NHGDOK@DZF^ GHOPHD^

Z . H . \.

\ZFEZHGH @MPNH]DQF D Q                        

 - Z@OFQHÅÎF MH HNÅÎF \@MHEÞEDNH -
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GHOPHI MF MDZDE@O]@
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VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
HEZP\HG@O]F2 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
Z@EDÎF2 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
JHDZZF/ZPH FOM@ QDQF2 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVVVV 
NFO]HN]F2 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 

NFI@NÅÎF M@ GHOPHD^ ‛AIFZ-M@-IDR— (MDZDE@O]@^)

MDZDE@O]@^
- \rfb`ntf @munhtdvf - Ghouhi nfgug ìs ^`nåð`s (:1< pèe.)
IFJD]F^ - D ^`nåîf
- \rfb`ntf @munhtdvf mh D ^`nåîf (85; pèe.)
- ^dst`gh m` \rfer`ssf (8>< pèe.)
- Nhm`rof m` Hodghåîf mh Hinht`dh (gfm`ifs) (=< pèe.)
BÒODFZ@^ - DD ^`nåîf
- \rfb`ntf @munhtdvf DD ^`nåîf (85= pèe.)
- ^dst`gh m` \rfer`ssf (51 pèe.)
^ÄODFZ@^ - DDD ^`nåîf
- \rfb`ntf @munhtdvf mh DDD ^`nåîf (84; pèe.)
- ^dst`gh m` \rfer`ssf (5= pèe.)
NHGDOK@DZF^ - DQ ^`nåîf
- \rfb`ntf @munhtdvf mh DQ ^`nåîf (85= pèe.)

ADNKH ]ÄNODNH
HP]FZ2 ^`nr`thrdhmf Ohndfohi phrh f \rferhgh m` Bfv`os
HP]FZ2 ^`nr`thrdhmf
@MDÅÎF2 H^^FNDHÅÎF
@MDÅÎF2  H^^FNDHÅÎF M@ @^NP]@DZF^ M@ HOEFIH
MDZ@NÅÎF2 H@H
MDZ@NÅÎF2  H@H „ M`phrthg`otfs Ohndfohds
Ohndfohds mh iª, DDª, DDDª ` DQª ^`nåîf
^`nåîf
Z`mhnåîf, m`sdeo`r erènf ` phedohåîf2 \. Zud Nhrvhikf, Gdssdfoèrdf \hssdfodsth
` Hss`ssfr
Hss`ssfr mf ^\B phrh \ujidnhåîf ` Gätfmf
@OM@Z@ÅF2 Hssfndhåîf m` @snut`drfs m` Hoefih
Buoth N`otrhi, Ofvh Prjhodzhåîf mf Nhnuhnf, o.² 8
Nfihjfrh nfoofsnf `ovdhomf sue`stð`s, mòvdmhs ` nfrr`nåð`s phrh2
j.shtuihLeghdi.nfg3 rudnhrvhikf:<Leghdi.nfg3

Dgpr`ssîf | N`otrf ^hoth Nruz

& | \hrþqudh mh ^hoth Nruz
 Hnhjhg`otfs | Pçe`

Hssfndhåîf m` @snut`drfs m` Hoefih

:
 GHOPHD^

Z . H . \.

 H ohidmhm` mf Gfvdg`otf `snutdsth ä ’nfo-

trdjudr phrh f m`s`ovfivdg`otf mfs bfv`os hbu-
mhomf-fs h r`hidzhr`g-s` pi`ohg`ot` of qu`
r`sp`dth ìs suhs pfssdjdidmhm`s açsdnhs, dot`i`ntu-
hds, sfndhds ` `spdrdtuhds, qu`r nfgf p`ssfhs,
qu`r nfgf ndmhmîfs r`spfosèv`ds ` qu`r, hdo-
mh, nfgf g`gjrfs mhs nfguodmhm`s ifnhds,
ohndfohds ` dot`rohndfohds.‗ 
Do Nfostdtudåîf mh Frehodzhåîf
Guomdhi mf Gfvdg`otf @snutdsth, Hrtdef D 

>
  F BFQ@G MF^ 8; HF^ :0 HOF^
H.>
 H phrtdr mfs 8; hofs, hprfxdghmhg`ot`, fs ahntf-
r`s sfndhds, `nfoþgdnfs ` p`rsfohidmhm` sîf fs qu`
dou`ondhg ghds mdr`nthg`ot` f m`s`ovfivdg`otf mf
 bfv`g. Hssdg, fs s`us dot`r`ss`s, p`rsp`ntdvhs, dm`d-
hs ` vhifr`s m`p`om`g jhsthot` mfs s`us erupfs m`
r`a`râondh ` mf ahntf m` h suh vdmh s` m`s`orfihr `g
ndmhm`s fu `g g`dfs rurhds.
@sth ahdxh `tèrdh nfot`gpih `stumhot`s mf @osdof
^up`rdfr ` bfv`os qu` `stîf bè h `otrhr of g`rnhmf m`
trhjhikf. Fs prdg`drfs `stîf ghds prft`edmfs ` vdv`g
ugh ahish dom`p`omâondh, pfds, hp`shr m` vdv`r`g
sfzdokfs, hdomh sîf sust`othmfs ` jhsthot` hpfdhmfs
p`ifs phds. ^îf, e`rhig`ot`, ghds domdvdmuhidsths ` m`
`spçrdtf hj`rtf, prfotfs phrh h gumhoåh. Hf doväs,
fs s`euomfs sîf, oh suh ghdfrdh, ghds ghmurfs oh
gho`drh ` p`oshr ` hedr ` `stîf ghds pr`sfs h nfg-
prfgdssfs. Of `othotf, hp`shr mhs mda`r`oåhs, gudths
nfdshs fs uo`g.
 H vdmh hmuith ä ug p`rçfmf ifoef m` m`s`ovfivd-
g`otf, phsshomf f hmuitf pfr `xp`rdâondhs gòitdpihs,
nfgpi`xhs ` vhrdhmhs. H `otrhmh o`sth ahs` ä s`g-
pr` ug p`rçfmf m` nr`sndg`otf, `snfikhs, hoeòstdhs,
hosd`mhm`s, hi`erdhs ` nfgprfgdssfs. Ä dgpfrthot`
qu` fs Nk`a`s m` Niî ` @qudphs m` Hodghåîf t`okhg
pr`s`ot`s qu`, hp`shr m` t`r`g ì suh ar`ot` bfv`os
hmuitfs, `st`s hdomh hefrh `stîf h hpr`om`r h vdv`r `
nhgdokhr p`ihs suhs prþprdhs p`rohs. ^îf bfv`os qu`
nfothg nfg f hpfdf ` supfrt` mf drgîf ghds v`ikf
` qu` gudths v`z`s s` `onfotrhg p`rmdmfs p`rhot` f
hmgdrèv`i guomf ofvf qu` s` hjr` ì suh ar`ot`.

