lines L; and Ly have direction cosines equal to, 1, m and Js, my, nz respectively. Show that if the two lines are parallel, thenVectors, FY 20 A radio mast is modelled as a straight rod in 3D space. It is supported by guide wires W/, and GiB) 2 hich are modelled as straight lines. 17, passes through the origin and makes angles of 45°, 60° and 60° with the x-, y- and z-axes respectively. ‘The wire attaches to the pylon at point 4 8+ 3y2) 4 3 a Wyhas vector equationr=| 0 | + (*) v2 1 4 Show that W; also passes through A and find the coordinates of A (7 marks) b The base of the pylon, B, lies in the xy-plane and the pylon is perpendicular to the xy-plane. Given that each unit in the model represents 10m, find the distance that B is from the origin, (4 marks) © Give one criticism of the model. (1 mark) @/P) 21 The plane JZ, has vector equation (i) (a) where 2 and y are real parameters. The plane IZ, is transformed to the plane IZ, by the transformation represented by the matrix T, where 1 T= ( 1-2 -1 0 a Show that the equation of the plane JT, can be written as “(3 = d where dis a constant to be found. 4 (9 marks) CEs The plane IT cuts the x, y~ and =-axes at the points (p, 0, 0), (0,4, 0) and (0, 0, r) respectively. Given that the shortest distance between the plane and the origin is d, prove that djija 1 hea 29Chapter 1 Peed 1 The scalar (or dot) product of two vectors a and b is written as a.b, and defined as a.b = |al|b|cos 0 where @ is the angle between a and b. 2 The vector (or cross) product of the vectors a and b is defined as ax b= |allb|sin oa where @ is the angle between a and b. 3 bx xb 4 |Fi,jand kare unit vectors along the x-, y- and z-axes respectively, then: + ixiso n + jxj=0 skxk= i + ixj=kandjxis-k + ixk=iandkxj=i + kxisjandixk=-j 5 lfaxb=Otheneithera 1, b = 0 or a and bare parallel. 6 axb=(a,b;—ash)it (ash, — a,b) + (be — ayh)k ' — ay a a Gy az a3 b; by b, b, be so oO. a 8 If 4, Band Chave position vectors a, b and ¢ respectively, then Area of triangle ABC=}|4B x AC| = 3|(b-a) x (e-a)) = 3I(a xb) + (bx ¢) + (€xa)| 3010 11 12 2B 4 15 16 7 18 Vectors, If A and B have position vectors a and b respectively, then Area of parallelogram OABC =|a x b| If A, B, Cand D have position vectors a, b, ¢ and d °. respectively, then 4 a x ' /y — QZ a Area of parallelogram ABCD =|4B x AD| b - a) x (d-a)| =|(axb)+(oxd+(dxa)] / When a= (ayi + aj + a3k), b = (byl + bp} + byk) and ¢ = (c,1 + cj + sk), aul x €) = ay(bee — bac) + aplbycy — byes) + a3(byC2 — bac) This can also be written as a a ay albxe=)b, bz by 4 & & a.(b x ¢) is known as the scalar triple product. a.(b x ¢) =b.(¢ x a) =c.(a x b) a.(a x p) = a.(p x a) = 0 for any vector p. If three sides of a parallelepiped are given by vectors a,b and ¢ as shown in the diagram, then the volume of a the parallelepiped is given by |a.(b x ©). If three sides of a tetrahedron are given by vectors a, b and ¢ as shown in the diagram, then the volume of the tetrahedron is given by !a.(b xo). E eS r (ra) x b =0is an alternative form of the vector equation of a line passing through the point A with position vector a, and parallel to the vector b. This may also be written as rx b=ax b, Ifa line is parallel to the vector a = xi + yj + 2k the direction ratios of the line are x: y:z, and the direction cosines of the line are x atl lal lal and are written as /, m and n respectively. cosa =~, cos a= wana Aline with direction ratios x:y:z has direction cosines /, mand n such that 2 + m? + n? = 1. The shortest distance between the two skew lines with equations. r=atdbandr=¢+yd, where d and pare scalars, is given by the formula 31Conic sections 1 After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Plot and sketch a curve expressed parametrically ~> pages 33-35 © Work with the Cartesian equation and parametric equations ofa parabola and a rectangular hyperbola -> pages 35-45 © Find the equation of tangents and normals to parabolas and rectangular hyperbolas > pages 45-56 © Understand the focus-directrix property of a parabola ~> pages 56-56 © Solve locus problems involving the parabola and rectangular hyperbola ~> pages 55-56 Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the line /with equation y= 2x + 16 and the curve C with equation y =-2x? + 6x + 10. ‘€ Pure Year 1, chapter3 fg This solar power station generates electricity by reflecting the sun’ rays onto a glass tube Find the equation of the tangent to the containing oil. The cross-section of the mirror curve y = 2x2 + 6x ~ 8 at the point where isa parabola, with the tube at its focus. x=1. Pure Year 1, Chapter 12 > Mixed exercise, ChallengeConic sections 1 (2.1) Parametric equations You can define a curve using parametric equations, where the x- and y- coordinates of each point on the curve are given in terms of an independent variable (such as 1) which is called a parameter. The parametric equations of a curve are written in the form pi, y= qi) Each value of r within the domain of the functions p and q generates a unique point on the curve. © To find the Cartesian equation of a curve =e given parametrically you eliminate the parameter between the equations. A curve has parametric equations x Cartesian equation of the curve. ‘A Cartesian equation is an equation in terms of wand y only. € Pure Year 2, Chapter 8 2at, R where a is a positive constant. Find the Rearrange one equation into the form ¢ Substitute (1) into (2): ae (za) ee OS cree simplifies to 4a® —— Substitute a 4a Hence, the Cartesian equation is ax A curve has parametric equations x = ct, y =%1€ R, 1 #0, where ¢ a Find the Cartesian equation of the curve. b Hence sketch this curve, This equation now involves x and y and not ¢. Note that ais a constant. a positive constant, a Method 1 To obtain the Cartesian equation, eliminate ¢ from xsct the given parametric equations. ~L. Rearrange one equation into the form r=... 33Chapter 2 Substitute (1) into (2) “oO ~ pee rn Hence, the Cartesian equation sa 1 Find the Cartesian equations of the curves given by these pairs of parametric equations. b x=4e yer 502, y= 1000 y=st hx=6,y=30 2. Find the Cartesian equations of the curves given by these pairs of parametric equations. 7 b x=Thy 40 dxeh yeqntzo 3 A curve has parametric equations x= 3/,y=3, rR, 10. a Find the Cartesian equation of the curve. b Hence sketch this curve. 34Conic sections 1 v2 Stem £0. 4 A curve has parametric equations x a Find the Cartesian equation of the curve. b_ Hence sketch this curve. @® Parabolas You have previously encountered parabolas in the form of quadratic curves, such as y = x2. The parabola is one member of a family of curves known as the conic sections. These curves can be obtained by slicing a cone. The parabola is obtained by slicing the cone parallel toits slope. GED The crc is another example ofa conic section, obtained by slicing a cone horizontally. You can learn about other conic sections later in this chapter and in the next chapter. ~ Section 2.5, Chapter 3 You need to be able to recognise and work with the parametric form of the equation for a parabola = The curve opposite is a parabola with Cartesian equation y? = 4ax, where ais a pi + The curve has parametric equations xsat,y=2at,teR + The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis. + Ageneral point P on this curve has coordinates (x,y) oF (at, 2at). You also need to be able to define a parabola in terms of its focus-directrix properties. ™ A parabola is the locus of points that are the same distance from a fixed point S, called the focus, and a fixed straight line called the directrix. In the diagram on the right, SP = PX for all points ? on the parabola. For the parabola with Cartesian equation y? = 4ax, + the focus, S, has coordinates (a, 0) direct + the directrix has equation x +a=0 + the vertex is at the point (0, 0). (DES of a parabola using GeoGebra. = kas xea=0 , 35Chapter 2 Gang Find an equation of the parabola with: a focus (7, 0) and directrix x +7=0 b focus i 0) and directrix x = —“ a Focus (7, 0) and directrix x + 7 =O Soa=7 So parabola has equation y? = 26x & Focus (YE. 0) and directrix x = “2 x+Beo soa= 2 So parabola has equation y ex) Find the coordinates of the focus and an equation for the directrix of a parabola with equation: a y= 24y b y= v32x. a y= 24x So the focus has coordinates (6, 0) and the directrix has equation x + 6 = 0. by? = v82n. So the focus has coordinates (V2, O) and the directrix has equation x + v2 = Soe 1 Find an equation of the parabola with: a focus (5, 0) and directrix x + 5=0 b focus (8, 0) and directrix x +8=0 € focus (1, 0) and directrix x = -1 4 focus (3, 0) and directrix x = -3 € focus tes 0) and directrix. x +S =0 36Conic sections 1 2. Find the coordinates of the focus, and an equation for the directrix of each of the following parabolas. 20x 10x Sv2x 3. Find the coordinates of the focus, and an equation of the ED the parade with parabola that passes through the general point: general pol @EIEh| a (6, 120) b (3/22, 6/21) has parametric equations x= 60, y= 120, 1 Find a Cartesian equation of the parabola with: a focus (0, 4) and directrix y b focus (3, 3) and directrix y ¢ focus (8,0) and directrix Greene Use a matrix transformation to rotate the general point be Peas (ae, ad, for a suitable 50 -aF value of a. 2 The parabola Chas focus (2, 2) and directrixx + +4 Cartesian equation for Cis x + The point P(8, -8) lies on the parabola C with equation y” parabola, The line / passes through S and P. a Find the coordinates of 5. x. The point Sis the focus of the b Find an equation for /, giving your answer in the form ax + by + = 0, where a, b and ¢ are integers. The line / meets the parabola C again at the point Q. The point M is the midpoint of PQ. © Find the coordinates of Q. 4 Find the coordinates of M. € Draw a sketch showing the parabola C, the line /and the points P, Q, Sand M. a y= 8x | This isin the form 2 = 4ax with a= 2. The focus, S, has coordinates (2, 0) b m= 7029-8 The focus has coordinates (a, 0). 6-276 So m= -$ 2, where (xy $3) = @ 0) and yr O=-f(r-2) , -8). ~4(x - 2) 4x48 Use y = y, = m(x— x). Here m Gard x4 3y-8=0 oy The line [has equation 4x + 3y ~ 8 = O. ‘— Rearrange into the form ax + by +¢=0. 37Chapter 2 ek 4x+3y-8=0 38 0 C: y= Bx 6x4 Gy-16=0 y+ ey-16=0 (y+ Xp -2)=0 So y=-6 or y= 2 y = -8 corresponds to pont P. When y= 2, s0 Q has coordinates _| 2 e+. The midpoint is (23-2, =8+2) The point M has coordinates (¥£, -3). —+ The parabola C has equation y= ox The line I has equation Ax+ 3y-8=0 The line I cuts the parabola at the points PB, -8) and Q(5, 2). The points S{2, 0) and M{'f, -3) also lie on the line 2 y Cy? = 8x Ole. 2) 512.0) PG, -8) il h4x43y-8=0 ) The line segment PQis a chord of the parabola. A chord which passes through the focus is sometimes called a focal chordConic sections 1 The parabola C has general point (a2, 2a). The line x = k intersects C at the points P and Q. Find, in terms of a and k, the length of the chord PQ. Iho =k, then k = at?, _— The x-coordinate of a point on the curve is. ~L. Solve the equation for t. Substitute each value for r separately to obtain the two y-values. erlang ree af exe ecnla a This is a vertical line segment, so the distance from P to Q can be found by subtracting the pcoordinates. Gren You could also solve this problem by finding a Cartesian equation of C and substituting x = k to find two corresponding values of y. The coordinates of P and @ are (k, 2vak) and (k, -2vak). The length of the chord PQ is 4Vak. 1 The line y = 2x ~ 3 meets the parabola y? = 3y at the p Find the coordinates of P and Q. 1s Pand Q. 2 The line y =x + 6 meets the parabola y? = 32x at . 7 Use the disté fe Il the points A and B. Find the exact length of AB, bin) = oF ae = a= 02-9 giving your answer as a surd in its simplest form. Pure Year 1, Chapter 5 3 The line y = x - 20 meets the parabola y the point M. Find the coordinates of 10x at the points A and B, The midpoint of 4 ® 4 The parabola C has parametric equations x = 6, y = 12r. The focus of Cis at the point S. a State the coordinates of S and the equation of the directrix of C. b Sketch the graph of C. The points P and Q on the parabola are both at a distance 9 units away from the directrix of the parabola. ¢ State the distance PS. d Find the exact length PQ, giving your answer as a surd in its simplest form. ¢ Find the area of the triangle POS, giving your answer in the form kv2, where k is an integer. 