Theory – Definition of Suspension Derivatives

Introduction

A large number of ‘suspension derivatives’ are calculated by ‘SHARK’, some are given at the static
ride height only, whilst the variation with articulation is determined for others. The definition of these
derivatives is given in this section and are based upon the SAE standard ‘Vehicle Dynamics
Terminology’ SAE J670e. Where variations from this standard exist or where specific Lotus
standards have been applied these will be identified. The units used together with the sign
convention are also stated. The calculation formulae are given in terms of both the Shark
co-ordinate system and point numbering system.

Static Values

Camber Angle, (deg)

The inclination of the wheel plane to the vertical. It is considered positive when the wheel leans
outward at the top and negative when it leans inward.

Camber Angle Definition

Toe Angle, SAE, (deg)

The static toe angle of a wheel at a specified wheel load or relative position of the wheel centre with
respect to the sprung mass, is the angle between a longitudinal axis of the vehicle and the line of
intersection of the wheel plane and the road surface. The wheel is ”toed-in” if the forward portion of
the wheel is turned towards a central longitudinal axis of the vehicle (+ve), and “toed-out” if turned
away, (-ve).

Toe Angle, Plane of Wheel, (deg)

This derivative is a Lotus definition which has the same units and sign convention as the SAE term,
but instead of using the intersection of the wheel plane to the ground as the toe line, the angle is
measured in the plane of the wheel.
 Toe Angle Definitions

Castor Angle, (deg)

The angle in side elevation between the steering axis and the vertical. It is considered positive when
the steering axis is inclined rearward (in the upward direction), and negative when the steering axis
is inclined forward.

Castor Trail, hub trail, (mm)

The horizontal distance in side elevation between the steering axis and the wheel centre. The offset
is considered positive when the wheel centre is forward of the steering axis and negative when it is
rearward.

Castor Offset, (mm)

The distance in side elevation between the point where the steering axis intersects the ground, and
the centre of tyre contact. The offset is considered positive when the intersection point is forward of
the tyre contact centre and negative when it is rearward.
 Castor Angle and Offset Definitions

Kingpin Angle, (deg)

The angle in front elevation between the steering axis and the vertical. It is considered positive
when the steering axis leans inwards at the top and negative when it leans out.

Kingpin offset, at wheel, (mm)

Kingpin offset at the wheel centre is the horizontal distance in front elevation from the wheel centre
to the steering axis. It is considered positive when the wheel centre is outboard of the steering axis,
(normal case), and negative if inboard.

Kingpin offset, at ground, (mm)

Kingpin offset at the ground is the horizontal distance in front elevation between the point where the
steering axis intersects the ground and the centre of the tyre contact. It is considered positive when
the tyre contact is outboard of the steering axis intersection and negative if inboard.

Mechanical Trail, (mm)

The perpendicular distance in side elevation between the steering axis and the centre of tyre
contact. It is considered positive when the steering axis is forward of the tyre contact centre and
negative when it is rearward.
 Kingpin Angle and Offset Definitions

Roll Centre Height, (mm)

The point in the transverse vertical plane through any pair of wheel centres at which lateral forces
may be applied to the sprung mass without producing suspension roll. The preceding is the SAE
definition, and is more normally stated as ‘the instantaneous centre of rotation of the body’. At static
for a symmetrical suspension this point lies on the vehicle centreline and thus only the roll centre
height is quoted at static. The calculation procedure uses a small bump step to define the tyre
contact patch path, and allows a perpendicular plane to be constructed to this path at the current
contact point. The intersection of this plane with either the other sides plane, (roll), or the vehicle
centre line, (bump) defines the roll centre position.
 Roll Centre Height Definition

Incremental Values, (Included in SDF formatted file)

Camber Angle, (deg)

The inclination of the wheel plane to the vertical. It is considered positive when the wheel leans
outward at the top and negative when it leans inward.

Toe Angle, SAE, (deg)

The static toe angle of a wheel at a specified wheel load or relative position of the wheel centre with
respect to the sprung mass, is the angle between a longitudinal axis of the vehicle and the line of
intersection of the wheel plane and the road surface. The wheel is ”toed-in” if the forward portion of
the wheel is turned towards a central longitudinal axis of the vehicle (+ve), and “toed-out” if turned
away, (-ve).

Toe Angle, Plane of Wheel, (deg)

This derivative is a Lotus definition which has the same units and sign convention as the SAE term,
but instead of using the intersection of the wheel plane to the ground as the toe line, the angle is
measured in the plane of the wheel.

Castor Angle, (deg)

The angle in side elevation between the steering axis and the vertical. It is considered positive when
the steering axis is inclined rearward (in the upward direction), and negative when the steering axis
is inclined forward.

Kingpin Angle, (deg)

The angle in front elevation between the steering axis and the vertical. It is considered positive
when the steering axis leans inwards at the top and negative when it leans out.

Damper Ratio
The ratio of change in the vertical height of the tyre contact centre and the change in length of the
damper. It has no sign convention and would be greater than one when the change in vertical height
of the wheel is more than the change in length of the damper. (Lotus definition).
Spring Ratio
The ratio of change in the vertical height of the tyre contact centre and the change in length of the
spring. It has no sign convention and would be greater than one when the change in vertical height
of the wheel is more than the change in length of the spring. (Lotus definition).

Anti Dive, (%)

The ratio, given as a percentage, of the amount of the weight transfer under breaking that is reacted
by the suspension geometry in resisting the body pitching motion. Thus 100% anti-dive results in no
theoretical body pitching under braking. The construction technique relies on the suspension side
view instantaneous centre being found and then further construction using brake split and vehicle c
of g height. (Lotus Definition). Side view instantaneous centres (I.C.) are determined using small
perturbation and projecting a normal to the path of the tyre contact point. Note that the origin point
changes depending whether braking is inboard or outboard.

% Anti-Dive Derivation

Anti Squat, (%)

The ratio, given as a percentage, of the amount of the weight transfer under acceleration that is
reacted by the suspension geometry in resisting the body pitching motion. Thus 100% anti-squat
results in no theoretical body pitching under acceleration. The construction technique relies on the
suspension side view instantaneous centre being found and then further construction using torque
split and vehicle c of g height.. (Lotus Definition). Side view instantaneous centres (I.C.) are
determined using small perturbation and projecting a normal to the path of the tyre contact point.
The value is only applicable to axles with some portion of the drive load. Note that the origin
position changes depending on whether the suspension is independent or not.
 % Anti-Squat Derivation – 4WD

% Anti-Squat Derivation - FWD

Roll Centre Height to Body, (mm)

The point in the transverse vertical plane through any pair of wheel centres at which lateral forces
may be applied to the sprung mass without producing suspension roll. The preceding is the SAE
definition, and is more normally stated as ‘the instantaneous centre of rotation of the body’. At static
for a symmetrical suspension this point lies on the vehicle centreline and thus only the roll centre
height is quoted at static. This is the variation of the roll centre height with wheel bump/rebound
articulation, relative to the body origin. (Lotus definition).

