Stiffness is the resistance of an elastic body to deflection or deformation by an

applied force - and can be expressed as

k = F / δ                              (1)

where

k = stiffness (N/m, lb/in)

F = applied force (N, lb)

δ = extension, deflection (m, in)

Both stiffness and rigidity measure the resistance of a member to deflection

(or rotation) under force (moment).

Rigidity only considers material property and cross-sectional property, e.g.,

Axial rigidity = EA,

Shear rigidity = GA,

Torsional rigidity = GJ

Flexural (bending) rigidity = EI,

Whereas stiffness is force per unit displacement (or moment per unit
rotation), i.e. the ratio for force to displacement (or moment to rotation).
Therefore stiffness also takes length of the member into account, e.g.,

Axial stiffness = EA/L,

Shear stiffness = GA/L,

Torsional stiffness = GJ/L

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materials

The modulus of elasticity (= Young’s modulus) E is a material property, that describes its stiffness and is
therefore one of the most important properties of solid materials
An elastic modulus (also known as modulus of elasticity) is a quantity that measures an object or
substance's resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a stress is applied to
it. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress–strain curve in the elastic
deformation region:[1] A stiffer material will have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic modulus has the
form:

where stress is the force causing the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied
and strain is the ratio of the change in some parameter caused by the deformation to the original value
of the parameter. If stress is measured in pascals, then since strain is a dimensionless quantity, the units
of λ will be pascals as well

Yield strength is the lowest stress that produces a permanent deformation in a

material. In some materials, like aluminium alloys, the point of yielding is difficult
to identify, thus it is usually defined as the stress required to cause 0.2% plastic
strain. This is called a 0.2% proof stress.

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile

strength (TS), ultimate strength, or   within equations,[1][2][3] is the

maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled
before breaking. In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to
the yield point, whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be
higher.

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explosion welding

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Endurance strength is defined as the maximum value of completely
reversed bending stress that a material can withstand for a finite
number of cycles without a fatigue failure.

Why U AND J joints are more economical than v and bevel

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Fillet Welded Joints

Fillet Welded Joints are just another terminology for corner, lap, and
tee joints. Fillet Welded Joints are the most common type of welding
joint and accounts for nearly 75% of joints made with arc welding. You
do not need to prepare the edge and this type of joint make it easy to
weld piping systems. Butt welds are more expensive than fillet welds.
Fillet welds are mostly used in piping systems to join pipe to socket
joints.

Basic weld and type of joints

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Any discussion on weld types starts with the idea that it is

important to distinguish between the joint and the weld.
Each must be described to completely describe the weld joint.

There are many different types of welds, which are best described
by their shape when shown in cross section.

The most popular weld is the fillet weld, named after its cross-
sectional shape.

Other types of welds include flange welds, plug welds, slot welds,
seam welds, surfacing welds, and backing welds.
Joints are combined with welds to make weld joints.

Types Of Joints
There are 5 main joints used in welding. These are:

 Butt joint
 Corner joint
 Edge joint
 Lap joint
 Tee joint
 Illustrations of Various Types
of Weld Joints
Types Of Welds
Fillet Welds
A fillet weld joins two surfaces at an approximate right angle to
each other. There are several types of fillet weld:

 Full fillet weld – is a weld where the size of the weld is the
same as the thickness of the thinner object joined together.
 Staggered intermittent fillet weld – refers to two lines of
intermittent welding on a joint. An example is a tee joint (see
below) where the fillet increments that are in one line are
staggered in comparison to the other line.
 Chain Intermittent fillet weld – refers to two lines of
intermittent fillet welds in a lap joint or T where the welds in
one line are approximately opposite those in the other line.
Other terms associated with fillet welds include:

 Boxing: which refers to the continuation of a fillet weld

around a corner of a member. It is an extension of the
principal weld.
 Convexity: Refers to the maximum perpendicular distance
from the face of a convex fillet weld to a line joining the toes.

Illustrations
Depicting Types of Fillet Welds
Groove Welds
The second most popular type of weld is the groove weld. There
are seven basic types of groove welds, which are shown in figure
6-25.

The groove weld refers to beads that are deposited in a groove

between two members to be joined.

Illustrations
of Basic Groove Welds

More examples are shown in figure 6-26 above.

The type of weld used will determine the manner in which the
seam, joint, or surface is prepared.

See figure 6-27 for the standard types of groove welds.

 Illustrations
of Types of Groove Welds

Surfacing Weld
These are welds composed of one or more strings or weave
beads deposited on an unbroken surface to obtain desired
properties or dimensions.

This type of weld is used to build up surfaces or replace metal on

worn surfaces. It is also used with square butt joints.
See figure 6-28 below for examples.

Plug Weld
Plug welds are circular welds made through one member of a lap
or tee joint joining that member to the other.

The weld may or may not be made through a hole in the first
member; if a hole is used, the walls may or may not be parallel
and the hole may be partially or completely filled with weld metal.

Such welds are often used in place of rivets.

NOTE: A fillet welded hole or a spot weld does not conform to this
definition.

See figure 6-28 below for examples.

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Slot Weld
This is a weld made in an elongated hole in one member of a lap
or tee joint joining that member to the surface of the other
member that is exposed through the hole.

This hole may be open at one end and may be partially or

completely filled with weld metal.

NOTE: A fillet welded slot does not conform to this definition.

 Illustrations
of Surfacing, Plug and Slot Welds

Flash Weld
Flash welding is referred to as a resistance welding process
where fusion is produced over the entire abutting surface.

Heat is created by the resistance to the current flow between two

surfaces and by the application of pressure after heating is mostly
complete.

Flashing is accompanied by the expulsion of metal from the joint.

See Figure 6-29 below for an example of a flash weld.

Read more: Flash and Flange Weld Symbols

Seam Weld
A weld made by arc seam or resistance seam welding where the
welding process is not specified.

This term infers resistance seam welding.

Refer to figure 6-29 below for an example of a seam weld.

Spot Weld
A spot weld is a weld made by arc spot or resistance spot welding
where the welding process is not specified.

This term infers a resistance spot weld.

Read more: Spot Seam and Arc Weld Symbols

Upset Weld
An upset weld is a resistance welding process where fusion
occurs progressively along a joint of over the entire abutting
surface.

The application of pressure before heating is required and occurs

during the heating period.

Heat comes from the resistance to the flow of electric current in

the area of contact between the surfaces.
 Illustrations
of Flash, Seam, Spot and Upset Welds

Welding Positions
Welding is often done on structures in the position in which they
are found.
Techniques have been developed to allow welding in any
position.

Some welding processes have all-position capabilities, while

others may be used in only one or two positions.

All welding can be classified according to the position of the

workpiece or the position of the welded joint on the plates or
sections being welded.

There are four basic welding positions, which are illustrated in

figures 6-30 and 6-31.

Illustrations
of Groove Welding Positions
 Fillet,
Groove, and Surface welds may be made in all of the positions shown in figure 6-31 above

Welding symbol and each terminology details

GATE Questions

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