39Chapter 2 5 40 The parabola C has equation y? = 4ax, where a is a constant. The point (, 31 point on C. a Find a Cartesian equation of C. a general The point P lies on C and has y-coordinate 5. b Find the x-coordinate of P. The point Q lies on the directrix of C where y = 3. The line / passes through the points P and Q. € Find the coordinates of Q. 4 Find an equation for /, giving your answer in the form ax + by + ¢= 0, where a, and ¢ are integers, A parabola C has equation y? = 4x. The point Sis the focus of C. a Find the coordinates of S. (1 mark) The point P with y-coo b Find the x-coordinate of P. (1 mark) The line / passes through S and P. ¢ Find an equation for /, giving your answer in the form ax + by + ¢ = 0, where a, b and care integers. (2 marks) The line / meets C again at the point Q. 4 Find the coordinates of Q. (3 marks) € Find the distance of the directrix of C to the point (2marks) The diagram shows the point P which lies on the parabola C with equation y° = 12x. The point Sis the focus of C. The points Q and R lie on the directrix to C. The line segment PQ is parallel to the line segment RS as shown in the diagram. The length of PS is 12 units. a Find the coordinates of R and (2 marks) b Hence find the exact coordinates of Pand Q. (2 marks) ¢ Find the area of the quadrilateral PORS, giving your answer in the form ky3, where k is an integer. (2 marks) The points P(16, 8) and Q(4, 6), where b < 0 lie on the parabola C with equation y? = dax. a Find the values of a and 6. (2 marks) Pand Q also lie on the line /;. The midpoint of PQ is the point R. b Find an equation of /,, giving your answer in the form y= mx + ¢, where m and ¢ are constants to be determined. (marks) ¢ Find the coordinates of B. (1 mark)Conic sections 1 The line /; is perpendicular to J, and passes through R. 4 Find an equation of 4, giving your answer in the form y = mx +e, where m and ¢ are constants to be determined. (marks) The line /, meets the parabola Cat two points. e Show that the x-coordinates of these two points can be written in the form x = 2+ p13, where 4 and y are integers to be determined. (4 marks) 9 The point P(a?, 2at) lies on the parabola C with equation y* = 4ax. The line / passes through P and the focus of the parabola, S. a Find an expression for the gradient of Jin terms of 1. (2 marks) The line intersects the parabola again at a point Q. b Find the coordinates of Q, giving your answer in terms of @ and ¢. (4 marks) vsl0 ©®) 10 The diagram shows the parabola with equation 36x. The region R is bounded by the parabola, oO The equation y = Vax represents the top half of the parabola # = dax. Use integration to find the area under this curve between x = Oand x= 10. ®) 11 The diagram shows the parabola C with equation 9? = The straight line / with equation y = 4x cuts Cat the points O and P. Find the area of the shaded region R. (4 marks) aChapter 2 12 The diagram shows the points PQ, a) and Q(2, b) which lie on the parabola C with equation y? = 8x. The point T lies on the directrix to C. a Find the values of a and b. (1 mark) Tand P lie on the line /. b Find an equation of /, giving your answer in the form y = mx + c, where mand care constants to be determined. (2 marks) ¢ Find the area of the shaded region R. (4 marks) 13 A parabola C has equation » The point Sis the focus to C. a Find the coordinates of S. (1 mark) The point P with y-coordinate 4 lies on C. b Find the x-coordinate of P. (1 mark) The straight line / passes through S and P. ¢ Find an equation for / giving your answer in the form y=mx-+c, where mand c are constants to be found. (2 marks) The line / meets C again at Q. The shaded region R is bounded by the curve C, the line / and the x-axis. d Find the area of the shaded region R. (6 marks) {2.3 ) Rectangular hyperbolas Ifyou slice through a cone in such a way that the slice intersects both halves, you obtain a curve called a hyperbola. ‘A hyperbola has two sections. These are sometimes called different branches of the hyperbola. In this chapter you will consider one specific type of hyperbola called a rectangular hyperbola Hyperbota This curve has two asymptotes which meet at right angles. Hyperbola 42Conic sections 1 = The curve opposite is a rectangular hyperbola with Cartesian equation xy = c?, where cis a positive constant. + The curve has parametric equations £1eR,t4o xeety t + The curve has asymptotes with equations x = 0 (the y-axis) and y = 0 (the x-axis). + A general point P on this curve has coordinates (x,y) oF (ct, The rectangular hyperbola H has Cartesian equation x, intersects the curve at the points P and Q. a Find the coordinates of P and Q. b Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of P@ in the form y= mx + ¢. 64. The line / with equation x +2y - 36=0 a xt 2y-36=05Nx=-2y+ 36 (-2y + 36) = 64 ~2y" + 36y - 64=0 - ty +32=0 (= 16Xy = 2) = x= 32 > P32, } = O14, ~-— 6 > x b Midpoint of PQ is (18, 9) Gradient of PQ is ~} Gradient of perpendicular bisector is 2 y-9=2x- 18) > y=2x-27 4 &6 The rectangular hyperbola with equation xy Chapter 2 [Sora 1A rectangular hyperbola has equation xy = 12. a Sketch the curve. ‘The line with equation y = -3x + 15 intersects the curve at the points P and Q. b Find the coordinates of P and Q. ¢ Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ. d Find the x-coordinates of the points where the perpendicular bisector intersects the rectangular hyperbola, 2 The rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 9 and the straight line with equation y = intersect at the points P and Q. a Find the coordinates of the points P and Q. ‘The lines 3x — y + 6 = 0 and x ~ 3y ~ 6 = O intersect the rectangular hyperbola at P and also at the points Sand T respectively. b Find the length of ST. © Show that the midpoint of S7 lies on the straight line y ©® 3 The straight line 3x + 4y +48 = 6s 8 . £0, at the points P and Q. The straight line 4x ~ 3y — 11 = 0 intersects the nterseets the rectangular hyperbola with parametric equations x rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 36 at the points Q and R. Find the area of the triangle POR. ©® 4 The points Plerp) and Q(ea.5) both lie on the hyperbola with equation x) Show that the chord PQ has equation x + pqy = (p+ 4). ©® 5 The parabola C has equation y? = 4ax and the rectangular hyperbola H has equation xy = 2, where a > 0 and ¢ > 0. Show that C and HT intersect exactly once, and find the coordinates of the point of intersection, giving your answer in terms of a and c. & 2 © contains point P with x-coordinate $ and 1 Q with x-coordinate 4c. Find, in terms of ¢, the exact length of the chord PQ. (S marks) © 7 A rectangular hyperbola H has parametric equations x = 94, p ¢ £0. The straight line / r with equation 4x ~ 3y + 69 = 0 intersects H at the points P and Q. a Show that / intersects /M where 12 + 237-9 =0. (3 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, find the coordinates of P and Q. (4 marks) 4hConic sections 1 © 8 The rectangular hyperbola H has parametric equations x = 12r, » a Write the Cartesian equation of #7 in the form xy 5 and 1 = 6 respectively. o. (1 mark) Pand Q are points on the hyperbola such that b Find the length of the line segment PQ, giving your answer in the form av'10. (3 marks) ¢ Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ. (marks) The diagram shows the straight line with equation x + 2y— 10 =0 that intersects the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy =8 at the points P and Q. a Find the coordinates of P and Q. (2 marks) b Find the exact area of the shaded region, R, bounded by the hyperbola and the line 5 Give your answer in the form a+b Ine, where a, band care constants to be found, S$ marks) end cues The resulting curve is a rectangular hyperbola with asymptotes y and, x+2y-10=0 Q The rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c? is rotated through 45° anticlockwise about the origin. Show that the resulting curve can be written in the form »? ~ x= A2, where k > 0, giving kin terms of c. @ Tangents and normals You can use parametric differentiation or implicit differentiation to find the gradient of any point on a parabola. You do not need to be able to use either of these techniques if you are studying for AS level Further Maths only. Parametric differentiation Implicit differentiation Parametric and implicit differentiation are covered in Pure Year 2. y= hax + Pure Year 2, Sections 9.7, 9.8 ay = 4 Peed ‘These two expressions are equivalent, since y a However, it is sometimes useful to de find the gradient in terms of the parameter. ™ For the general parabola y? = 4ax, the gradient VEIT if you need to use this result is given by 2a) in an AS exam, it will be given with the dx question. In an A level exam you would You can find the gradient at any point ona rectangular —_be expected to derive this result if the hyperbola by rearranging the equation into the form question says ‘prove’ or ‘use calculus. and differentiating 45Chapter 2 Gang The point P, with x-coordinate 2, lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy = 8. Find: a the equation of the tangent, T, to H at point P b the equation of the normal, N to H at the point P giving your answers in the form ax + by + ¢= 0, where a, b and c are integers, a Hexy=6 When x= 2, mr Wiens =2,y= 824 Ti y-4=-2x- 2) Tex+y-6=0 Therefore, the equation of the tangent to Hat Pis 2x+y-6=0. b Gradient of tangent at Pis mr= So gradient of normal is my = Niy-4 = 3(x- 2) Naresx-2) {eres a) Nix-2y+6=0] Therefore, the equation of the normal to Hat Pisx-2y+6=0. The point P with coordinates (75, 30) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 12x. Find the equation of the tangent to C at P, giving your answer in the form y = mx +c, where m and care constants. 46Conic sections 1 dy [Use implicit differentiation to find 5. Students who are only studying for AS Further g a Maths could use the result» = St with a =3, y-30=2 (x75) aystvet5 Therefore, the equation of the tangent to C at Pis yu de +15. The point P(4, 8) lies on the parabola C with equation y?= day. Find: a the value of a b an equation of the normal to Cat P. The normal to Cat P cuts the parabola again at the point Q. Find: © the coordinates of d the length PQ, giving your answer as a simplified surd. Substitute (x, 9) = 8) into y? = 4ax and simplify tofind a. dy _2a Use = = or implicit differentiation. dey Use my for the gradient of the tangent and my eC eager chiens ii for the gradient of the normal. yr 6 =nlv- 4) — my syst 12 in Therefore, the equation of the normal to C at Pisy=—-x + 12, [ Use y — y1 = my(x — x1) to find the equation of © When the normal cuts the curve, the tangent. Here my= 1 and (x, 93) = (4,8). (r+ 12)? = 16x x? = 2dy + 144 = 16x | | epee into y2 = 16x. —AOx + 144 (x - 4) - 36) = 0 ~~ L_ Multiply out and solve the quadratic. Sox=4orx=36 When x = 36, y= -36 + 12 = 24. __x=4-corresponds to point P. So Q has coordinates (36, -24) +S d PQ =\(36 - 4)? + (-24 - 8)*. —___ Use the distance formula to find the length of PO = BF = 204B = 32V2 PQ, and give your answer as a simplified surd. a7Chapter 2 [Sora In this exercise, AS students may use, without proof, the result that, for the general parabola y? = 4ax, dy _2a any 1 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve: a y° = 4x at the point (16, 8) b y= 8yat the point (4, 4v2) © xy = 25 at the point (5, 5) 4 xy =4 at the point where x=} ‘7x at the point (7, ~7) f xy=16al the point where x = 2V2. Give your answers in the form ax + by += 0. 2. Find the equation of the normal to the cur ay? = 20x at the point where y = 10 at the point (—3, -6). Give your answers in the form ax + by + ¢= 0, where a, b and are integers. boxy 3 The point AC a Find an equation of the normal to Hf at A. The normal to Hat A meets H again at the point B. ~16) lies on the rectangular hyperbola Hf with equation xy = 32. b Find the coordinates of B. ©® 4 The points P(4, 12) and O(-8, -6) lie on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy = 48. a Show that an equation of the line PQ is 3x - 2y + 12=0. The point A lies on H. The normal to Hat A is parallel to the chord PQ. b Find the exact coordinates of the wwo possible positions of A. 5 The distinct points 4 and B, where x = 3, lie on the parabola C with equation y? = 27x. a Find the coordinates of 4 and B Line /; is the tangent to Cat A and line /s is the tangent to C at B, Given that at A, y > 0, b draw a sketch showing the parabola C. Indicate on your sketch the points A and Band the lines /, and fy ind: i an equation for /, an equation for fy giving your answers in the form ax + by + ¢= 0, where a, b and c are integers. © © 6 The rectangular hyperbola H is defined by the equations x = v3, y The point P lies on with x-coordinate 2 V3. Find: aa Cartesian equation for the curve HT (2 marks) b an equation of the normal to Hat P. (4 marks) The normal to H at P meets H again at the point Q. © Find the exact coordinates of Q. (3 marks) 48Conic sections 1 © 7 The point PE, 80) lies on the parabola C with equation on the rectangular hyperbola 7 with equation xy = 4. 6x. The point P also a Find the value of 1, and hence find the coordinates of P. (3 marks) The normal to H at P meets the x-axis at the point N. b Find the coordinates of NV (4 marks) ‘The tangent to Cat P meets the x-axis at the point 7. © Find the coordinates of 7. (3 marks) Hence, find the area of the triangle NPT. (2 marks) The point P(ae, 2a1), lies on the parabola Cwith equation y? = 4ax where a is a positive constant. Show that an equation of the normal to Cat Pis y+ 0x =2at + at’, ay dy _ 2a 2yg, = 4a s0 = St , dy 2a Substitute » = 2ar into == 55 a 2a 4 If y = 2at, then r= 5 eo = Gradent of tangent at Pls my= So gradient of normal 15 my P has coordinates (at*, 2at). Use y — y1 = myx =x) to find the equation of the pea normal, N. Here my=t and (x1) = (at, 2at). My+a=2at+ar | |__ Rearrange into the required form. Therefore, the equation of the normal to C at Pisy+ix=2at+ ae ™ An equation of the normal to the parabola with equation 3? = 4ax at the point Pat, 2at) is y + tx = 2at + a? You can use a similar method to find an equation for a tangent to a parabola. ™ An equation of the tangent to the parabola with equation Jy? = 4ax at the point P(ar, 2at) is ty = x + at The derivation of this result is left asan exercise. Exercise 2F 06 Gm Q 1 positive constant. The point P(ct,£), 14 0, lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy =e where c isa a Show that an equation of the tangent to Hat Pis.x + A rectangular hyperbola G has equation xy = 9. The tangent to Gat the point A and the tangent to Gat the point B meet at the point (1, 7) b Find the coordinates of 4 and B. 49Chapter 2 Gradient of tangent at Pis m= — Phas coordinates (ct, $) 1 To y-f=-hae- op —J TE &y-ct=-- et) TE fy-ct=-x+et TRoxteys20 J Therefore, the equation of the tangent to Hat Pisx+ Py = 2et b Compare xy = 9 with xy As cis positive, ¢ = 3. o ——_ Tangent to Gis x + Fy = Gt +7) =61 7@-6t-1=0 lal (714 Ie-1)=0 (30,3) 5, the coordinates are (3.