Roll Centre Height to Ground, (mm)

See full description above. This is the variation of the roll centre height with wheel bump/rebound
articulation, relative to the ground origin. (Lotus definition).

Half Track Change, (mm)

The change in cross car co-ordinates from the static condition of the tyre contact centre. It is
considered positive when the change is an increase the track and negative for a decrease in track.
(Lotus definition).

Wheelbase Change, (mm)

The change in fore/aft car co-ordinates from the static condition of the tyre contact centre. It is
considered positive when the change is an increase in the wheelbase and negative for a decrease in
wheelbase. (Lotus definition).

Damper Travel, (mm)

The change in distance from the static condition between the two points defining the damper
attachment points. It is considered positive when the change is such as to increase the distance
between them and negative when it decreases. (Lotus definition).

Spring Travel, (mm)

The change in distance from the static condition between the two points defining the spring
attachment points. It is considered positive when the change is such as to increase the distance
between them and negative when it decreases. (Lotus definition).

Roll Centre Position, X, (mm)

The incremental X co-ordinate of the roll centre under roll articulation. (Lotus Definition)

Roll Centre Position, Y, (mm)

The incremental Y co-ordinate of the roll centre under roll articulation, normally given the wheel
centre value. (Lotus Definition)

Roll Centre Position, Z, (mm)

The incremental Z co-ordinate of the roll centre under roll articulation. (Lotus Definition)

Ackermann, (%)
The ratio, given as a percentage, of the actual steer angles compared to those required for zero
scrub. (Lotus Definition)
 % Ackermann Definition

Additional Incremental Values, (Available on Graphs or SDF splines file)

Castor Trail, (mm)

The horizontal distance in side elevation between the steering axis and the wheel centre. The offset
is considered positive when the steering axis is forward of the wheel centre and negative when it is
rearward.

Castor Offset, (mm)

The distance in side elevation between the point where the steering axis intersects the ground, and
the centre of tyre contact. The offset is considered positive when the intersection point is forward of
the tyre contact centre and negative when it is rearward.

Kingpin offset, at wheel centre, (mm)

Kingpin offset at the wheel centre is the horizontal distance in front elevation from the wheel centre
to the steering axis. It is considered positive when the wheel centre is outboard of the steering axis,
(normal case), and negative if inboard.

Kingpin offset, at ground, (mm)

Kingpin offset at the ground is the horizontal distance in front elevation between the point where the
steering axis intersects the ground and the centre of the tyre contact. It is considered positive when
the tyre contact is outboard of the steering axis intersection and negative if inboard.

Mechanical Trail, (mm)

The perpendicular distance in side elevation between the steering axis and the centre of tyre
contact. It is considered positive when the steering axis is forward of the tyre contact centre and
negative when it is rearward.

TCP Position, X, (mm)

The incremental X co-ordinate of the tyre contact point.

TCP Position, Y, (mm)

The incremental Y co-ordinate of the tyre contact point.
TCP Position, Z, (mm)
The incremental Z co-ordinate of the tyre contact point.

Hub Position, X, (mm)

The incremental X co-ordinate of the wheel centre point.

Hub Position, Y, (mm)

The incremental Y co-ordinate of the wheel centre point.

Hub Position, Z, (mm)

The incremental Z co-ordinate of the wheel centre point.

Tyre Vertical Force, (N)

The incremental value of the vertical force at the tyre contact point. Only given in compliant mode.

Swing Arm Length {Front}, (mm)

The incremental length of the front view virtual swing arm.

Swing Arm Centre Y {Front}, (mm)

The incremental Y position of the front view virtual swing arm centre.

Swing Arm Centre Z {Front}, (mm)

The incremental Z position of the front view virtual swing arm centre.

Front View Swing Arm Definitions

Swing Arm Length {Side}, (mm)

The incremental length of the side view virtual swing arm.
Swing Arm Centre X {Side}, (mm)
The incremental X position of the side view virtual swing arm centre.

Swing Arm Centre Z {Side}, (mm)

The incremental Z position of the side view virtual swing arm centre.

Roll Centre Height to Body, (mm)

The point in the transverse vertical plane through any pair of wheel centres at which lateral forces
may be applied to the sprung mass without producing suspension roll. The preceding is the SAE
definition, and is more normally stated as ‘the instantaneous centre of rotation of the body’. At static
for a symmetrical suspension this point lies on the vehicle centreline and thus only the roll centre
height is quoted at static. This is the variation of the roll centre height with wheel bump/rebound
articulation, relative to the body origin. (Lotus definition).

Roll Centre Height to Ground, (mm)

See full description above. This is the variation of the roll centre height with wheel bump/rebound
articulation, relative to the ground origin. (Lotus definition).

TCP dx/dz Gradient, (mm/mm)

The incremental value for the gradient of the Tyre contact point when viewed from the side.

Turning Circle Radius, (mm)

The incremental turning circle is calculated from the average intersection point of the steered front
wheel normals at the rear axle line.
Turning Circle Definition
Theory – Steering Box Models

Description:

Two optional steering box types are available in the latest version of Shark. By hanging to
a ‘steering box’ you do not add any extra parts, you just change how the steering motion is
applied to the model. Most importantly the steering motion is no longer assumed to be
defined in linear translation of the inner track rod joint (mm), but is now assumed to be the
rotation of the steering box about its axis (degrees). The difference between the two is
whether the inner track rod ball joint is attached to a common cross rail or the steering
arms.
Theory – The Anti Roll Bar Model

Description:

The anti-roll bar added via the default menu adds four new parts, two “Drop Links” and
the anti-roll bar itself made up of two separate “Roll Bar Parts”. The two roll bar parts are
connected together via a ‘tagged’ point. In compliance this tagged point is treated as a
revolute joint being given the defined roll bar stiffness. In total 11 new points are added to
the template. The roll bar joint mentioned above, four new C of G points (one for each
new part), the two defined attachment points of the drop link to the selected part, the
attachment points of the drop link to the roll bar ends, (placed directly above the defined
attachment points) and the two roll bar mounts. The roll bar mounts connect the roll bar
to ground, (this is the same as the vehicle body). All of the points are solved in post
solution forms, (vector pos and Hookes joint), such that no additional equations are added
to the kinematic solution. Thus they do not contribute or control the kinematic motion.
Theory – The Compliant Hub Model