-2) 1, the coordinates are 3 (3x13) Therefore, the coordinates of A and B are (4, -21) and (3, 3). 3, 3) Rearrange the equation for Hin the form y = x". Differentiate to determine the gradient of H. Substitute tangent to H. ct, to calculate the gradient of the Use y — y, = my (x — x,) to find the equation of the tangent, 7. Here my =—4 and (x41) = (ct, Rearrange into the required form. Substitute c = 3 into the equation of the tangent derived in part a Substitute x = 1 and y= 7 in (1) as the tangent. goes through point (-1, 7). Substitute ¢ into the general coordinates of P. Substitute r Finto P(31,3) Substitute = 1 into P (34,3). ™ An equation of the tangent to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c? at the point Plet, ()isx+ Ry =2er You can use a similar method to find an equation for a normal to a rectangular hyperbola. = An equation of the normal to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c? at the point The derivation of this result is left as an exercise. > Mixed exercise Q6Conic sections 1 The parabola Chas equation y? = 20x. The point P(5p*,10p) is a general point on C. The line / is normal to Cat the point P. a Show that an equation for lis px +y = 10p + Sp° The point P lies on C, The normal to Cat P passes through the point (30, 0) as shown on the diagram. The region R is bounded by this line, the curve Cand the x-axis, b Given that P lies in the first quadrant, show that 100 the area of the shaded region R is “2 a y= 20x ay a Use the fact that my x my =—1 to find the 2y gy = 2080 B= gradient of the normal. 2 19p), 2 = 10 1 At PSp*, 10D) ax = dp =P Seen So, the gradient of the tangent at P is Since you know the gradient in terms of the a parameter p, you can find an equation for the ane normal at P in terms of p. Therefore, the gradient of the normal is Use y= yi = nty(x =) with my =—p and. my =p.» (y.31) = Gp? 10p). y ~ 10p = -p(x - Sp?) y ~ 10p = ~px + Sp® Use the fact that the line passes through (30, 0) px+y=10p + Sp? to find the value of p. b At (30, 0), 30p = 10p + Sp? dc CETL -4 Sp? — 20p =O a ai : The three solutions correspond to the three BOS ne: different normals to the curve that pass through P=Op=-2 orp=2 the point (30, 0). You are interested in the one Discard p = O and p 50 p = 2. that lies in the first quadrant, so choose p 51Chapter 2 y In this exercise, AS students may use, without proof, the result that, for the general parabola y* = dax, dy 2a dey 1 The point P(3/, 61) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 12x. a Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat P is yr= x +3? b Show that an equation of the normal to Cat Pis.xt + y= 30 + 61. 2 The point P(6r, 8), 1-4 0, lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy = 36 a Show that an equation of the tangent to H at Pis x-+ Py = 120 b Show that an equation of the normal to Hat Pis Ax - ty = (4-1). 3 The point P(52, 107) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 4ax, where a is a constant and 140. a Find the value of a. b Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat P is yr= x + 5° The tangent to Cat P cuts the x-axis at the point Y and the y-axis at the point ¥. The point 0 is the origin of the coordinate system. ¢ Find, in terms of 1, the area of the triangle OY. 52Conic sections 1 ® 4 The point P(ar, 2a0), lies on the parabola C with equation y? = dax, where a is a positive constant. a Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat Pis ty =x + at. The tangent to Cat the point A and the tangent to Cat the point B meet at the point with coordinates (4a, 3a). b Find, in terms of a, the coordinates of A and B. © 5 Thepoint P(4s, 4), 140. yperbola H with equation xy = 16. a Show that an equation of the tangent to 1 at Pis.x + Py = 80. (4 marks) The tangent to H/ at the point A and the tangent to at the point B meet at the point X with y-coordinate 5. X lies on the directrix of the parabola C with equation y? = 16x jes on the rectangular h b Write down the coordinates of X. (1 mark) © Find the coordinates of A and B. (3 marks) 4 Deduce the equations of the tangents to 1! which pass through X. Give your answers in the form ax + by + ¢=0, where a, band ¢ are integers. (4 marks) 6 The point P(ar?, 2ar) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = and ¢ 4 0. The tangent to C at P cuts the x-axis at the point A 4ax, where a is a constant a Find, in terms of @ and 1, the coordinates of A. (4 marks) The normal to Cat P cuts the x-axis at the point B. b Find, in terms of a and ¢, the coordinates of B. (4 marks) ¢ Hence find, in terms of a and f, the area of the triangle APB. (4 marks) 7 The point P(2P, 42) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 8x. a Show that an equation of the normal to Cat Pis xt + y= 20 + 4t (4 marks) The normals to Cat the points R, Sand T meet at the point (12, 0). b Find the coordinates of R, Sand T. (4 marks) ¢ Deduce the equations of the normals to C which all pass through the point (12, 0). (4 marks) 8 The point P(ar, 2as) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 4ax, where a is a positive constant and 1 # 0, The tangent to C at P meets the y-axis at Q. a Find in terms of a and 1, the coordinates of Q. marks) The point S is the focus of the parabola. b State the coordinates of S. (1 mark) € Show that PQ is perpendicular to SQ. (4 marks) © 29 The point P62, 124) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 24x. a Show that an equation of the tangent to the parabola at Pis 1 =x + 67, (4 marks) The point X has y-coordinate 9 and lies on the directrix of C. b State the x-coordinate of X. (1 marks) The tangent at the point B on C goes through point X. € Find the possible coordinates of B. (4 marks) 53Chapter 2 10 The points P(4p?, 8p) and O(4g?, 84) lie on the parabola with equation y? = 16x. Prove that the normals to the parabola at points P and Q meet at (8 + 4(p? + pq + q2),—4pq(p + q))- (8 marks) IL The rectangular hyperbola, H, has Cartesian equation xy = 64. The points P 8p, §) and 8 ofsa.t lie on H. a Show that the equation of the tangent at point P is p*y +x = l6p. (4 marks) The tangents at P and Q meet at the point R. b Given that the line OR is perpendicular to the line PQ, prove that p2q? 12. A parabola is defined by the parametric equations x = af? and a Show that the equation of the tangent to the parabola at the point P(ar?, 2at) is ty =x + at, (4marks) b Show that the tangent intersects the x-axis at 7(-a®, 0). (4 marks) Pis the point (a, 2at) and Sis the focus of the parabola. © By considering gradients, or otherwise, show that PT can never be perpendicular to PS. (4 marks) The point P(p2, 2p) lies on the parabola C with (9 marks) 2at. equation y? = 4v. The line /is tangent to Cat the point P. a Show that an equation for /is py =x-+p?, (4 marks) b Find the area of the shaded region R. (4 marks) @® baci You can use the focus-directrix property of a parabola to derive its general equation. The curve Cis the locus of points that are equidistant from the line with equation x + 6 = 0 and the point (6, 0). Prove that C has Cartesian equation y* = dax, stating the value of a. y c The (shortest) distance of Pto the line x +6 =0 is the distance XP. Px, 9) "~The line XP is horizontal and has distance XP=x+6. ‘The distance SP is the same as the distance XP. ‘6, O} ‘The locus of Pis the curve shown. 54Conic sections 1 From sketch, the locus satisfies SP = XP. Therefore, SP? = XP2: (GP + y-OP = +6? a | Sagat memes ax + y? = 12x This simplifies to y? = 24x. y? = 4ar, where a= 6. You can solve other locus problems involving the parabola and the rectangular hyperbola by considering general points on each curve. The point P lies on a parabola with equation y= 4ax. Show that the locus of the midpoints of OP isa parabola. The general point on the parabola y2 = 4ax has coordinates (at2, 2a). Midpoint of OP = (Sat?, at) arctica (aathnae etry Lar, y = at > y? = 2as Bas Y= ab Y= Sax ‘Any equation of the form y* = kx is a parabola This is the equation of a parabola with focus (a, 0)) | You ean find its focus by setting k= 4a, aor ® 1 A point P obeys a rule such that the distance of P to the point (7, 0) is the same as the distance of P to the straight line x + 7 = 0. Prove that the locus of P has a Cartesian equation of the form y? = dax, stating the value of the constant a. ® 2 A point P obeys a rule such that the distance of P to the point (2V5, 0) is the same as the distance of P to the straight line x = -2V5. Prove that the locus of P has an equation of the form y? = 4ax, stating the value of the constant 4. ® 3 Apoint P obeys. rule such that the distance of P to the point (0, 2) is the same as the distance of P to the straight line y = -2. a Prove that the locus of P has an equation of the form y = kx2, stating the value of the constant k. Given that the locus of P is a parabola, b state the coordinates of the focus of P, and an equation of the directrix to P © sketch the locus of P with its focus and its directrix. 4 A point P is equidistant from the point (a, 0) and the straight line x + a = 0. Prove that the locus of P isa parabola with equation y? = dax. (4 marks) 55Chapter 2 5 A point P is equidistant from the point S(3, 0) and the line x + 3 = 0. a Prove that the locus of P has an equation of the form y= kx, where k isa constant to be found, (4 marks) The point Q with y-coordinate 616 lies on the locus. b Show that the equation of the line through Q 216 66 and Sis y=>5 5 (A marks) The line also intersects the curve at the point R. ¢ Find the coordinates of the point R (3 marks) Find the area of the trapezium ORVW. (2 marks) 6 Given that P(x, y) is a general point on a rectangular hyperbola with equation xy show that the locus of points Q(x, $y} is also a rectangular hyperbola, stating its equation in the form xy = A°, where k is given in terms ofc. (marks) GED is the micpoint of ? and its ‘foot’ on the x-axis. 7 The points A and B lie on the x- and y-axes respectively. The point M is the midpoint of AB. A and B vary such that the area of triangle AOB is a constant value, ¢ EDD cvivetie CP locus of Mf using GeoGebra. a Prove that the locus of M is a rectangular hyperbola. (4 marks) b Give the equation of the locus from part a in the form xy = ¢®, where c is given in terms of 4. (1 mark) Cer ecu The parabola Acoor jate grid is drawn on a piece of paper. The point (a, 0) and the line x +.@=0 are marked. eon) The paper is then folded and creased in such cereal ‘away that the point meets the line. Prove that the family of the crease line is a tangent to the parabola with crease lines equation y? = 4ax. constructed in this way. 56Conic sections 1 Pe rary ®1 A parabola Chas equation y? = 12x, The point Sis the focus of C. a Find the coordinates of S. (1 mark) The line / with equation y = 3x intersects C at the point P where y > 0. b Find the coordinates of P. (2 marks) ¢ Find the area of the triangle OPS, where O is the origin. (3 marks) A parabola Chas equation constant, lies on C. 14x. The point P with coordinates (k, 6), where kis a a Find the value of k (1 mark) The point S is the focus of C. b Find the coordinates of 5. (1 mark) The line / passes through S and P and intersects the directrix of C at the point D. € Show that an equation for lis 4x + 3y - 24=0. (2 marks) 4 Find the area of the triangle OPD, where O is the origin. (marks) The parabola C has parametric equations x = 120, y = 241. The focus to Cis at the point S. a Find a Cartesian equation of C. (marks) The point P lies on C where y > 0. P is 28 units from S. b Find an equation of the directrix of C. (1 mark) ¢ Find the exact coordinates of the point P. (marks) 4. Find the area of the triangle OSP, giving your answer in the form kv3, where k is an integer. (marks) The point (42, 89 lies on the parabola C with equation 4y— 9p + 32 =0 intersects the curve at the points P and Q. 16x. The line / with equation a Find the coordinates of P and Q. (4 marks) b Show that an equation of the normal to Cat (4°, 81) is xt + = 48 + 81 (4 marks) © Hence, find the equations of the normals to Cat P and at Q. (1 mark) The normal to Cat P and the normal to Cat Q meet at the point R. 4 Find the coordinates of R and show that R lies on C. (4 marks) € Find the distance OR, giving your answer in the form kv97, where k is an integer. (2 marks) The point P (a, 2at) lies on the parabola C with equation y constant. The point Q lies on the directrix of C, and on the x- 4ax, where a is a positive a State the coordinates of the focus of C and the coordinates of Q. (2 marks) The tangent to C at P passes through the point Q. b Find, in terms of a, the two sets of possible coordinates of P. ( marks) 57Chapter 2 © 6 The point P(ct, F), ¢ > 0, ¢ 4 0, lies on the rectangular hyperbola H with equation xy a Show that the equation of the normal to H at Pis Ax — ty = et = 1). (Amarks) b Hence, find the equation of the normal » to the curve J with the equation xy = 36 at the point (12, 3). Give your answer in the form ax + by = d, where a, band d are integers. (2 marks) The line n meets J again at the point Q. ¢ Find the coordinates of Q. (4 marks) © 7 Arectangular hyperbola H has equation xy = 9. The lines J, and /, are distinct tangents to H. The gradients of /, and /; are both —}. Find the equations of / and 4, (S marks) © _8 The point P lies on the rectangular hyperbola xy = c®, where ¢ > 0. The tangent to the rectangular hyperbola at the point P(ct, ¢), 1 > 0, cuts the x-axis at the point ¥ and cuts the axis at the point ¥. a Find, in terms of c and ¢, the coordinates of Nand Y. (6 marks) b Given that the area of the triangle OXY is 144, find the exact value of ¢. (3 marks) © 9 The points Par’, 4ar) and Q(16a?, 8ar) lie on the parabola C with equation y? = 4ax, where a is a positive constant a Show that