Description:

The ‘Add compliant hub’ option provides a simple menu selection route to including hub
compliance into the existing models template. It adds a new part, the ‘wheel/Hub’ between
the upright and ground. Two new points are added one for the new parts C of G position
and the other for the connection point. The compliant hub is modelled with a single bush,
rather than the more physical two bushes (i.e. the inner and outer bearings), as typical
know hub compliance values are usually measured as a single stiffness number. In
compliance mode if no bush stiffness values are provided the default‘Stiff’ values are
applied to both axial and rotational stiffnesses. As part of the template modification
performed by this option the Wheel centre point and stub axles points properties are
changed such that they are associated with the new ‘hub’ part rather than the original ‘
upright’ part.
Theory – The Slotted Joint

Modelling a slotted joint in SHARK

The normal steering arm joint used in Shark is the simple ball joint. A modelling option is
included, Edit / Convert Ball Joint to Slot that will convert a selected ball joint, (normally
the steering arm outer joint) to a slotted joint. This option makes the necessary changes to
the template without any further user interaction.

The image below illustrates how the slotted joint makes use of a Hookes’ joint type spider
added to the model to act as the connecting part and provide the necessary rotation
restriction between the upright and the steering arm. The orientation of the slot can be
controlled by the two points ‘Slot Normal1’ and ‘Slot Upper’. The ‘Slot Normal2’ point is
defined by a function that uses the two other axis points to align it and thus is
repositioned automatically when you change the ‘Slot Normal1’ point.

The extra marker point ‘Slot Marker’ is added attached to the steering arm but initially
positioned at the same co-ordinates as the ‘slot upper’ point to provide the necessary post
processing ball joint rotation targets. To display the joint such that its slot travel can be
displayed the parts and markers should be set up as indicated in the figure below.
A typical display should then look as indicated below for the outer ball joint. With motion being
constrained to be linear along the slot direction.
Theory – The Two Part Steering Rack Model

Description:

The two-part rack adds two new parts, the “Rack Link” and the “Rack Body”. The rack
link slides within the rack body through two connections that are tagged in the template as
‘Rack Mount Point’ and ‘Rack Lateral Mount Point’. Being tagged the solver
automatically applies suitable stiffness numbers to them to replicate sliders. The‘rack
lateral stiffness’ is applied to the one tagged as the Lateral mount point. The rack body is
then connected to ground through two further bush connections, which if undefined, are
set to the ‘rigid’ stiffness value in x, y and Z. The Rack link part is connected via ball joints
to the two track-rods at the inner ball joint positions.
Theory – Leaf Spring Modelling

Leaf Spring Modelling in SHARK

The leaf spring is modelled as a three link component, (rear hanger is‘fourth’ link).
Geometrically the link lengths could be based on the standard SAE1982 definition.

To achieve the required kinematic spring shape with bump travel an adaptive length
control element is applied. This senses the change in length between two markers and
applies a controlling change in length to the enforced distance between two other markers.
In the case of the leaf spring model the control element senses the change in length
between the spring rear eye and a point on the axle part and applies a change in length to
the distance between the front spring eye and a point on the axle part. The relationship
between sensed length and changed length is a user definable look-up table that allows the
required kinematic deformed shape to be achieved under bump displacement.

Because of the solution delay in detect/sense this produces on coarse step size a degree of ‘
staircasing’. An alternative approach is available that just uses the z-displacement of a
point as the transducer variable, (this will still work with roll). One advantage of this
approach is that the stable kinematic solution leads to a better calculation of the roll centre
migration.
The compliant characteristics of the leaf spring are modelled using the bush rotational
stiffness and bush pre-loads at the two joint points. Other spring points such as the eye and
hanger points are modelled as compliant bushes in the normal way. The limitation of this is
that currently the rotational stiffness can only be a linear value, which is limiting when
considering multi-leaf springs. The other issue is that the use of the bush pre-load to
represent spring loads in the system means that for the as built system, there is no
rotations and hence no bush pre-load. Initial pre-loads can’t be defined as non-zero they
are only determined by rotation from static build position.

This pre-load issue can be overcome by building the model at some free condition such
that the static ride point is at ‘x’ mm of bump travel rather than 0 mm.
Data Requirements – Type 1: Double Wishbone, Damper to Lower
Wishbone

Type 1 Double wishbone, Damper to Lower wishbone.

Suspension Type 1, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 12: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.

Point 15: Part 1 C of G.

Point 16: Part 2 C of G.
Point 17: Part 3 C of G.
Point 18: Part 4 C of G.
Suspension Type 1, Schematic
Data Requirements – Type 2: ‘H’ Frame Lower, Single Upper Link

Type 2 ‘H’ frame lower, single upper link.

Suspension Type 2, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer front pivot point.
Point 4: Lower wishbone outer rear pivot point.
Point 5: Upper link inner ball joint.
Point 6: Upper link outer ball joint.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 10: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 11: Wheel spindle point.
Point 12: Wheel centre point.

Point 13: Part 1 C of G.

Point 14: Part 2 C of G.
Point 15: Part 3 C of G.
Suspension Type 2, Schematic
Data Requirements – Type 3: Steerable Macpherson Strut

Type 3 Steerable Macpherson strut.

Suspension Type 3, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Strut slider axis point.
Point 5: Strut top point.
Point 6: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 7: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 8: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 9: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 10: Wheel spindle point.
Point 11: Wheel centre point.

Point 12: Part 1 C of G.

Point 13: Part 2 C of G.
Point 14: Part 3 C of G.
Point 15: Part 4 C of G.
Suspension Type 3, Schematic
Data Requirements – Type 4: Non-Steerable Macpherson Strut, Twin
Lower Link

Type 4 Non-Steerable Mac strut, twin lower link.

Suspension Type 4, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Front lower link inboard.

Point 2: Rear lower link inboard.
Point 3: Front lower link outboard.
Point 4: Rear lower link outboard.
Point 5: Strut slider axis point.
Point 6: Strut top point.
Point 7: Reaction rod outboard point.
Point 8: Reaction rod body point.
Point 9: Spring top centre line.
Point 10: Spring bottom at centre line.
Point 11: Wheel spindle point.
Point 12: Wheel centre point.

Point 13: Part 1 C of G.

Point 14: Part 2 C of G.
Point 15: Part 3 C of G.
Point 16: Part 4 C of G.
Point 17: Part 5 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 5: 5-Link Rigid Axle (Panhard Rod)

Type 5 5-Link Rigid Axle (Panhard Rod).