an equation of the tangent to Cat P is 2ty =x + 4a. (4 marks) b Hence, write down the equation of the tangent to Cat @. (1 mark) The tangent to Cat P meets the tangent to Cat Q at the point R. ¢ Find, in terms of a and ¢, the coordinates of R. (S marks) 10 A rectangular hyperbola has Cartesian equation xy = c, ¢ > 0. The point (ct, $), where ¢ > 0 isa general point on H. MT. a Show that an equation of the tangent to H at (ct, $) is.x + Py = 2cr (4 marks) The point P lies on H. The tangent to H at P cuts the x~ 2a, 0), where a is a constant. is at the point X with coordinates b_ Use the answer to part a to show that P has coordinates (a, 5 (2 marks) The point Q, which lies on H, has x-coordinate 2a. ¢ Find the y-coordinate of @. (2 marks) 4d Hence, find the equation of the line OQ, where O is the origin. (2 marks) The lines OQ and XP meet at point R. © Find, in terms of a, the x-coordinate of R. (3 marks) Given that the line OQ is perpendicular to the line XP, £ show that ¢ = 2a (2 marks) g find, in terms of a, the p-coordinate of R. (1 mark) 58Conic sections 1 L1 The line with equation 2x - y - 12 = 0 intersects the parabola C with equation y? = 12x at the points Pand Q. a Find the coordinates of P(a, 6) and Q(m, n). (marks) b Find the area of the shaded region R bounded by the curve Cand the lines y = b and x =m. marks) dv-p-12=y 12 The point P(9p’, 18p) lies on the parabola with equation y? = 36x. The line /is normal to the parabola at P. a Show that an equation for lis y + pr = 18p + 9p". (4 marks) Given that the line passes through the point 7(27, 0), b find the coordinates of the three possible positions of P. (3 marks) Given further that /has positive gradient, and that it intersects the parabola again at point Q, as shown in the diagram, € find the coordinates of Q d find the area of the shaded region R, bounded by /, the parabola and the x-axis. 13 Points P(ap®, 2ap) and Q(aq’, 2aq) lie on the parabola with equation y ja a Show that the equation of the line joining P and Q is (p + g)y ~ 2x = 2apq. Given that the line PQ passes through the focus, b show that pg = -1 € find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the tangents to the parabola at the points P and Q d_ show that this point of intersection lies on the directrix. T27.0) (2 marks) (6 marks) (4 marks) (2 marks) marks) (2 marks) 14 If Pisa general point on a rectangular hyperbola, and the tangent at P cuts the x- and y-axes at A and B respectively, show that: a AP=PB b the triangle 4OB has constant area (3 marks) (3 marks) 59Chapter 2 15. The chord PQ of a parabola with equation y? = 4ax » passes through the focus of the parabola as shown in the diagram. Show that: Plap?, 2ap) a the tangents to the parabola at P and Q meet on the directrix (7 marks) b the locus of the midpoint of PQ has equation y= 2a(x =a) (8 marks) Challenge When a ray of light is reflected, the angle between the incident ray and. the normal at the point of contact with the surface is the same as the angle between the normal and the reflected ray. The diagram below shows a parabolic mirror, with equation »2 = 4ax. Array of light parallel to the x-axis hits the mirror at the point P(ai®, 2at). The line N is the normal to the mirror at the point P, and the angles of incidence and reflection, «are shown on the diagram. a Prove that tana bb Hence find an expression for tan 2a in terms of «, and show that the gradient of the reflected ray is 4 ¢ Hence show that the reflected ray passes through the focus of the parabola, S. 60Conic sections 1 reed a 1. To find the Cartesian equation of a curve given parametrically you eliminate the parameter t between the equations. 2 The curve opposite is a parabola with Cartesian equation y? = 4ax, where a is a positive constant. + This curve has parametric equations x = ar, y = 2at, ER. + The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis. + Ageneral point P on this curve has coordinates (x, 9) or (at, 2a) 3 Aparabola is the locus of points that are the same distance from a fixed point S, called ‘the focus, and a fixed straight line called the directrix. In the diagram on the right, SP = PX for all points P on the parabola. For the parabola with Cartesian equation )2 + the focus, S, has coordinates (a, 0) + the directrix has equation x +a=0 + the vertex is at the point (0, 0). directrix = bax xta=o a 4 The curve opposite is a rectangular hyperbola with Cartesian equation xy = «2, where c is a positive constant. + This curve has parametric equations x=ety=teER,t40 + The curve has asymptotes with equations x (the y-axis) and y= 0 (the x-axis). + Ageneral point P on this curve has coordinates (x, y) or (ct, £) 2a 7 6 An equation of the tangent to the parabola with equation y2 = 4ax at the point P(at?, 2ai) is w=xtak ‘An equation of the normal to the parabola with equation y2 = 4ax at the point Plat’, 2at) is. y+ix=2at+at ay 5. For the general parabola y? = 4ax, the gradient is given by z x 7 An equation of the tangent to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c? at the point P(ct, 4) isx+ Ry =2ct ‘An equation of the normal to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = c? at the point P(ct, $) is Px—ty = e(*-1) 61After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Identify an ellipse or a hyperbola from its Cartesian or parametric equations > pages 63-67 © Find the foci, directrices, and eccentricity for an ellipse or a hyperbola ~> pages 67-74 ¢ Find tangents and normals to these curves > pages 74-83 © Solve simple loci questions > pages 83-87 The curve C has equation x2 - 9)? = 20. Find the gradient of C at the point (6, $) Pure Year 2, Chapter 9 Find the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the circle with equation x2 + y? = a2 and the line y = kx, giving your answer in terms of a and k. « Pure Year 1, Chapter 6 Find the Cartesian equation for the locus The Earth’s motion around the Sun can be of points that are equidistant from modelled as following an elliptical path, A(-8, 4) and B(10, 10) where the Sun is located at one focus of Pure Year 1, Chapter 6 the ellipse,Conic sections 2 @ Ellipses B in the previous chapter you encountered the parabola and the rectangular hyperbola, which are both examples of conic sections. Ifyou slice a cone in such a way as to produce a closed curve, the resulting curve is called an ellipse. EDD pier conic sections using GeoGebra. = Astandard ellipse has the Cartesian equation Fy M4 ape 4 a2 arendsoynsh When y =0,25 = Land sox =a. a When x You can define a general point P on the ellipse in terms of a parameter, = The standard ellipse has parametric equations GED sosqusne x= ‘acostand y=bsini x=acost,y=bsint,0 1, the point P describes a hyperbola. QUERY the specai case where e=0 represents a circle, and the special case where eis. infinite represents a straight line, These are both examples of conic sections, but you will not need to consider them in this chapter. Show that, for 0 1, then 1— is negative and the equation produces a hyperbola. 68Conic sections 2 p Because the ellipse is symmetrical about the y-axis, the above derivation will also work for a focus (-ae, 0) with a directrix x =-4 e EMD cvivretnercs CF and directices of an ellipse using GeoGebra, ra = For an ellipse with equation“, £ + the eccentricity, 0<¢ <1, is given by J? = a*(1 - ¢2) + the foci are at (+ae, 0) + the directrices are.x = e Foci are at (#V5, 0) 2 Directrices are x = 2 Foci is the plural of focus and directrices is the plural of directrix. Notice that the foci are on the major axis which in this case is the x-axis because a > b. If the major axis is along the y-axis (b > a), then the foci will be on the y-axis at (0, +e) and the directrices will have equations y = +2, The eccentricity will be given by a? = B21 —e2). 69Chapter 3 2 ete a2 = b(t ~ €2) gives 16 = 2511 - €2) Soe? =H ande= Foci are at (O, +3). 1 2s Directrices are y = 22% Soe x The ellipse with equation “5 +e point on the ellipse then PS + PS’ = 2a. $ where PS a ¢ where PS’ Let M be the point on the directrix x Let M’ be the point on the directrix x = Let P be (x, 9) PM=$-x Pui x44 So PS + PS’ = ePM + PM’ 4 )adSex)ma-exsaser = 2a 70 = 1 has foci at S(ae, 0) and S’(-ae, 0). Show that if P is any This is an important property of an ellipse.Conic sections 2 B show that for e > 1 the hyperbola with foci at (tae, 0) and directrices at x = + has equation x oP directrix PS? = (x = ae)? + y2 Pate = (x= %) = (ex So PS? = e® PM? gives @(e? ~ 1) = x?(e? ~ 1) ~ y? 2 1-2 me) So if B® = a(e? - 1) you have the standard equation of a hyperbola. ey * For a hyperbola with equation ”, ~ + the eccentricity, ¢ > 1, is given by Baa(er—1) = the foci are at (tae, 0) + the directrices are x Find foci of the following hyperbolas. In each case, sketch the hyperbola and show the directrices. 1Chapter 3 50a = 3 and b= 2,-——_________| Eccentricity is given by b? = a(e? - 1). Ne? = 1) Foci are at (V3, 0) Directrices are x Eccentricity is given by b? = ae? ~ 1). 5 = 16(e2 - 1) 25 tee vat jetite soe a Foci are at (tv'41, O). Directrices are x = 2 VAI (ontine eR AE and directices of a hyperbola using GeoGebra. f Fi Ea Es E a In this example b > a. However, unlike with an ellipse, the foci do not move to the y-axis. Setting x =0 in ‘the general equation of a hyperbola would give which is never satisfied for real values of y. 12Conic sections 2 Bs Find the eccentricity of the following ellipses. eX eter 4037 An ellipse with equation oe 1 has focus (3, 0) and the equation of the directrix is x = 12. a Explain why a > 6. b Find: i the eccentricity of the ellipse fi the values of a and b. © Sketch the ellipse, showing the directrices and any points of intersection with the coordinate axes. ees An ellipse with equation “5+ 2 = I has focus (0, 2) and the equation of the directrix is y = 8. a Explain why 6 > a. ii the values of wand b. Sketch the ellipse, showing the directrices and any points of intersection with the coordinate axes. Find the eccentricities of the following hyperbolas. oy? 2 'b Hence sketch all four hyperbolas on the same graph, showing the foci and labelling each curve with its eccentricity. The latus rectum of an ellipse is a chord perpendicular to the major axis that passes through & focus, Show that the length ofthe latus rectum of the ellipse with equation +25= 1, where 4 a> bis (5 marks) ‘The distance between the foci of an ellipse is 16 and the distance between the directrices is 25. a Find the eccentricity of the ellipse. (3 marks) b Given shat both the fs ofthe eps ion the rai ind its uation nthe fom e Spek (2 marks) ‘The point P lies on the ellipse with equation x2 + 4y? = 36, and A and Bare the points ~3V3,0 and 33,0 respectively. Prove that PA + PB = 12. (4 marks) BChapter 3 xp 11 Ellipse £ has equation aipth such that a > b. The foci of E are at Sand S' and the point Ep) Pis(0.b). Show that cos(PSS’) = e, the eccentricity of E. (6 marks) 12 The ellipse E has foci at and S’. The point P on Eis such that angle PSS’ is a right angle and angle PS'S = 30° Show that the eccentricity of the ellipse, ¢, is # (6 marks) (3.4) Tangents and normals to an ellipse You can use parametric differentiation or implicit ° If you are asked to prove differentiation to find the equations of the tangent and a result you will need to show enough normal to an ellipse at a given point. Itis often simpler to yorking to demonstrate your process derive the equations rather than memorising formulae, Perimeter Find the equation of the tangent to the ellipse with equation PQ3cos, 2sin 1). —— EE ay Ertan fn Feet You could also differentiate the equation ‘at impli wieder BSE and therefore — 2sin. eieal , 3cost)———— ~ , -3sint Bysint — 6sin?, Bysiné + 2xcost = Glcos*t + sin?) Show that the equation of the normal to the ellipse with equation Placos1, bsin1) is axsint ~ by cost = (a2 b2)costsint eh tat Gradient of normal is #20 bcost | bycost ~ becostsint = axsint ~ a@costsint axsint - bycost = (a? - b2)costsint 4Conic sections 2 x ee P(acost, bsin ) is axsint - by cost = (a? - b) costsint. D = Anequation of the normal to the ellipse with equation ~ Lat the point You can use a similar method to find the general equation of a tangent to an ellipse. = An equation of the tangent to the ellipse with roy a . ep The derivation of this result is ee eae am vieren. here left.as an exercise, > Exercise 3 Q3, is bxcost+aysint = ab. Earn (iz) w3) i, ‘ A ‘ , >} lies on the ellipse £ with parametric equations x = 4cos®, y = 3sin8, 0 6 < 27. The point (2 ° a Find the value of # at the point P. The normal to the ellipse at P cuts the x-axis at the point 4. b Find the coordinates of the point 4. Baa 8 deleooet Set acos#/as the x-coordinate and hsin# as the sa con = 2 cos = 204 = 33 |_— scoordinate and solve to find @. Choose the value a ¥ = 2x of in the given range that satisfies both equations. 