Suspension Type 5, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Right lower link body end.

Point 2: Right upper link body end.
Point 3: Left lower link body end.
Point 4: Left upper link body end.
Point 5: Right lower link axle end.
Point 6: Right upper link axle end.
Point 7: Left lower link axle end.
Point 8: Left upper link axle end.
Point 9: Panhard rod body end.
Point 10: Panhard rod axle end.
Point 11: Right spring/damper axle.
Point 12: Right spring/damper body.
Point 13: Left spring/damper axle.
Point 14: Left spring/damper body.
Point 15: Centre pivot point.
Point 16: Right wheel centre.
Point 17: Left wheel centre.
Point 18: Wheel stub axle point.

Point 19: Part 1 C of G.

Point 20: Part 2 C of G.
Point 21: Part 3 C of G.
Point 22: Part 4 C of G.
Point 23: Part 5 C of G.
Point 24: Part 6 C of G.
Point 25: Part 7 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 6: Double Wishbone, Damper to Upper
Wishbone

Type 6 Double Wishbone, damper to upper wishbone.

Suspension Type 6, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 12: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.

Point 15: Part 1 C of G.

Point 16: Part 2 C of G.
Point 17: Part 3 C of G.
Point 18: Part 4 C of G.
Suspension Type 6, Schematic
Data Requirements – Type 7: Non-Steerable Macpherson Strut, Toe Link
to Wishbone

Type 7 Non-Steerable Mac strut, toe link to wishbone.

Suspension Type 7, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Strut slider axis point.
Point 5: Strut top point.
Point 6: Strut Slider Lower Axis Point.
Point 7: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 8: Steering link to wishbone ball joint.
Point 9: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 10: Lower spring pivot point on lower arm.
Point 11: Wheel spindle point.
Point 12: Wheel centre point.

Point 13: Part 1 C of G.

Point 14: Part 2 C of G.
Point 15: Part 3 C of G.
Point 16: Part 4 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 8: 4-Link Rigid Axle (Panhard Road)

Type 8 4-Link Rigid Axle, (Panhard rod).

Suspension Type 8, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Right lower link body end.

Point 2: Upper link body end.
Point 3: Left lower link body end.
Point 4: Right lower link axle end.
Point 5: Left lower link axle end.
Point 6: Panhard rod body end.
Point 7: Panhard rod axle end.
Point 8: Right spring/damper axle.
Point 9: Right spring/damper body.
Point 10: Left spring/damper axle.
Point 11: Right spring/damper body.
Point 12: Axle tube – stub axle.
Point 13: Right wheel centre.
Point 14: Left wheel centre.

Point 15: Part 1 C of G.

Point 16: Part 2 C of G.
Point 17: Part 3 C of G.
Point 18: Part 4 C of G.
Point 19: Part 5 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 9: 4-Link Rigid Axle (Twin Upper)

Type 9 4-Link Rigid Axle (Twin Upper)

Suspension Type 9, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Right lower link body end.

Point 2: Right upper link body end.
Point 3: Left lower link body end.
Point 4: Right lower link axle end.
Point 5: Right upper link axle end.
Point 6: Left lower link axle end.
Point 7: Left upper link body end.
Point 8: Left upper link axle end.
Point 9: Right spring/damper axle.
Point 10: Right spring/damper body.
Point 11: Left spring/damper axle.
Point 12: Left spring/damper body.
Point 13: Axle tube - stub axle.
Point 14: Right wheel centre.
Point 15: Left wheel centre.

Point 16: Part 1 C of G.

Point 17: Part 2 C of G.
Point 18: Part 3 C of G.
Point 19: Part 4 C of G.
Point 20: Part 5 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 10: Trailing Arm, Upper and Lower Rear
Links

Type 10 Trailing arm, upper and lower rear links.

Suspension Type 10, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Trailing arm front pivot.

Point 2: Lower link inner ball joint.
Point 3: Lower link outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper link inner ball joint.
Point 5: Upper link outer ball joint.
Point 6: Damper lower trailing arm end.
Point 7: Damper body end.
Point 8: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 9: Spring lower trailing arm end.
Point 10: Wheel spindle point.
Point 11: Wheel centre point.

Point 12: Part 1 C of G.

Point 13: Part 2 C of G.
Point 14: Part 3 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 11: Semi Trailing Arm

Type 11 Semi trailing arm.

Suspension Type 11, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Damper lower trailing arm end.
Point 4: Damper body end.
Point 5: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 6: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 7: Wheel spindle point.
Point 8: Wheel centre point.

Point 9: Part 1 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 12: Steerable Twin Parallel Wishbones and
Knuckle

Type 12 Steerable twin parallel wishbones + knuckle.

Suspension Type 12, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 12: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 13: Knuckle centre.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.
Point 15: Knuckle upper axis point.
Point 16: Knuckle lower axis point.
Point 17: Axis point, x,y,z (mm)

Point 18: Part 1 C of G.

Point 19: Part 2 C of G.
Point 20: Part 3 C of G.
Point 21: Part 4 C of G.
Point 22: Part 5 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 14: Double Wishbone, Push Rod to Damper

Type 14 Double wishbone, push rod to damper.

Suspension Type 14, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Push rod wishbone end.
Point 8: Push rod rocker end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Damper to body point.
Point 12: Damper to rocker point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.
Point 15: Rocker axis 1st point.
Point 16: Rocker axis 2nd point.

Point 17: Part 1 C of G.

Point 18: Part 2 C of G.
Point 19: Part 3 C of G.
Point 20: Part 4 C of G.
Point 21: Part 5 C of G.
Point 22: Part 6 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 15: Double Wishbone, Rocker Arm Damper

Type 15 Double wishbone, rocker arm damper.

Suspension Type 15, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Push rod wishbone end.
Point 8: Push rod rocker end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Damper to body point.
Point 12: Damper to rocker point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.
Point 15: Rocker axis 1st point.
Point 16: Rocker axis 2nd point.

Point 17: Part 1 C of G.

Point 18: Part 2 C of G.
Point 19: Part 3 C of G.
Point 20: Part 4 C of G.
Point 21: Part 5 C of G.
Point 22: Part 6 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 16: Non-Steerable Lower ‘A’ with Toe Link

Type 16 Non-Steerable lower ‘A’ with toe link.

Suspension Type 16, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Upper wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Front lower link outboard.
Point 5: Lower link inboard ball joint.
Point 6: Rear lower link outboard.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Reaction rod outboard point.
Point 10: Reaction rod body point.
Point 11: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 12: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.

Point 15: Part 1 C of G.

Point 16: Part 2 C of G.
Point 17: Part 3 C of G.
Point 18: Part 4 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 17: Double Wishbone, Push Rod Monoshock

Type 17 Double wishbone, pushrod monoshock.

Suspension Type 17, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Push rod wishbone end.
Point 8: Push rod rocker end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Damper to body point.
Point 12: Damper to rocker point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.
Point 15: Rocker axis 1st point.
Point 16: Rocker axis 2nd point.
Point 17: 2nd link 1st rocker end.
Point 18: 2nd link damper rocker end.
Point 19: Damper rocker axis 1st point.
Point 20: Damper rocker axis 2nd point.

Point 21: Part 1 C of G.

Point 22: Part 2 C of G.
Point 23: Part 3 C of G.
Point 24: Part 4 C of G.
Point 25: Part 5 C of G.
Point 26: Part 6 C of G.
Point 27: Part 7 C of G.
Point 28: Part 8 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 18: Double Wishbone, Upper Toe Link and ‘S’
Link

Type 18 Double wishbone, upper toe link + ‘S’ link.

Suspension Type 18, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 12: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.
Point 15: Upper toe link inboard end.
Point 16: Upper toe link outboard end.
Point 17: Drop link axis point.

Point 18: Part 1 C of G.

Point 19: Part 2 C of G.
Point 20: Part 3 C of G.
Point 21: Part 4 C of G.
Point 22: Part 5 C of G.
Point 23: Part 6 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 19: Hinged Trailing Arm, Twin Lower Link

Type 19 Hinged Trailing Arm, Twin Lower Link.

Suspension Type 19, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower front link inboard pivot.

Point 2: Lower rear link inboard pivot.
Point 3: Lower front link outboard pivot.
Point 4: Lower rear link outboard pivot.
Point 5: Upper link inboard end.
Point 6: Upper link outboard end.
Point 7: Spring/Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Spring/Damper body end.
Point 9: Trailing arm hinge upper joint.
Point 10: Trailing arm to body.
Point 11: Wheel spindle point.
Point 12: Wheel centre point.
Point 13: Trailing arm hinge lower pivot.

Point 14: Part 1 C of G.

Point 15: Part 2 C of G.
Point 16: Part 3 C of G.
Point 17: Part 4 C of G.
Point 18: Part 5 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 20: Double Wishbone, Twin outer Ball Joints

Type 20 Double Wishbone, Twin Outer Ball Joints.

Suspension Type 20, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front link inboard pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear link inboard pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone front link outboard pivot.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front link inboard pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear link inboard pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone front link outboard end.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Upper Spring pivot point.
Point 12: Lower spring pivot point, (to front lower link).
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.
Point 15: Lower wishbone rear link outboard pivot.
Point 16: Upper wishbone rear link outboard pivot.

Point 17: Part 1 C of G.

Point 18: Part 2 C of G.
Point 19: Part 3 C of G.
Point 20: Part 4 C of G.
Point 21: Part 5 C of G.
Point 22: Part 6 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 21: 5-Link Rigid Axle (Watts Linkage)

Type 21 5-Link Rigid Axle (Watts Linkage).

Suspension Type 21, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Right lower link body end.

Point 2: Right upper link body end.
Point 3: Left lower link body end.
Point 4: Left upper link body end.
Point 5: Right lower link axle end.
Point 6: Right upper link axle end.
Point 7: Left lower link axle end.
Point 8: Left upper link axle end.
Point 9: Watts cross link 1.
Point 10: Watts cross link 2.
Point 11: Right spring/damper axle.
Point 12: Right spring/damper body.
Point 13: Left spring/damper axle.
Point 14: Left spring/damper body.
Point 15: Centre pivot point.
Point 16: Right wheel centre.
Point 17: Left wheel centre.
Point 18: Wheel stub axle point.
Point 19: Watts upper link axle end.
Point 20: Watts upper link body end.
Point 21: Watts lower link axle end.
Point 22: Watts lower link body end.

Point 23: Part 1 C of G.

Point 24: Part 2 C of G.
Point 25: Part 3 C of G.
Point 26: Part 4 C of G.
Point 27: Part 5 C of G.
Point 28: Part 6 C of G.
Point 29: Part 7 C of G.
Point 30: Part 8 C of G.
Point 31: Part 9 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 22: Double Wishbone, Twin Outer Ball Joints,
Spring to Front Link

Type 22 Double wishbone, twin outer ball joints, spring to front link.

Suspension Type 22, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front inner pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear inner pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone front outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front inner pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear inner pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone front outer ball joint.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 12: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.
Point 15: Lower wishbone rear outer ball joint.
Point 16: Upper wishbone rear outer ball joint.

Point 17: Part 1 C of G.

Point 18: Part 2 C of G.
Point 19: Part 3 C of G.
Point 20: Part 4 C of G.
Point 21: Part 5 C of G.
Point 22: Part 6 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 23: Double Wishbone, Twin Outer Ball Joints,
Anti-Roll Bar

Type 23 Double wishbone, twin outer ball joints, anti-roll bar.

Suspension Type 23, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front inner pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear inner pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone front outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front inner pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear inner pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone front outer ball joint.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 12: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.

Point 15: Part 1 C of G.

Point 16: Part 2 C of G.
Point 17: Part 3 C of G.
Point 18: Part 4 C of G.

Point 19: Lower wishbone front inner pivot(2).

Point 20: Lower wishbone rear inner pivot(2).
Point 21: Lower wishbone front outer ball joint(2).
Point 22: Upper wishbone front inner pivot(2).
Point 23: Upper wishbone rear inner pivot(2).
Point 24: Upper wishbone front outer ball joint(2).
Point 25: Damper wishbone end(2).
Point 26: Damper body end(2).
Point 27: Outer track rod ball joint(2).
Point 28: Inner track rod ball joint(2).
Point 29: Upper spring pivot point(2).
Point 30: Lower spring pivot point(2).
Point 31: Wheel spindle point(2).
Point 32: Wheel centre point(2).

Point 33: Part 1 C of G(2).

Point 34: Part 2 C of G(2).
Point 35: Part 3 C of G(2).
Point 36: Part 4 C of G(2).

Point 37: Roll Bar Attachment 1.

Point 38: Roll Bar Attachment 2.
Point 39: Roll Bar to Link 1.
Point 40: Roll Bar to Link 2.
Point 41: Roll Bar Mount 1.
Point 42: Roll Bar Mount 2.
Point 43: Roll Bar Revolute.
Point 44: Drop Link 1 C of G.
Point 45: Drop Link 2 C of G.
Point 46: Roll Bar 1 C of G.
Point 47: Roll Bar 2 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 24: Steerable Macpherson Strut, Twin Outer
Ball Joints

Type 24 Steerable Macpherson strut, twin outer ball joints.