3sind 33 = sind = sod F 0 6 | Use the general point to find the gradient. ay _ 3. o ae = - | Use the perpendicular gradient rule then 4sin® substitute the value of 0. So gradient of normal is cost At P the gradient of the normal is This can be found by implicit differentiation on Pea the Cartesian equation = += 1. Differentiating: 2 _A3 © ax 8 ay 3xy wt Equation of normal at P i ws ae using the coordinates of P, y- 3b = Fw 2) “8 Cuts x-axis at -2V3 = B/3(x- 2) t Bode serait So Ais (ZO) ‘Let y=0and solve to find x. Show that the condition for y Fl listt samt ee, = v +c to be a tangent to the ellipse — + ¢to bea tangent to the ellipse 75 + 75 The line meets the ellipse when 35 + — Substitute mx + ¢ for y. So bx? + amex? + 2aemxe + ake? = ab 22(b? + am?) + 2a%mex + ae(c -b%) = 0 Multiply out and rearrange as a quadratic equation inx. 75_ PD io be stangent there must be only one rea root. | Eee ee Therelore the discriminant of thi quadratic tO. (2a’me)? = 406? + «mya ~b?) [— Multiply outand simplify, So 4a*?m?c? = 4a°(b?c? — bt + amc? ~ | @ ec? = bee? — bt + amc? — ab? Bt + a?b?m® = bc? | bP + am eeu This isa general result about tangents to ellipses. Unless you are asked to prove it, you could quote it in your exam. Gs ‘The ellipse C has equation 7 + ze 7 to the ellipse at P and passes through the point Q, where Cuts the y-axis, as shown in the diagram, Find the exact coordinates of the point R where /cuts the positive x-axis. . The line /is normal axsin8 ~ bycosd = (a*—b*)cosOsin# |. Q cuts the y-axis at (0, 3) a ie ene So the equation of lis: 57 5/7 ‘The identity cos? + sin? = 1 gives cos= += st-g}e-3(57)p 16 @ 16 However, from the diagram you can see that Pis [7 in the fourth quadrant, so cos# must be positive. So I cuts the x-axis at (7, 0) 16Conic sections 2 Scan 1 Find the equations of tangents and normals to the following ellipses at the points given. 2 A+ y= Lat (2eos0, sind) b 42 21 at (cos4, 3sind a 49° 1 at Qeosé, sind) 3g ty = | at (Sc0s8, sind) 2. Find equations of tangents and normals to the following ellipses at the points given. Pe gz bat (2, v3) 2 y2 ©®) 3 Show that the equation of the tangent to the ellipse “5 a Gp = Lat the point (acost, bsins) is bxcost + aysint = ab 292 aye te rat (5,3) 4 a Show that the line y = x + V5 is a tangent to the ellipse with equation 7 b Find the point of contact of this tangent. ya as a2 5 a Find an equation of the normal to the ellipse with equation > + a = Lat the point P(3cosé, 2sin#). This normal crosses the x-axis at the point (-Z, 0). b Find the value of @ and the exact coordinates of the possible positions of P. 2 6 The line y = 2x +c isa tangent to x? +97 = 1. Find the possible values of e. 7 The line with equation y = mx +3 isa tangent to x? we =1, Find the possible values of m. © 8 The line y= mx +4 (m > 0) isa tangent to the ellipse E with equation = + a = | at the point P. a Find the value of m. (4 marks) b Find the coordinates of the point P. (2 marks) ‘The normal to E at P crosses the y-axis at the point 4 ¢ Find the coordinates of 4. (5 marks) The tangent to E at P crosses the y-axis at the point B. d Find the area of triangle APB. (5 marks) vy © 9 The ellipse £ has equation ote a Show that the gradient of the tangent to £ at the point P(3cos@, 2sin 4) is -}cot#. (4 marks) b Show that the point (2, -§} lies on E. (2 marks) ¢ Find the gradient of the tangent to Eat Q. (1 mark) ‘The tangents to E at the points P and Q are perpendicular. Find the value of tan# and hence the exact coordinates of the two possible positions of P. (4 marks) x oy x © 10 The ine y = mx + cis tangent to both of the ellipses + 3g = 1 and 43-1 Find the possible values of mand c. 7Chapter 3 O11 GD) E/P) 12 G13 G15 ep The ellipse E has equation 55 +75 and the line /, is normal to £ at the point P(8cos0, 4sin ). Line cuts the x-axis at A and line Jy cuts the y-axis at B. Find the equation of the line AB. (6 marks) . The line /, is tangent to Eat the point P(Scos@, 4sind) The ellipse £ has equation ee re 1. The line /, is tangent to E at the point P(Scos6, 3sin ). a Use calculus to show that an equation for /; is 3xcos@ + Sysin# = 15 (marks) The line /, cuts the y-axis at Q. The line /; passes through the point Q, perpendicular to 4. b Find the equation of the line /. (3 marks) € Given that /; cuts the x-axis at (~4, 0), show that cos @ = + (marks) The ellipse £ has equation = + = = 1. The line /; is tangent to E at the point P(2cosr, 4 sin‘). a Use calculus to show that an equation for /; is 2xcost + ysins = 4. (S marks) ‘The line /, passes through the origin and is perpendicular to /,. The lines /, and J intersect at the point Q. b Show that the coordinates of Q are 8cost 4sint ‘Foust eit?’ coat paid (4 marks) cos? + sin?’ 4cos?r + sine ‘ J » ‘The line /, is tangent to the ellipse with yt equation 5 at the point (acost, bsin1). (cost, bsint) Show that the area of the shaded region is, abcosec2t. (6 marks) ‘The diagram shows the ellipse with equation Show that the area of the shaded region is 8x ~ 6/3. (6 marks) cus Use the substitution 6sinu = x and simplify the resulting integrand using an appropriate trigonometric identity. as, Challenge Prove that the area inside the ellipse with equation 2Conic sections 2 &® Tangents and normals to a hyperbola Bou can find the equations ofthe tangent and normal toa hyperbola at a given point. x Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation a = Lat the point (6, 2v3). x Show that the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation “> (acosh:, bsinh f) can be written as bxcosh t~ aysinh 1 = ab Lat the point [xsacosh,y=bsinnt Equation of tangent is, ya bsinht = beset cosh) Usey-yemeos aysinht ~ absinh? = bxcosht ~ abcosh*t aysinht + ab(cosh® t ~ sinh? 1) = bxcosht brcosit ~aysinnt = ah = An equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation zt. Lat the point P(acosht, bsinh?) is ay sinht + ab = bx cosht. You can use the alternative form of a general point on a hyperbola to find a different general equation of a tangent to a hyperbola. + An equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation ~ s- a Lat the point P(asec 9, btand) cp The derivation of this result is a b left as anexercise. + Exercise 3E Q3 is bxsec 0 — aytan 0 = ab. 19_ x B show that an equation of the normal to the hyperbola with equation 5 (asecd, btand) is by + axsind = (a + b°)tand. y = btand, x= asecd av dy _ dd __bsec®?@ __ ob dx de laseotienl gape ai Equation of the normal is sind, yp btand = (x —asect) by = B®tand = ~avsind + a tané So_by + axsind = (a2 + b)tand 2 ye = An equation of the normal to the hyperbola with equation 7 - a = Lat the point P(asecd, btan6) is hy + ax sind = (a? + b)tand You can use the other form of a general point on a hyperbola to find a different general equation of a normal to a hyperbola. = An equation of the normal to the hyperbola with 2 The derivation of this result is at the point P(acosh t, bsinht) Ieeesent ete een ees on) 2 equation 75 a is axsinht + hycosht = (a? + b®) sinh tcosht . x Show that the condition for the line y= mx + ¢ to be a tangent to the hyperbola“ — 7 = Lis that m and ¢ satisfy b? +c = an’, xe_ ims oy ra BF ~ Bex? — a?(m?x? + 2mxe + c*) = eh) (6? — a®m2)x? — 2mea®x — ae +) =0 J Since the line is a tangent: the discriminant: must: be zero. Amectae® = -A(b? — am2)a(c* +b?) mecta = 4 — bec? + amc? + a®m2b? aS aN} This is a general result about tangents to hyperbolas. Unless you are asked to prove it, you could quote it in your exam, Bee samt 80Conic sections 2 x D The tangent to the hyperbola with equation 2 the y-axis at the point (0,1). Find the value of ¢. = 1 at the point (3 cosh r, 2 sinh) crosses at ote Remember that for a hyperbola with equation Bysinht + G = 2xcosht: Passes through (0, 1, the equation of the tangent at point eR 4) (acosht, bsinh) is aysinh t+ ab = bcosht —3sinht + 6 Here a = 3 and b =2. so sinh? = Then f= arsinh2. ‘— Substitute v=0 and y but arsinhx = In(x + v3 eh 50 t= In(2 445) Use the formula for arsinh (x) from the formula booklet. 2 The hyperbola H has equation 7 -_ The line /, is the tangent to Hat the point P(6cosh , 3sinh). The line 4 passes through the origin and is perpendicular to /;. The lines /; and /; intersect at the point . 6coshr 12sinht ) show that the i of the poi > Show that the coordinates of the point Qare (= Poeeht Samat The general form of the equation of a tangent to a hyperbola is aysinh + ab = bxcosht _— Herea=6and b=3. So the equation of his Gysinht + 18 = 3xcosht. The gradients of perpendicular lines multiply to 2ysinht+ 6 = xcosht pe Peipendiealor ines muliply Mt equal -1 The gradient of his Soo : The gradient of a perpendicular line is —2sinht | The line f, passes through (0, 0), so its equation is cosht pean The equation of a perpendicular line through (0, 0)is y = 2 sinh , O) is y= TT Rearrange the equation for line J into the form i: 2ysinhe + G = xcoshe + y = 2008—6 | Be 2sinht ne g, 282i _ xcosht— 6 Osan = Bane The lines intersect at Q. Set the two equations 4xsinh?t = xcosh® 1 Gcosht equal to each other. “x(4sinh? t+ cosh? #) = -Gcosht Geosht Asinh?t + cosh?t 2einht Gcosht a (ae eam eae ) —__ Substitute the expression for the x-coordinate 12sinhe into y=-S sinh? + cosh®r So the coordinates of Q are Gcosht sinh (serie com? ~ Famer cook Simplify to obtain an expression for the coordinate, yee 81Chapter 3 1 Find the equations of the tangents and normals to the hyperbolas with the following equations at the points indicated ey . ey a 7g—y = Lat the point (12, 4) b 3g ip = Lat the point (12, 6) 2 2 : Bee at the point (10, 3) 2. Find the equations of the tangents and normals to the hyperbolas with the following equations at the points indicated. 574 i) 3. Show that the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola 75 — 5 = Lat the point (asect, btan4) is bysect —aytant = ab, = Lat the point (Scosh/,2sinht) —b = Lat the point (secs, 3tan7) ey 4 Show that the equation of the normal to the hyperbola “5 ~ 5 = 1 at the point (acosht, bsinh) is axsinh ¢ + bycoshs = (a2 + b2)sinh rcosh t. 2 a 5 The point P(4coshy, 3sinh ), 1+ 0, lies on the hyperbola with equation z + The tangent at P crosses the y-axis at the point 4. a. Find, in terms of 1, the coordinates of A. The normal to the hyperbola at P crosses the y-axis at B. b_ Find, in terms of ¢, the coordinates of B. ¢ Find, in terms of 1, the area of triangle APB. 2 y2 6 The tangents from the points P and @ on the hyperbola with equation “y — 5 point (1, 0). Find the exact coordinates of P and Q. xe 7 The line y = 2x + c isa tangent to the hyperbola 75 “ = |. Find the possible values of c. 2g 8 The line y= mx + 12 isa tangent to the hyperbola y~ 33 Find the possible values of m. = I meet at the = Lat the point P. 9 The line with equation y = mx + cis a tangent to both of the hyperbolas - Find the possible values of m and c. 2 x 10 The line y= -x + e, ¢> 0, touches the hyperbola 5 = = Lat the point P. a Find the value of . b Find the exact coordinates of P. x y 11. The hyperbola H has equation — a. Use calculus to show that the equation of the normal to H at the point (acosh , bsinh1), #0, may be written in the form axsinh¢ + bycosh t = (a? + 6) sinh rcosht. (4 marks) The line /, is the normal to Hat the point (acosh¢, bsinh 1). Given that /, meets the x-axis at the point P. b find, in terms of a, b and t, the coordinates of P. (2 marks) 82Conic sections 2 The line /,is the tangent to Hat the point (a, 0). Given that /; and /; meet at the point Q, ¢ find, in terms of a, b and f, the coordinates of Q. (2 marks) ep 12 The hyperbola H has equation 75-35 = 1. ‘The line fis the tangent to H at the point (7sec 0, Stan 0). a Use calculus to show that an equation of /, is Zy sin @ = 5x ~35cos 6. (S marks) ‘The line /y passes through the origin and is perpendicular to /,. The lines /, and J; intersect at the point Q. b Show that the coordinates of the point Q are ( 175cosé Bator (5 marks) 25 +49sin?d° 25+ 49sin20 | Gi) 13. P and Q are two distinct points on the hyperbola described by the equation x? ~ 4y? = 16. ‘The line / passes through the point P and the point Q. The tangent to the hyperbola at P and the tangent to the hyperbola at Q intersect at the point (m,n). Show that an equation of the line fis mx = 4ny = 16. (9 marks) 2 © 14 Show that there are exactly two tangents to the hyperbola <= © 21 passing through the point (6, 4) and find each of their equations. 2 eR iP) 15 The hyperbola H has equation ‘The line /is a normal to the hyperbola at the point P with x-coordinate 2. The finite region R is bounded by the hyperbola H, the line /and the x-axis, Show that the exact area of R is 10/3 - arcosh2. Problem-solving (10 marks) You will need to use a substitution such as.x = coshu when integrating, Gi) 16 The point P lies on the hyperbola with equation x°- y° = 1. The tangent to Hat P cuts the asymptotes of P at the points 4 and B. a Prove that P is the midpoint of the line segment AB. (6 marks) b Prove that OA x OB remains constant as the position of P varies on H. (3 marks) @ Loci Each of the conic sections can be defined as a locus of points. For example, the parabola is the locus of points equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed straight line, You can use the properties of the conic sections, and the general points on each curve, to find other loci associated with these curves. ‘The tangent to the ellipse with equation = +75 = | at the point P(acost, bsin#) erosses the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. e @ Find an equation for the locus of the midpoint of AB as P moves round the ellipse. 83_ p CELE expiore the locus of the CF midpoint of 4B using GeoGebra. Parametric equations of the ellipse are X= acost and y = bsint ed at _ beost ay Gradients =asint at Equation of tangent: boost, ya bsint = 2034 — acost) The midpoint of AB has coordinates (X, Y) where = asect a2 or aysint + bycost = ab Ais (asect, 0). J Bis (0, beosec 1 Rearranging i Gent cost = 4 and sint on ee In some questions, you may be asked to 1 gives the locus show that the locus has a particular shape, 1 0 you may need to rearrange the final equation into an appropriate form. Using cos?t + sin? You might also need to use properties of the parabola and rectangular hyperbola when solving loci questions. This table summarises the results from the previous chapter. Parabola Rectangular hyperbola Standard Cartesian equation y= hax ayee Parametric equations | x=at,y=2at veer y=t General point, P (ar, 2a) (c.9) Equation of tangent at P xtat xt Fy=2et Equation ofnormalatP == x= 2at+at Px-ty=c(#-1) 84Conic sections 2 meet at R. a Find the coordinates of R. The chord PQ passes through the focus (a, 0) of the pi b Show that pq = —1 Normal at Pis y + px = 2ap + ap? [a To find R, find the intersections of the normals. Normal at Qis y + gx = 2aq + ag? Subtracting, (p ~ Ox = 2alp ~ @) + alp? - @°) atp— 4) + alp — ap? + pq +) a + ap? + pq + @°) P the normal at Plap*, Zap) and the normal at O(ag?, 2aq) to the parabola with equation y? = dax arabola. © Show that the locus of R is a parabola with equation y? = a(x ~ 3a). Problem-solving The factorisations of (Pq) = (pe Ql? = pq +?) are 2ap + ap* ~ 2ap ~ ap* ~ ap?q ~ apg? ~apatp + So Ris (2a + alp? + pq + 47), ~apq(p + @)) Chord PQ has gradient 2alp-g) ___2p-9) 2 particularly useful in this type of problem and should be learned. ap? =F) Dap +g P+ Equation of chord is 2 yn 207 = 55g > yp tq) = 2x + apg (x — ap?) Since the chord passes through (a, 0), O= 2a+ 2apq > pq i Using pq = -1 the coordinates of R become (a + alp? +g), ap + 4) Let R be (X, Y), then Xeatap? +’) ap+g Notice that if you let p = q in the equation of the chord you get the equation of the tangent at Q. This is sometimes a useful technique to use. Geen So atalp +g? — 20] and using pq = Soom | But pt+gat So 3a+a(2)" > Y? = a(X - 3a)Chapter 3 Exel G) 1 The tangent at P(ap?, 2ap) and the tangent at Q(ag?, 2ag) to the parabola with equation y? = 4ax meet at R. a Find the coordinates of R. ‘The chord PQ passes through the focus (a, 0) of the parabola. b Show that the locus of R lies on the line x =—a. Given instead that the chord PQ has gradient 2, € find the locus of R. 2 ‘The hyperbola H has equation“ = = P(a sect, b tant). « Use calculus to show that an equation for /, is bseet—aytans = ab. (4 marks) The line / cuts the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. 1. The line /; is tangent to H7 at the point b Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB is - a 1 (S marks) a x @®) 3 The hyperbola H has equation 2 ~ = 1. The line fis normal to H at the point Pla sect,b tant). a Use calculus to show that an equation for /, is asin + by = (a? + bans, (Amarks) ‘The line J, cuts the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. b Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB is 4a2x? = (a2 + 6°? + 4b? y?, (Smarks) The ellipse £ has equation = + 7 = I. The line /, is normal to E at the point P(S cos@, 3 sin 0). a Use calculus to show that an equation for /) is 3y cos = Sx sin@- 16 sin@ cosd. (4 marks) The Fne J cuts the x-axis at Mand the y-axis at N. 5 b Show that the locus of the midpoint of MN is——7-+ Gy =1 (S marks) GP) 5 The tangent at the point Pep, j) and the tangent at the point Q(cg, 4) to the rectangular hyperbola xy = c°, intersect at the point R. a Show that Ris (2d 7). (4marks) b Show that the chord PQ has equation ypq +x = cp + 4). (marks) © Find the locus of R, given that: i the chord PQ has gradient 2 (2 marks) ii the chord PQ passes through the point (1, 0) (2 marks) iii the chord PQ passes through the point (0, 1). (2 marks) ©® 6 a Find the gradient of the parabola with equation y* = dax at the point Pa b Hence show that the equation of the tangent at this point is x — gy + at The tangent meets the y-axis at T, and O is the origin. ¢ Show that the coordinates of the centre of the circle through O, P and Tare (¥ +4, 4%), *, Dat) d Deduce that, as ¢ varies, the locus of the centre of this circle is another parabola. 86Conic sections 2 £97 The chord PQ to the rectangular hyperbola xy = 2 passes through the point (0, 1). /P)__ Find the equation of the locus of the midpoint of PQ as P and Q vary. (7 marks) . —— son ad js A) 8 The point P lies on the ellipse with equation =F + 7¢ = 1. The point Nis the foot of the perpendicular from point P to the line y= 6. M is the midpoint of PN, a Find an equation for the locus of Mas P moves around the ellipse (4 marks) Show that this locus is a circle and state its centre and radius. (3 marks) Cars ae The points 4 and Blie on an ellipse with equation 75 + 73= 1, such that the chord 4B has gradient k. Show that the locus of the midpoints of all possible such chords 4B has equation kay + b2x-= 0, and describe this locus. Mixed exercise @) 1 The ellipse £ has parametric equations x = 4cos0, y = 9sind. a Find a Cartesian equation of the ellipse. b Sketch the ellipse, labelling any points of intersection with the coordinate axes. ¢ Find the equation of the normal to the ellipse at P(4cos6, 9 sin), 2 The hyperbola H has parametric equations v = +2coshi, y = Ssinht, a Find a Cartesian equation of the hyperbola. b Sketch the hyperbola, giving the equations of the asymptotes and show points of intersection of the hyperbola with the x-axis. ¢ Find the equation of the tangent to the hyperbola at Q(2cosh/, Ssinh) Gi) 3 A hyperbola of the form ~ = = I has asymptotes with equations y = tmx and passes through the point (a, 0). a Find an equation of the hyperbola in terms of x, y,.aand m. (4 marks) ‘A point P on this hyperbola is equidistant from one of the hyperbola’s asymptotes and the x-axis. b Prove that, for all values of m, P lies on the curve with equation = 42-2) (3 marks) ¢ GPP) 4 a Prove that the gradient of the chord joining the point P(cp, 5) and the point Q(cg. ) on the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = & is yy (marks) The points P, Q and R lie on a rectangular hyperbola, such that the angle QPR is a right angle. b Prove that the angle between QR and the tangent at P is also a right angle. (S marks) 87Chapter 3 £Y 5 a Show that an equation of the tangent to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy (with © > 0) at the point (cr, §) is Py+x=2et (4 marks) ‘Tangents are drawn from the point (-3, 3) to the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 16. b Find the coordinates of the points of contact of these tangents with the hyperbola. (4 marks) The point P lies on the ellipse with equation 9x? + 25)? = 225, and A and Bare the points. (4, 0) and (4, 0) respectively. a Prove that PA + PB=10. (4marks) b Prove also that the normal at P bisects the angle APB. (6 marks) EP) 7 Acurveis given parametrically by x= ct, y=$ a Show that an equation of the tangent to the curve at the point (ct, ¢) is @y +x = 2er. (4 marks) The point P is the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to this tangent. b Show that the locus of P is the curve with equation (x? +»)? = 4e’xy. (6 marks) 8 The points Plap?, 2ap) and Q(ag?, 2aq) lie on the parabola with equation y? = 4ax. The angle POQ = 90°, where O is the origin, a Prove that pq =—4. (4 marks) Given that the normal at P to the parabola has equation y+ xp-=ap' + 2ap b write down an equation of the normal to the parabola at Q. (1 mark) € Show that these two normals meet at the point R, with coordinates (ap? + ag? 2a, 4a(p + q)) (3 marks) 4 Show that, as p and q vary, the locus of R has equation y? = l6ax - 96a". (4 marks) €/P) 9 Show that, for all values of m, the straight lines with equations y = mx + VB? + am? are ey tangents to the ellipse with equation “> (6 marks) @®) 10 The chord PO, where P and Q are points on xy = c’, has gradient 1. Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents from P and Q is the line y =x. (6 marks) won ea one hi F E/) 11 The ellipse Ehas equation 35+ 4¢ = 1. The line /, is tangent to Eat the point P(6cosé, 4sin4). a Use calculus to show that an equation for /; is 2xcos0 + 3y sind = 12. (4marks) The line /, cuts the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. b Show that the locus of the midpoint of AB is (S marks)Conic sections 2 17 The ellipse E has equation es + z = 1. The line j is tangent to E at the point P(13c0s8, Ssin#). a Use calculus to show that an equation for /, is Sxcos0 + 13ysind = 65. (5 marks) The line J, cuts the y-axis at A. The line /; passes through the point A, perpendicular toh. b Find the equation of the line (3 marks) ¢ Given that /; cuts the x-axis at the focus of the ellipse (~ae, 0), show that cos = ¢. (3 marks) 2 The hyperbola H has equation +~~ 2, = 1. The line /, is normal to HT at the point 16” 64 P(Asecd, Stand). a. Use calculus to show that an equation for /; is xsin@ + 2y = 20tand. (4 marks) ‘The line f, cuts the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. b Show that the locus of the midpoint of Bis also a hyperbola and find the equation of this hyperbola. (6 marks) 2 yp The ellipse E has equation = + 7 1. The line /; is normal to £ at the point P(acoss, bsin ), a Use calculus to show that an equation for /; is axsin - bycos¢ = (a =P) cosssint (4 marks) ‘The line /, cuts the x-axis at M and the y-axis at N. b Show that the locus of the midpoint of MN is 4b*y? + 4a*x? = (a? - YP. (5 marks) . ; Yr . The ellipse £ with equation = + 55 has foci at Sand 5’. Prove that for any point P on the ellipse, PS + PS’ = 10. (5 marks) ‘The line (is tangent to the ellipse e ey with equation “5 + 53 = 1. A line segment connects point P and the origin. Show that the area of the shaded region is $abtant. P(acost, bsin 1) ‘The line /, is tangent to the ellipse with ‘e e equation qe Lat the point ) Show that the exact value for the area of the shaded region is 93-30 89Chapter 3 2 18 The hyperbola H has equation 3 both meet one directrix of Hat a single point A with y-coordinate 0, and the other directrix of Hat points B and C. Find the area of triangle ABC. . The tangents to the hyperbola at points P and Q E/P) 19 The hyperbola H has equation x? - y? = 1. The tangents to the hyperbola at points P and Q meet at the point (+, 0). a Find the exact coordinates of P and Q. (3 marks) b Show that the exact area of the region R enclosed by the tangents at P and Q and the hyperbola H is arcosh 3 — ky2, where k is a rational constant to be found. (7 marks) Cres Let P bea point on an ellipse with eccentric at P meets the major axis at Q. Prove that O. ye, The normal to the ellipse = ePS, where Sis a focus. Ty Peon. E 1. Astandard ellipse has Cartesian equation St w + The standard ellipse has parametric equations x = acost, y= bsint, 0< 1< 2 + Ageneral point P on an ellipse has coordinates (a cos, bsin1). 2. Astandard hyperbola has Cartesian equation 6 1 + The standard hyperbola has parametric equations x = acosht, y + The standard hyperbola has alternative parametric equations n es + Ageneral point P on a hyperbola has coordinates (cosh, bsinh 1) or (asec8, btané). sinh, re R x= asecd, y= btand,-7 <0< 7,024 90Conic sections 2 For all points, P, on a conic section, the ratio of the distance of P from a fixed point (called the focus) and a fixed straight line (called the directrix) is constant. This ratio, e, is known as the eccentricity of the curve. + IFO 1, the point P describes a hyperbola. Foran ellipse with equation * + the eccentricity, 0 < e <1, is given by b? = a%(1 — e2) + the foci are at (sae, 0) + the directrices are x= +4 , and a> b, ; ee For a hyperbola with equation “=~ 75 = 1, + the eccentricity, e > 1, is given by b? = a2(e2—1) + the foci are at (sae, 0) a + the directrices are x= 48 2 ye ‘An equation of the tangent to the ellipse with equation S FS z = Lat the point P(acost, bsin1) is bxcos t+ aysint = ab. R An equation of the normal to the ellipse with equation = + iat paz Lat the point P(acost, bsin1) is axsin t- bycost = (a? - b*) costsint. + An equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation Jat the point P(acosht, bsinh#) is aysinht + ab = bxcosht. + An equation of the tangent to the hyperbola with equation Jat the point P(asecé, btané) is bxsec@ — aytan@ = ab. + An equation of the normal to the hyperbola with equation xe zg = Lat the point Placosht, bsinh i) is axsinht + bycosh = (a® + 6?) sinh cosh. + An equation of the normal to the hyperbola with equation z=. Ps = Lat the point Plasech, btand) is by + axsind = (a + 6%) tand. 91After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Manipulate inequalities involving algebraic fractions > pages 93-96 *- Use graphs to find solutions to inequalities > pages 96-99 * Solve inequalities involving modulus signs > pages 99-102 Inequalities are used in collision-detection algorithms in video games. Positions of objects on a screen can be defined by x- and y-coordinates, and the area in which a player or an object is allowed to move can be a [Bx-1]>5 b |4x—8|<2 defined by inequalities. € Pure Year 2, Chapter 2 . . + Pure Year 1, Chapter 3 Solve:Algebraic methods If you multiply both sides of an inequality by a negative number you reverse the direction of the inequality sign. You need to be more careful if you multiply or divide both sides of an inequality by a variable or expression. If the variable or expression could take either a positive or a negative value then you don't know which direction is correct for the inequality sign. You can overcome this problem by multiplying by an expression squared. Suppose you want to solve the inequality + > The values of x where the If you multiply both sides of the IF you multiply both sides of graph of y =1is above inequality by x you get 1 > x2. the inequality by x2 you get 7 The solution to this inequality x > x7. The graph of p= i Lae oe is -1 x* by algebraically rearranging and factorising x2=x<0 + Youcan add or subtract any term from both sides of an inequality. 