Suspension Type 24, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone inner front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone inner rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer front ball joint.
Point 4: Lower wishbone outer rear ball joint.
Point 5: Strut slider upper axis point.
Point 6: Strut top point.
Point 7: Strut slider lower axis point.
Point 8: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 9: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 11: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 12: Wheel spindle point.
Point 13: Wheel centre point.

Point 14: Part 1 C of G.

Point 15: Part 2 C of G.
Point 16: Part 3 C of G.
Point 17: Part 4 C of G.
Point 18: Part 5 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 25: Double Wishbone, Twin Lower Outer Ball
Joints

Type 25 Double wishbone, twin lower outer ball joints.

Suspension Type 25, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front inner pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear inner pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone front outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front inner pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear inner pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 12: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.
Point 15: Lower wishbone rear outer ball joint.

Point 16: Part 1 C of G.

Point 17: Part 2 C of G.
Point 18: Part 3 C of G.
Point 19: Part 4 C of G.
Point 20: Part 5 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 26: Double Wishbone, Damper to Lower
Wishbone, Compliant Rack

Type 26 Double wishbone, damper to lower wishbone, compliant rack.

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot, x,y,z (mm).

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot, x,y,z (mm).
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint, x,y,z (mm).
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot, x,y,z (mm).
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot, x,y,z (mm).
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint, x,y,z (mm).
Point 7: Damper wishbone end, x,y,z (mm).
Point 8: Damper body end, x,y,z (mm).
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint, x,y,z (mm).
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint, x,y,z (mm).
Point 11: Upper spring pivot point, x,y,z (mm).
Point 12: Lower spring pivot point, x,y,z (mm).
Point 13: Wheel spindle point, x,y,z (mm).
Point 14: Wheel centre point, x,y,z (mm).

Point 15: Part 1 C of G

Point 16: Part 2 C of G
Point 17: Part 3 C of G
Point 18: Part 4 C of G

Point 19: Lower wishbone front pivot(2), x,y,z (mm).

Point 20: Lower wishbone rear pivot(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 21: Lower wishbone outer ball joint(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 22: Upper wishbone front pivot(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 23: Upper wishbone rear pivot(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 24: Upper wishbone outer ball joint(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 25: Damper wishbone end(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 26: Damper body end(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 27: Outer track rod ball joint(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 28: Inner track rod ball joint(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 29: Upper spring pivot point(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 30: Lower spring pivot point(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 31: Wheel spindle point(2), x,y,z (mm).
Point 32: Wheel centre point(2), x,y,z (mm).

Point 33: Part 1 C of G(2)

Point 34: Part 2 C of G(2)
Point 35: Part 3 C of G(2)
Point 36: Part 4 C of G(2)

Point 37: Rack Link P1

Point 38: Rack Link P2
Point 39: Rack Mount P1
Point 40: Rack Mount P2
Point 41: Rack Link C of G
Point 42: Rack Housing C of G
Suspension Type 26, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates
Data Requirements – Type 27: Steerable Macpherson Strut, Twin Lower
Link

Type 27 Steerable Mac strut, twin lower link.

Suspension Type 27, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Front lower link inboard.

Point 2: Rear lower link inboard.
Point 3: Front lower link outboard.
Point 4: Rear lower link outboard.
Point 5: Strut slider upper axis point.
Point 6: Strut top point.
Point 7: Strut slider lower axis point.
Point 8: Steering arm outboard end.
Point 9: Steering arm inboard end.
Point 10: Spring top centre line.
Point 11: Spring bottom at centre line.
Point 12: Wheel spindle point.
Point 13: Wheel centre point.

Point 14: Part 1 C of G.

Point 15: Part 2 C of G.
Point 16: Part 3 C of G.
Point 17: Part 4 C of G.
Point 18: Part 5 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 28: 4-Link Rear, Transverse Control Link

Type 28 4-Link Rear, Transverse Control Link.

Suspension Type 28, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer front pivot point.
Point 4: Lower wishbone outer rear pivot point.
Point 5: Upper front link inner ball joint.
Point 6: Upper front link outer ball joint.
Point 7: Damper wishbone end.
Point 8: Damper body end.
Point 9: Upper spring pivot point.
Point 10: Lower spring pivot point.
Point 11: Wheel spindle point.
Point 12: Wheel centre point.
Point 13: Upper rear link inner ball joint.
Point 14: Upper rear link outer ball joint.
Point 15: Drop link to upright.

Point 16: Part 1 C of G.

Point 17: Part 2 C of G.
Point 18: Part 3 C of G.
Point 19: Part 4 C of G.
Point 20: Part 5 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 29: Twist Beam – Twin Wheel

Type 29 Twist Beam – Twin Wheel

Suspension Type 29, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Trailing arm body point right.

Point 2: Trailing arm body point left.
Point 3: Shear point right.
Point 4: Right damper lower trailing arm end.
Point 5: Right damper body end.
Point 6: Right upper spring pivot point.
Point 7: Right lower spring pivot point.
Point 8: Wheel spindle point 1.
Point 9: Wheel centre point 1.
Point 10: wheel centre point 2.
Point 11: Wheel spindle point 2.
Point 12: Left damper lower trailing arm end.
Point 13: Left damper body end.
Point 14: Left upper spring pivot point.
Point 15: Left lower spring pivot point.
Point 16: Shear point left.
Point 17: Twist beam point right.
Point 18: Twist beam point left.
Point 19: Centre connection point.

Point 20: Part 1 C of G.

Point 21: Part 2 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 30: Generic 5-Link Rear

Type 30 Generic 5-Link Rear

Suspension Type 30, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Link 1 Inboard.

Point 2: Link 1 Outboard.
Point 3: Link 2 Inboard.
Point 4: Link 2 Outboard.
Point 5: Link 3 Inboard.
Point 6: Link 3 Outboard.
Point 7: Link 4 Inboard.
Point 8: Link 4 Outboard.
Point 9: Link 5 Inboard.
Point 10: Link 5 Outboard.
Point 11: Spring Damper to Body.
Point 12: Spring Damper to Upright.
Point 13: Stub Axle.
Point 14: Wheel Centre.

Point 15: Link 1 C of G.

Point 16: Link 2 C of G.
Point 17: Link 3 C of G.
Point 18: Link 4 C of G.
Point 19: Link 5 C of G.
Point 20: Upright C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 31: Leaf Spring Rigid Axle (Panhard Rod)

Type 31 Leaf Spring Rigid Axle (Panhard Rod)

Suspension Type 31, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Right Leaf Front Link Body End.