2-1) <0 xQv-D@+1) <0 The critical values are x = 0, x = 1 and x =—1, You can consider a sketch of the graph of (x — 1)(x + 1) to work out which intervals satisfy the inequality. = To solve an inequality involving algebraic fractions: + Step 1: multiply by an expression squared to remove fractions + Step 2: rearrange the inequality to get 0 on one side + Step 3: find critical values + Step 4: use a sketch to identify the correct intervals 93Chapter 4 Use algebra to solve the inequality , check whether or not each of your critical values should be included in the solution set. Find all values of «x such that > <= x+l) x+ using set notation. . where x #1 and x #~3, and express your answer 94Inequalities | Multiply both sides by | ort Wee + 3 So xe + IFO + 2x + 1h AQ + tr + 3)? - 2x + 1 + 3) <0. | Ge + Dex + 3)oxte + 3) - 20x + 1) < 0. | + Die + 307 +x-2)50 -3,-2 or! A sketch of y= (x + Dox + 30x + QIlw — Dis yale Net Ble 20 ‘The solution to (e+ Dlx + 3)ox + 2)lx - 1) <0 comesponds, | to the sections of this graph that are on or below the x-axis. So the solution is W:-3 —— a xi< 5x46 b x(v+ 126 es?! 3 3 ®§ Ge Do) ~ xe sdx rel ff 1 2 2 a Sete, a7 e ttle rst xel * x+l 6 95Chapter 4 © 3 a Usealgebra to find the set of values for which deel xe? (6 marks) xt x44 ® 4 a Use algebra to find the set of values for which a 7< Pa giving your answer in set notation. (6 marks) 5 A teacher asks a student to solve the inequality =" ‘The student's attempt was as follows: x ol Bx+4 “x x2 < Bx44 -3x-4<0 (x - 4)(x41)< 0 -1 —4 (2 marks) 4 Oand g(x) = 5 2x23 a Sketch y = f(x) and y = g(x) on the same set of axes. (marks) b Solve f(x) = g(x) (2 marks) © Hence write down the solution to the inequality f(x) > g(x). Give your answer using set notation. marks) 6 a On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = ey and y= 7 ae ; (4 marks) . , , 3x, ay b Find the points of intersection of y-= 5°" and y= 7s (2 marks) ¢ Hence, or otherwise, solve the inequality eS <] a (2 marks) 62 GB) 7 a On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y =x - 2 and y = ueDE-D (4 marks) : . a = 6(2- x) b Find the points of interseetion of y= —2and y= = Say (marks) Write down the sol he inequality x -2< 00) 2 marks) € Write down the solution to the inequality x ~2 = (5, —3y (2 marks) © 8 a Onthe same set of axes, sketch the graphs of » Land y= yo (3 marks) b Find the points of intersection of y tand y (2 marks) lox © Solve > 5 (2 marks) 98Inequalities Cnr a Sketch the circle with equation (x ~ 2)? + (v — 4)? = 10. b Determine the coordinates of all points of intersection between this circle 4x-5 and the curve with equation y = x ¢ Sketch this curve on the same set of axes as your answer to part a. Hence, or otherwise, find the solutions to the inequality wae (BS af 6x bly-3)>2 € [e204 6 <9 d 2x+l]=3 e 2xj+x>3 ptt 2 ie 2 a On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = |3x- 2[and y = 2x +4, b Solve, giving your answer in set notation, [3x ~ 2] 2x +4. 3 a On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = |x? - 4] and y b Solve |x? - 4] = 7 EP) 4 Solve the inequality an > 2, giving your answer in set notation. (S marks) Problem-solving a E/P) 5 Solve the inequality kel <1-x, To sketch y: a rearrange it into the giving your answer in set notation. formy=A+ 4 for constants A and B. (S marks) 101Chapter 4 & a On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = -Lg and y = 4x (S marks) b Solve, giving your answer in terms of the constant a, hz, <4\x ~ al (3 marks) @) 7 SoWwe 3x-5, giving your answer in set notation, (4 marks) 102fy 10 u © 2 © 3 © 4 © 5 GP) 16 Inequalities Sketch, on the same axes, the line with equation y = 2x + 2 and the graph with ¥ 2x44 equation y= 45 b Solve the inequality 2 +2> +4 - 2x-4 a Sketch, on the same set of axes, the graph with equation y = 2¥= and the line with equation y = 2 ~ 4x. b Solve the inequality 2 - 4x < . -2 a Sketch, on the same set of axes, the graphs with equations y= 2—* and y=—25 (4 marks) b Solve th lity $=? <2 mark solve the inequality 39) <5 marks) Sketch, on the same set of axes, the graphs with equations y (4 marks) b Solve the inequality shh 4 a + (3 marks) Solve the inequality |x? - 7) < 3x +1) a Solve the inequality "5 <1 Find the set of values of x for which |x — 1| > 64 (3 marks) Find the complete set of values of x for which |x? - 2) > 2x (3 marks) a Sketch, on the same set of axes, the graph with equation y = [2x — 3), and the line with equation y = Sx —1 (3 marks) b Solve the inequality |2. - 3] < 5x (3 marks) a Use algebra to find the exact solution of |2x2 + x - 6 = 6 - 3x (4 marks) b On the same diagram, sketch the curve with equation y = |2x? +. - 6| and the line with equation y = 6 - 3x (3 marks) ¢ Find the set of values of x for which |2x? + x — 6| > 6 — 3x (1 mark) a On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of y = |x? - | and y = |2x ~ 1), showing the coordinates of the points where the graphs meet the x-axis, (4 marks) b Solve |x? - 4] = |2x — 1|, giving your answers in surd form where appropriate. (4 marks) ¢ Hence, or otherwise, find the set of values of x for which |x? — 4] > [2x — 1] (1 mark) 103Chapter 4 £917 A teacher asks a student to solve the inequality | Ge) _ inset notation. The student's work is shown below. 3x + 1] > 3x +2, expressing their answer We find critical values x4 3yb1= 3x42 5x? -1ex=4! and x4 3x41=—-2 - 3x x? 46x43 20 9x=-32VE Hence inequality is satisfied when x is in the set fen <-3 -V6}Ub: —1<1<-3 4 V6) Ubex> Th a Identify the mistake in the student's working. (1 mark) b Write down the correct solution to the problem. (marks) Challenge Solve the inequality |x? — 5x + 2| > |x-3] Give your answer in set notation, expressing any critical values as surds where appropriate. oda 1 To solve an inequality involving algebraic fractions: + Step 1: multiply by an expression squared to remove fractions + Step 2: rearrange the inequality to get 0 on one side * Step 3: find critical values «= Step 4: use a sketch to identify the correct intervals 2 When solving an inequality involving = or =, check whether or not each of your critical values should be included in the solution set. 3 If you can sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) then you can solve an inequality such as f(x) < g(x) by observing when one curve is above the other. The critical values will be the solutions to the equation f(x) = g(x). 104Review exercise In this exercise, AS students may use. proof, the result that, for the general parabola dy _2a Aas gee y Find the magnitude of the vector Gi-j+k)xCitj-h). ) © Section 1.2 (3)e-() p=(-1]}andq=(1}, where & isa real 3 0, constant, a Find px q, giving your answer as a column vector in terms of k. @) b Hence find the least possible value of |p x ql, and state the value of k for which it occurs. @) + Section 1.1 Referred to a fixed origin O, the position vectors of three non-linear points A, B and Care a, b and ¢ respectively. By considering AB x AC, prove that the area of triangle ABC can be expressed in the form jax b+bxe+ex a (6) Section 1.2 The figure shows a E right prism with triangular ends ABC and DEF, and parallel edges AD, BE, CF. Given that A —\ Ais (2, 7, -1), Bis (5, 8, 2), Cis (6, 7, 4) and Dis (12, 1, -9), G a find AB x AC @) b find 4D.(AB x AC) @ © Calculate the volume of the prism. (2) Sections 1.1, 1.3 out ( The points 4, B, Cand D have coordinates (3, 1 (5, 2, -1), (6, 4, 5) and (~7, 6, ~3) respectively. a Find AC x AD. b Find a vector equation of the line through A which is perpendicular to QB) AC and AD @) ¢ Verify that B lies on this line. (2) d Find the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD. 2) © Sections 1.1, 1.3 The points A, Band C have position vectors, relative to a fixed origin O, a=2i-j +2) +3k c= 2i+ 3+ 2k respectively. The plane /7 passes through A, Band C. a Find AB x AC. @) b Show that a Cartesian equation of IT is3-y+22=7, @) The line / has equation (r= Si~ 5j 3k) x Qi-j-2k) =0 The line /and the plane IT intersect at the point 7. ¢ Find the coordinates of 7. ) d Show that 4, Band T lie on the same straight line. (4) © Sections 1.1, 1.4 Vector equations of the two straight lines Tand mare respectively j+3k+1(2i+j-k) =i+j-k+u(-2i+j+k) a Show that these lines do not intersect, @) 105Review exercise 1 106 The point A with parameter ¢, lies on / and the point B with parameter 1, lies onm. b Write down the vector 4B in terms of ik. t, and m, wo Given that the line AB is perpendicular to both /and m, € find the values of 1, and 14 and show that, in this case, the length of AB is v5 o € Section 1.4 A line L passes through the points with 2 = rise sen ()on() 0, 2 a Find the direction cosines of L. (3) b Hence or otherwise, write a Cartesian equation of L. Q) € Section 1.4 The points A, B and C lie on the plane IZ and, relative to a fixed origin O, they have position vectors a=3i-j+4dk b=-i+3 = Si-3j+ 7k respectively. a Find AB x AC. @) b Obtain the equation of 77 in the form rn =p. @) The point D has position vector Si+ 2) + 3k. € Calculate the volume of the tetrahedron 4BCD. Q) € Sections 1.1, 1.3, 1.5 The plane J1, has vector equation Sit J+ u(-4i + j + 3k) + G+ 2k) where «and v are parameters. a Find a vector n, normal to IZ. The plane JT, has equation 3x + y - b Write down a vector n, normal to Il, P) 12 © Show that 4i + 13) + 25k is perpendicular to both n, and. (2) Given that the point (1, 1, 1) lies on both I, and IT, 4 write down an equation of the line of intersection of JZ, and I, in the form r=a+sb, where risa parameter. (4) € Section 1.5 Relative to a fixed origin O, the point A has position vector a(4i + j + 2k) and the plane JT has equation ni- 5} + 3k where a is a scalar constant. a Show that A lies in the plane IT. (3) ‘The point B has position vector aQi+ IIj-4k). b Show that BA is perpendicular to the plane II ¢ Calculate, to the nearest one tenth of a degree, OBA. ) @B) «Section 1.5 The line J, has equation r=i+6j—k+A(2i+ 3k) and the line /, has equation r=3i+pi+nG-2i+k) where p is a constant. The plane JZ, contains , and /. a Find a vector which is normal to IZ,. (3) Show that an equation for 17, is 6xty—4z= 16. ¢ Find the value of p. The plane IT, has equation 2j+ky=2 4 Find an equation for the line of intersection of JZ, and II,, giving your answer in the form (r—a)xb=0. (4) € Section 1.5 @) @ r. The plane IZ passes through the points P(-1, 3, -2), Q(4, -1, -1) and RG, 0, 0), where ¢ is a constant.D a Find, in terms of ¢, RP x RO. Given that RP x RO dis a constant, @) 3i+ dj +k, where b find the value of cand show that 4 Q) ¢ Find an equation of /7 in the form rn = p, where p isa constant. The point S has position vector i+ 5j+ 10k. The point S" is the image of Sunder reflection in /T. @) d_Find the position vector of S'. Sections 1. @ 15 The points 4, B and Clie on the plane IZ, and, relative to a fixed origin O, they have position vectors respectively. a Find (b-a) x (e-a). b Find an equation of /1,, giving your answer in the form DP. Q) The plane /7,has Cartesian equation x and J, and II, intersect in the line L Q) ¢ Find an equation of Jin the form (rp) xq=0. The point P is the point on / that is nearest to the origin O. QB) d_ Find the coordinates of P. @) € Section 1.1, 1.5, The points A(2, 0, -1) and B(4, 3, 1) have position vectors a and b respectively with respect to a fixed origin O. a Findaxb. The plane /7, contains the points O, A and B. b Verify that an equation of I, is x= 2p422=0. @ The plane JT, has equation nn = d where 3i+j—_kand dis a constant. Q) Gis Review exercise 1 Given that B lieson I7., € find the value of d. 8) The planes JZ, and J, intersect in the line L. 4 Find an equation of £ in the form r= p+ ¢q, where ris a parameter. € Find the position vector of the point ¥ on L where OX is perpendicular to L. GB) a € Sections 1.1, 1.5 The points A, B and C have position vectors j + 2k, 21+ 3) +k and i+j+3k, respectively, relative to the origin 0. The plane 7 contains the points A, B and C. a Find a vector which is perpendicular tol. (4) b Find the area of triangle ABC. (3) ¢ Finda vector equation of /T in the form rn =p. 8 d_ Hence, or otherwise, obtain a Cartesian equation of IZ. 7) ¢ Find the distance of the origin 0 from IT. Q) The point D has position vector 3i + 4] +k. The distance of D from IT is v7 f Using this calculate the acute angle between the line AD and 7, giving your answer in stance, or otherwise, degrees to one decimal place. 8) + Sections 1.2, 1.5 The plane JT passes through the points A(-1,=1, 1), BE, 2, 1) and C2, 1,0). a Find a vector equation of the line perpendicular to JT which passes through the point D(J, 2, 3) b Find the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD. 8) € Obtain the equation of JT in the form nn=p. @B) @) 107Revi E/P) 18 @®v 108 iew exercise 1 The perpendicular from D to the plane IT (©) 20 The rectangular hyperbola, 1, with meets IZ at the point E. 4 Find the coordinates of E. @) 135 © Show that DE=—32 Q) The point D' is the reflection of D in IT. f Find the coordinates of D'. Relative to a fixed origin O the lines /, and /, have equations [ir = i+ 2j-4k + s(-21+) + 3) -j+7k+(-i+j-k) wheres and ¢ are variable parameters, a Show that the lines intersect and are perpendicular to each other. (4) b Find a vector equation of the straight line /, which passes through the point of intersection of J, and /, and the point with position vector 4i + 2j - 3k where 2 is a real number. (4) The line /, makes an angle 0 with the plane containing /, and (, ¢ Find sin @in terms of 4. (4) Given that j, /; and /, are coplanar, 4 find the value of 4. ) Sections 1.4, 1.5 Referred to a fixed origin O, the planes I, and IT, have equations r.(2i- j + 2k) = 9 and 1.(4i + 3 - k) = 8 respectively. a Determine the shortest distance from Oto the line of intersection of /7, and I. b Find, in vector form, an equation of the plane /T, which is perpendicular to II,and JT, and passes through the point with position vector 2j +k. 8) GB) ¢ Find the position vector of the point that lies in JZ,, IT, and IZ, ) Sections 1.4, 1.5 ©23 8. 1.7 =F intersects the line equation x= with equation y = }x +4 at the points A and B. The midpoint of 4B is Mf. Find the coordinates of M. @ © Section 2.3 The curve C has equations x = 37, y = 60. a Sketch the graph of the curve C. (3) The curve C intersects the line with equation y = x 72 at the points 4 and B. b Find the length 48, giving your answer as a surd in its simplest form. @) «Section 2.1 The points P(1, a) , where a > 0, and (6, 6) lie on the parabola C with equation y? = 4x, The perpendicular bisector of PQ meets the parabola at the points M and N. Show that the x-coordinates of M and N can be written in the form x = 4 # 429 , where A and are rational numbers to be found. (6) Section 2.2 A parabola Chas equation y? = 16x. The point Sis the focus of the parabola a Write down the coordinates of S. wo The point P with coordinates (16, 16) lies on. b Find an equation of the line SP, giving your answer in the form ax + by +¢= where a, b and c are integers. @ The line SP intersects C at the point Q, where P and Q are distinct points. € Find the coordinates of @. 4) © Section 2.2 ‘The diagram shows the parabola C with equation y° = 20x. The straight line / with gradient 4 passes through the focus, S, of the parabola and intersects Cat the point P with positive y-coordinate.Review exercise 1 27 Find the area of the shaded region R bounded by C, / and the x-axis. © + Section 2.2 A rectangular hyperbola H has parametric equations x = 41 and y=, 1&0, The straight line / with equation 2x - y= 4 intersects Hat the points P The curve H with equation x = 81, y intersects the line with equation +4at the points 4 and B. The midpoint of AB is M. Find the coordinates of M. 6) © Section 2.3 The diagram shows the straight line x+2y = 12 that intersects the rectangular hyperbola xy = 10 at the points P and Q. a Find the coordinates of P and Q. b Find the exact area of the shaded region. Leave your answer in the form a+ bine, where a, b and c are rational @ numbers to be found. 6) Section 2.3 The point P(24”, 487) lies on the parabola with equation y° = 96x. The point P also lies on the rectangular hyperbola with equation xy = 144. a Find the value of rand, hence, the coordinates of P. 8) b Find an equation of the tangent to the parabola at P, giving your answer in the form y = mx +c, where m and care real constants. @ ¢ Find an equation of the tangent to the rectangular hyperbola at P, giving your answer in the form y= mx +c, where mand ¢ are real constants, ) « Section 2.4 The point Plat the parabola with equation y° = 4ax. The tangent and normal to the parabola at P cut the x-axis at the points T'and NV 2at), where t > 0, lies on (6) © Section 2.4 respectively. Prove that 50 A rectangular hyperbola H has cartesian 9. The point (3.3) isa general point on H. equation xy a Show that an equation of the tangent to Hat (3,3) isx+ y= on @ 1 The tangent to Hat (32,3) cuts the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B. The point Ois the origin of the coordinate system. b Prove that, as t varies, the area of the triangle OABis constant. 8) + Section 2.4 109Revi @) 31 @® 32 110 iew exercise 1 The point P(ct.4) lies on the hyperbola with equation x positive constant. where c isa a Show that an equation of the normal to the hyperbola at P is Px-ty= (t= 1)=0. 4) The normal to the hyperbola at P meets the line y = x at G, Given that + +1, b show that PG? e(erd 6) Section2.4 The parabola C has equation y* = 32x. a Write down the coordinates of the focus S of C. w b Write down the equation of the directrix of C. « The points 2, 8) and Q (32, -32) lie on c € Prove that the line joining P and O goes through S. ® The tangent to Cat P and the tangent to Cat Q intersect at the point D. d Prove that D lies on the directrix of C. (6) © Sections 2.2, 2.4 The point P(ar, at), 1 * 0, lies on the parabola with equation y? = 4ax, where a is a positive constant, a Show that an equation of the normal to the parabola at P is ye xt= at + ar. @) The normal to the parabola at P meets the parabola again at Q. b Find, in terms of ¢, the coordinates of Q. 6) € Section 2.4 The point P(2, 8) lies on the parabola C with equation y? = 4ax. Find: a the value of a a b an equation of the tangent to Cat P (3) 35 ‘The tangent to Cat P cuts the x-axis at the point X and the y-axis at the point ¥. ¢ Find the exact area of the triangle OXY. @ «Section 2.4 a Show that the normal to the rectangular hyperbola xy = c’, at the point Ple y Prefect, @) The normal to the hyperbola at P meets the hyperbola again at the point Q. |. £0, has equation b Find, in terms of 1, the coordinates of the point Q. ) Given that the midpoint of PQ is (X,Y) and that ¢# £1, at X atta 5 © show th @ © Section 2.4 ‘The rectangular hyperbola C has equation xy = c, where cis a posi constant. a Show that the tangent to Cat the point Plep.5) has equation p*y = -x + 2ep. 8 The point Q has coordinates O( eg, £ gp. The tangents to Cat P and Q meet at N. Given that p + #0, b show that the y-coordinate of N 2¢ ispeg @) The line joining N to the origin O is perpendicular to the chord PQ. © Find the value of pig’. @) «Section 2.4 The point P lies on the rectangular hyperbola xy = &, where ¢ is a positive constant, a Show that an equation of the tangent to the hyperbola at the point Pep. 5); p> 0, is yp? + x= 2ep. 8)Review exercise 1 41 This tangent at P cuts the x-axis at the point S. b Write down the coordinates of S. (1) ¢ Find an expression, in terms of p, for the length of PS. Q) The normal at P cuts the x-axis at the point R. Given that the area of triangle RPSis Ale, d find, in terms of ¢, the coordinates of the point P. (5) + Section 2.4 A point P lies on hyperbola H with equation xy = c2, Prove that the locus of the midpoints of OP, where O is the origin, form a hyperbola and state its equation. (3) + Section 2.5 A point P with coordinates (x, y) moves so that its distance from the point (5, 0) is equal to its distance from the line with equation x = 5. Prove that the locus of P has an equation of the form y* = dax, stating the value of a 6) « Section2.5 An ellipse has equation +ts a Sketch the ellipse. @) b Find the value of the eccentricity ¢. (2) € State the coordinates of the foci of the ellipse. 2 € Sections 3.1, 3.3 The hyperbola H has equation 7 ~ Fin a the value of the eccentricity of H (2) b the distance between the foci of H. (2) The ellipse E has equation 75+ ¢ Sketch Hand £ on the same diagram, showing the coordinates of the points where each curve crosses the axes. (4) Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 42 EP © 8 e : x An ellipse, with equation 5- + foci Sands’, a Find the coordinates of the foci of the ellipse. Q) b Using the focus-directrix property of the ellipse, prove that, for any point P on the ellipse, SP + SP =6 6 + Sections 3.1,3.3 1, has a Find the eccentricity of the ellipse with equation 3x° + 4y" = 12. 8) b Find an equation of the tangent to the ellipse with equation 32 + 4y° the point with coordinates (1, This tangent meets the y-axis at G. Given that Sand $’ are the foci of the ellipse, ¢ find the area of triangle SS'G. )) € Sections 3.3, 3.4 The points S, and S; have Cartesian 53, 0) and (5/3, 0) coordinates ( 3 respectively. a Find a Cartesian equation of the ellipse which has S, and S, as its two foci, and a major axis of length 2a. (4) b Write down the equations of the directrices of this ellipse. ) Given that parametric equations of this ellipse are x= acosd, y=bsind € express b in terms of a. 4) ‘The point P is such that ¢= 7 and the point Q such that =F d_ Show that an equation of the chord & PQ is (V2 = I)x + 2y-a=0. QB) «Section 3.3 a Find the eccentricity of the ellipse @ b Find also the coordinates of both foci and equations of both directrices of this ellipse. Q) aReview exercise 1 Show that an equation for the tangent to this ellipse at the point PQcos6, 2sin 8) is xcos@ ysind 3 + 2 = 1 (4) 4. Show that, as @ varies, the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the tangent at P lies on the curve (2 + 2 = 9x2 +4? 6) + Sections 3.3, 3.4 Show that an equation of the normal to the ellipse 1 at the point e Placos?, bsin8) is axsec# — bycosec# = @) The normal at P cuts the x-axis at G. b Show that the coordinates of M, the midpoint of PG are @) © Prove that, as 0 varies, the locus of, Mis.an ellipse and determine the equation of this ellipse. (4) Given that the normal at P meets the y-axis at H and that O is the origin, 4 prove that, if «> b, then the ratio of the area of AOMG to the area of AOGH is b:2(a2 = b?) (4) € Sections 3.4, 3.5 The diagram shows the ellipse with 112 Show that the exact value for the area of the shaded region is az, where ais a rational number to be found 6 «Section 3.2 GP) 48. The line with equation y = mx + eis a tangent to the ellipse with equation 2 yp = 1 @ a Show that = ani + 6°, 4) b Hence, or otherwise, find the equations of the tangents from the point (3, 4) to 42 the ellipse with equation 77+ 55 @ © Section 3.4 ‘The ellipse £ has equation DE the line L has equation y m> and e>0 a Show that, if Land £ have any points of intersection, the x-coordinates of these points are the roots of the equation (P+ aint )x? + emer + @(e- F*) = 0. a Hence, given that L is a tangent to £, b show that =? + ne Q ‘The tangent Z meets the negative x-axis at the point A and the positive y-axis at the point B, and Q is the origin, ¢ Find, in terms of m, a and 6, the area of the triangle OAB. @) Prove that, as m varies, the minimum area of the triangle OABisab. 3) ¢ Find, in terms of a, the x-coordinate of the point of contact of Land E when the area of the triangle is a minimum, @ © Section 3.4 Find equations for the tangent and normal to the rectangular hyperbola at the point P with coordinates (cosh, sinh), ¢ > 0. 6)Review exercise 1 E/P) 51 © 3 The tangent and normal cut the x-axis at Tand G respectively. The perpendicular from P to the x-axis meets an asymptote in the first quadrant at Q. b Show that GQ is perpendicular to this asymptote. (4) The normal cuts the y-axis at R. ¢ Show that 2 lies on the circle with centre at T and radius TG. @) € € Section 3.5 The point P lies on the hyperbola B perpendicular from P onto the x-axis. The tangent to the hyperbola at P meets the x-axis at 7. 1, and Nis the foot of the Show that OT x ON origin. where O is the ©) € Section 3.5 The hyperbola Chas equation 75 ~ 73 a Show that an equation of the normal to Cat the point P(asect, btan t) is @ axsint + by = (@ + tant © The normal to Cat P cuts the x-axis at the point A and S is a focus of C. Given that the eccentricity of Cis 3 that O4 = 308, where 0 is the origin, b determine the possible values of 1, for0=1<2z. @) € Section 3.5, a Show that the hyperbola a> 0, has eccentricity equal to 2. (3) b_ Hence state the coordinates of the focus Sand an equation of the corresponding directrix L, where both Sand L lie in the region x > 0.(2) The perpendicular from S to the line y=. meets the line y = at Pand the perpendicular from $ to the line y x meets the line y= —x at Q. ¢ Show that both P and Q lie on the directrix L and give the coordinates of Pand Q. @) Given that the line SP meets the hyperbola at the point R, prove that the tangent at R passes through the point Q. 4) € Sections 3.3, 3.5, Show that the equations of the tangents with gradient m to the hyperbola with equation x7 - 4y?=4 are mx + V4me — T, where |m) > 5 o € Section 3.5 % B where a and b are constants and a > b. An ellipse has equation a Find an equation of the tangent at the point P(acost, bsin#). 8) b Find an equation of the normal at the point P(acost, bsin @) The normal at P meets the x-axis at the point Q. The tangent at P meets the is at the point R © Find, in terms of a, b and 1, the coordinates of M, the midpoint of oR. Given that 0 << 5, prove that, as f varies, the locus of M By. Sections 3.5, 3.6 & a has equation ( : Find the equations for the tangent and normal to the hyperbola Dye at the point (asecd, btand). ) If these lines meet the y-axis at P and Q respectively, prove that the circle with PQ as a diameter passes through the foci of the hyperbola. © + Sections 3.5,3.6 113Review exercise 1 37 © 8 114 1 Use algebra to solve 75 <=> ©) + Section 4.1 Find the set of values of x for which > 2x 6) «Section 4.1 Find the set of values of x for which -12 wePoy 6) « Section 6.1 Find the set of values of x for which sa 2x-5>% giving your answer using set notation, (5) «Section 4.1 Given that k is a constant and that k > 0, find, in terms of k, the set of values of xtk ok x for which E> M € Section 4.1 x a On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of 2 xand y =~ @) b Find the points of intersection of xand y=——2> @ € Write down the solution to the inequality 2-x>-5 Q + Section 4.2 On the same set of axes sketch the 4x 2x = G+ Find the points of intersection of Ax 3-yandy= and graphs of y= 4) Q) (e+ IP € Hence, or otherwise, solve the inequality x 2x 2=x + giving your answer using set notation. Q) € Section 4.2 On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = |[x— Sand y= [3x- 2] @) b Finds the coordinates of the points of intersection of y = |x - 5] and Bx — 2). @) c down the solution to the inequality be 5] |x +2] 4) «Section 4.3 E) 66 a Sketch the graph of y= |x - 2a), given that a > 0. Q) b Solve |x - 2a] > 2x +a, where a > 0. @ «Section 43 Solve the inequality <8-x, giving your answer in set notation. (6) «Section 4.3 © 68 a On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of y=xandy=|2x-1). @) Use algebra to find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the two graphs. Q) € Hence, or otherwise, find the set of values of x for which |2x- 1] >x. (4) € Section 4.3 Use algebra to find the set of real values of x for which |x-3)>2)x+1). € Section 4.3 G@P) 70 Solve, for x, the inequality |Sx +a] < [2x], where a > 0. } € Section 4.3 @P) 71 a Using the same set of axes, sketch the curve with equation y = |x? - 6x + 8| and the line with equation 2y = 3x-9.