Point 2: Right Leaf Rear Link Drop Link End.
Point 3: Left Leaf Front Link Body End.
Point 4: Left Leaf Rear Link Drop Link End.
Point 5: Right Leaf Front Link Axle End.
Point 6: Right Leaf Rear Link Axle End.
Point 7: Left Leaf Front Link Axle End.
Point 8: Left Leaf Rear Link Axle End.
Point 9: Panhard Rod Body End.
Point 10: Panhard Rod Axle End.
Point 11: Right Damper Axle.
Point 12: Right Damper Body.
Point 13: Left Damper Axle.
Point 14: Left Damper Body.
Point 15: Centre Pivot Point.
Point 16: Right Wheel Centre.
Point 17: Left Wheel Centre.
Point 18: Wheel Stub Axle Point.

Point 19: C of G Right Leaf Front Link.

Point 20: C of G Right Leaf Rear Link.
Point 21: C of G Left Leaf Front Link.
Point 22: C of G Left Leaf Rear Link.
Point 23: C of G Panhard Rod.
Point 24: C of G Right Axle Upright.
Point 25: C of G Left Axle Upright.

Point 26: Right Leaf Drop Link Body End1.

Point 27: Left Leaf Drop Link Body End1.
Point 28: Right Leaf Drop Link Body End2.
Point 29: Left Leaf Drop Link Body End2.
Point 30: Right Leaf Control Point.
Point 31: Left Leaf Control Point.
Point 32: Right Leaf Transducer Point.
Point 33: Left Leaf Transducer Point.
Data Requirements – Type 32: 5-Link Rigid Axle (offset wheels)

Type 32 5-Link Rigid Axle (offset wheels)

Suspension Type 32, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Right Lower Link Body End.

Point 2: Right Upper Link Body End.
Point 3: Left Lower Link Body End.
Point 4: Left Upper Link Body End.
Point 5: Right Lower Link Axle End.
Point 6: Right Upper Link Axle End.
Point 7: Left Lower Link Axle End.
Point 8: Left Upper Link Axle End.
Point 9: Panhard Rod Body End.
Point 10: Panhard Rod Axle End.
Point 11: Centre Pivot Point.
Point 12: Right Wheel Centre.
Point 13: Left Wheel Centre.
Point 14: Stub Axle Point.
Point 15: Right Axle Point.
Point 16: Left Axle Point.
Point 17: Right Stub Axle Graphic.
Point 18: Left Sub Axle Graphic.
Point 19: Right Spring/Damper Lower.
Point 20: Left Spring/Damper Lower.
Point 21: Right Spring/Damper Upper.
Point 22: Left Spring/Damper Upper.
Data Requirements – Type 33: Macpherson Strut with Steerable Hub

Type 33 Macpherson Strut with Steerable Hub

Suspension Type 33, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower Wishbone Front Pivot.

Point 2: Lower Wishbone Rear Pivot.
Point 3: Lower Wishbone Outer Ball Joint.
Point 4: Tie Rod Wishbone End.
Point 5: Tie Rod Upright End.
Point 6: Hub Lower Pivot Point.
Point 7: Hub Upper Pivot Point.
Point 8: Track Rod Inner Ball Joint.
Point 9: Track Rod Outer Ball Joint.
Point 10: Strut Top to Body.
Point 11: Strut Slider Point.
Point 12: Strut Bottom.
Point 13: Spring to Body.
Point 14: Spring to Upright.
Point 15: Wheel Centre.
Point 16: Stub Axle
Data Requirements – Type 34: Double Wishbone Sliding MonoShock

Type 34 Double Wishbone Sliding MonoShock

Suspension Type 34, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Push rod wishbone end.
Point 8: Push rod rocker end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Damper to body point.
Point 12: Damper to rocker point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.
Point 15: Rocker axis 1st point.
Point 16: Rocker axis 2nd point.

Point 17: Part 1 C of G.

Point 18: Part 2 C of G.
Point 19: Part 3 C of G.
Point 20: Part 4 C of G.
Point 21: Part 5 C of G.
Point 22: Part 6 C of G.

Point 23: TCP. (Calculated Point).

Point 24: Lower wishbone front pivot(2)
Point 25: Lower wishbone rear pivot(2).
Point 26: Lower wishbone outer ball joint(2).
Point 27: Upper wishbone front pivot(2).
Point 28: Upper wishbone rear pivot(2).
Point 29: Upper wishbone outer ball joint(2).
Point 30: Push rod wishbone end(2).
Point 31: Push rod rocker end(2).
Point 32: Outer track rod ball joint(2).
Point 33: Inner track rod ball joint(2).
Point 34: Wheel spindle point(2).
Point 35: Wheel centre point(2).

Point 36: Part 1 C of G(2).

Point 37: Part 2 C of G(2).
Point 38: Part 3 C of G(2).
Point 39: Part 4 C of G(2).
Point 40: Part 6 C of G(2).

Point 41: TCP(2). (Calculated Point)

Point 42: Slider1.
Point 43: Slider2.
Data Requirements – Type 35: Double Wishbone, Rocker Sliding
MonoShock

Type 35 Double Wishbone, Rocker Sliding MonoShock

Suspension Type 35, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Push rod wishbone end.
Point 8: Push rod rocker end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Damper to body point.
Point 12: Damper to rocker point.
Point 13: Wheel spindle point.
Point 14: Wheel centre point.
Point 15: Rocker axis 1st point.
Point 16: Rocker axis 2nd point.

Point 17: Part 1 C of G.

Point 18: Part 2 C of G.
Point 19: Part 3 C of G.
Point 20: Part 4 C of G.
Point 21: Part 5 C of G.
Point 22: Part 6 C of G.

Point 23: TCP. (Calculated Point)

Point 24: Lower wishbone front pivot(2).
Point 25: Lower wishbone rear pivot(2).
Point 26: Lower wishbone outer ball joint(2).
Point 27: Upper wishbone front pivot(2).
Point 28: Upper wishbone rear pivot(2).
Point 29: Upper wishbone outer ball joint(2).
Point 30: Push rod wishbone end(2).
Point 31: Push rod rocker end(2).
Point 32: Outer track rod ball joint(2).
Point 33: Inner track rod ball joint(2).
Point 34: Wheel spindle point(2).
Point 35: Wheel centre point(2).

Point 36: Part 7 C of G.

Point 37: Part 8 C of G.
Point 38: Part 9 C of G.
Point 39: Part 10 C of G.
Point 40: Part 11 C of G.

Point 41: TCP(2). (Calculated Point)

Point 42: Slider1.
Point 43: Slider2.
Point 44: Push rod rocker end.
Point 45: Push rod rocker end(2).
Point 46: Mid Rocker Mount1.
Point 47: Mid Rocker Mount2.
Point 48: 2nd Push Rod end.
Point 49: Part 13 C of G.
Point 50: Part 14 C of G.
Point 51: Mid Rocker Mount1(2).
Point 52: Mid Rocker Mount2(2).
Point 53: 2nd Push Rod End(2).
Point 54: Part 15 C of G.
Point 55: Part 16 C of G.
Data Requirements – Type 36: Double Wishbone T-Bar Monoshock

Type 36 Double Wishbone T-Bar Monoshock

Suspension Type 36, LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Push rod wishbone end.
Point 8: Push rod rocker end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Wheel spindle point.
Point 12: Wheel centre point.

Point 13: Part 1 C of G.

Point 14: Part 2 C of G.
Point 15: Part 3 C of G.
Point 16: Part 4 C of G.
Point 17: Part 6 C of G.

Point 18: TCP. (Calculated Point).

Point 19: Lower wishbone front pivot(2).
Point 20: Lower wishbone rear pivot(2).
Point 21: Lower wishbone outer ball joint(2).
Point 22: Upper wishbone front pivot(2).
Point 23: Upper wishbone rear pivot(2).
Point 24: Upper wishbone outer ball joint(2).
Point 25: Push rod wishbone end(2).
Point 26: Push rod rocker end(2).
Point 27: Outer track rod ball joint(2).
Point 28: Inner track rod ball joint(2).
Point 29: Wheel spindle point(2).
Point 30: Wheel centre point(2).

Point 31: Part 7 C of G.

Point 32: Part 8 C of G.
Point 33: Part 9 C of G.
Point 34: Part 10 C of G.
Point 35: Part 11 C of G.

Point 36: TCP(2). (Calculated Point)

Point 37: Mid Rocker Mount1.
Point 38: Mid Rocker Mount2.
Point 39: Part 13 C of G.
Point 40: Mid Rocker Mount1(2).
Point 41: Mid Rocker Mount2(2).
Point 42: Part 15 C of G.
Point 43: Roll Bar Attachment 1.
Point 44: Roll Bar Attachment 2.
Point 45: Roll Bar to Link1.
Point 46: Roll Bar to Link2.
Point 47: Roll Bar Mount 1.
Point 48: Roll Bar Mount 2.
Point 49: Roll Bar Revolute.
Point 50: Drop Link 1 C of G.
Point 51: Drop Link 2 C of G.
Point 52: Roll Bar 1 C of G.
Point 53: Roll Bar 2 C of G.
Point 54: Roll Bar Bush Z axis Marker.
Point 55: Spring-Damper to Ground.
Data Requirements – Type 37: Double Wishbone, Twin Sliding Roll Bar,
Push Rod

Type 37 Double Wishbone, Twin Sliding Roll Bar, Push Rod

Suspension Type 37, LSA Screen Shots – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Lower wishbone front pivot.

Point 2: Lower wishbone rear pivot.
Point 3: Lower wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 4: Upper wishbone front pivot.
Point 5: Upper wishbone rear pivot.
Point 6: Upper wishbone outer ball joint.
Point 7: Push rod wishbone end.
Point 8: Push rod rocker end.
Point 9: Outer track rod ball joint.
Point 10: Inner track rod ball joint.
Point 11: Damper to rocker point.
Point 12: Wheel spindle point.
Point 13: Wheel centre point.
Point 14: Rocker axis 1st point.
Point 15: Rocker axis 2nd point.

Point 16: Part 1 C of G.

Point 17: Part 2 C of G.
Point 18: Part 3 C of G.
Point 19: Part 4 C of G.
Point 20: Part 5 C of G.
Point 21: Part 6 C of G.

Point 22: Roll Bar Link to Ground(2).

Point 23: Roll Bar Link to Ground(1).
Point 24: Roll Bar Sliding Link Common End(1).
Point 25: Roll Bar Link CofG.
Point 26: Roll Bar Sliding Link(1) CofG.
Point 27: Lower wishbone front pivot(2).
Point 28: Lower wishbone rear pivot(2).
Point 29: Lower wishbone outer ball joint(2).
Point 30: Upper wishbone front pivot(2).
Point 31: Upper wishbone rear pivot(2).
Point 32: Upper wishbone outer ball joint(2).
Point 33: Push rod wishbone end(2).
Point 34: Push rod rocker end(2).
Point 35: Outer track rod ball joint(2).
Point 36: Inner track rod ball joint(2).
Point 37: Damper to rocker point(2).
Point 38: Wheel spindle point(2).
Point 39: Wheel centre point(2).
Point 40: Rocker axis 1st point(2).
Point 41: Rocker axis 2nd point(2).

Point 42: Part 1 C of G(2).

Point 43: Part 2 C of G(2).
Point 44: Part 3 C of G(2).
Point 45: Part 4 C of G(2).
Point 46: Part 5 C of G(2).
Point 47: Part 6 C of G(2).

Point 48: Roll Bar Sliding Link Common End(2).

Point 49: Roll Bar Sliding Link (2) CofG.
Point 50: Spring3 to rocker.
Point 51: Spring4 to rocker.
Point 52: Spring 3 to Ground.
Point 53: Spring 4 to Ground.
Point 54: Wishbone Graphical Point.
Point 55: Wishbone Graphical Point.
Point 56: Wishbone Graphical Point.
Point 57: Wishbone Graphical Point.
Data Requirements – Type 38: 3-Link Rigid Axle (Panhard Rod)

Type 38 3-Link Rigid Axle (Panhard Rod)

Suspension Type 38 LSA Screen Shot – Default Co-ordinates

Point 1: Right Link Body End.

Point 2: Left Link Body End.
Point 3: Right Link Axle End Lower.
Point 4: Right Link Axle End Upper.
Point 5: Left Link Axle End Lower.
Point 6: Left Link Axle End Upper.
Point 7: Panhard Rod Body End.
Point 8: Panhard Rod Axle End.
Point 9: Right Spring/Damper Axle.
Point 10: Right Spring/Damper Body.
Point 11: Left Spring/Damper Axle.
Point 12: Left Spring/Damper Body.
Point 13: Centre Pivot Point.
Point 14: Right Wheel Centre.
Point 15: Left Wheel Centre.
Point 16: Wheel Stub Axle Point.

Point 17: Part 1 C of G.

Point 18: Part 2 C of G.
Point 19: Part 3 C of G.
Point 20: Part 4 C of G.
Point 21: Part 5 C of G.