8>
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 J

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@MPNH]DQF
XP@ F @^NP]D^GF
FA@Z@N@
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Fjb`ntdvfs @munhtdvfs
DQ ^@NÅÎF NHGDOK@DZF^
8ª @thph A8 \rhtdnhr hntdvdmhm` açsdnh qu` prfgfvh f m`s`ovfivdg`otf ` ghout`oåîf mh hedidmhm`, `xdjd -
idmhm` ` m`str`zh m` afrgh hm`quhmh ì suh dmhm`, nhphndmhm` ` idgdthåð`s.
NFGPODMHM@ A: Nfok`n`r ` hn`dthr f m`s`ovfivdg`ot
m`s`ovfivdg`otf f ` hghmur`ndg`otf mf s`u nfrpf nfg ohturhidmhm`.
A> Nfok`n`r hs nhrhnt`rçstdnhs sdfiþednhs mf nfrpf ghsnuidof ` a`gdodof ` h suh r`ihåîf nfg
:ª @thph f nfgpfrthg`otf ` o`n`ssdmhm`s domdvdmuhds.
^@ZQDÅF A= Nuitdvhr ug `stdif m` vdmh shumèv`i ` `qudidjrhmf - hidg`othåîf, hntdvdmhm`
hntdvdmhm` açsdnh ` r`pfusf -,
hmhpthmf h nhmh ahs` mf s`u m`s`ovfivdg`ot
m`s`ovfivdg`otf.
f.
A0 Nudmhr ` vhifrdzhr f s`u nfrpf m` hnfrmf nfg fs phmrð`s m` shòm`, r`v`ihomf hprugf.
>ª @thph
A1 Dm`otdnhr ` `vdthr, oh vdmh quftdmdhoh, fs nfgpfrthg`otfs m` rdsnf r`ihndfohmfs nfg h s`eu
s`eu--
\HZ]DMH rhoåh açsdnh ` nfosugf m` sujstêondhs.

8ª @thph H8 Qhifrdzhr ` m`gfostrhr s`osdjdidmhm` ohs suhs r`ihåð`s ha`ntdvhs, m` gfmf nfos`qu`ot` nfg h
fpåîf m` vdmh hssugdmh.
NFGPODMHM@ H: Z`sp`dthr h `xdstâondh m` vèrdhs s`osdjdidmhm`s `stätdnhs ` hrtçstdnhs, afrghomf h suh fpd odîf nfg
s`otdmf nrçtdnf.   f   f
H> Hssugdr h prþprdh s`xuhidmhm` hn`dthomf h nfgpi`g`othrdmhm` Kfg`g/ Guik`r ` vdvâ-ih nfgf `x-   r    d
   d   r
:ª @thph
pr`ssîf r`spfosèv`i m` hgfr.   `   `
^@ZQDÅF H= ^`r nhphz m` dm`otdnhr, nfgpr``om`r ` `xpr`sshr hs suhs `gfåð`s, t`omf `g nfoth f nfot`xtf `   s   k
  s   k
  o
  f   o
  f   d
fs s`otdg`otfs mfs futrfs.    m   m   d
H0  Z`nfok`n`r ` hn`dthr hs nhrhnt`rçstdnhs mh suh p`rsfohidmhm`, ghot`omf ugh htdtum` m` hp`r-   h   g
  h   g
>ª @thph a`dåfhg`otf nfosthot`.    m   d
   d    m
  h   h
   i    N
   i
\HZ]DMH H1 Qhifrdzhr hs prþprdhs nhphndmhm`s, sup`rhomf idgdthåð`s ` hmfpthomf ugh htdtum` pfsdtdvh p`rhot`   h   h   N
h vdmh.   v   f
  v   f
  s   i
  s   i
  `
  f   `
  f   p
8ª @thph N8 \fssudr ` m`s`ovfiv`r ug quhmrf m` vhifr`s qu` sîf arutf m` ugh fpåîf nfosnd`ot`.   v
   d   v   p
N: ^`r nhphz m` afrguihr ` nfostrudr hs suhs prþprdhs fpåð`s, hssugdomf-hs nfg nihr`zh.    t    d
   t
  `   `
NFGPODMHM@   n   t
  n   t
N> Gfstrhr-s` r`spfosèv`i p`if s`u m`s`ovfivdg`otf, nfifnhomf h sd prþprdf fjb`ntdvfs m` prf-   `   o
  `
   b    b   o
er`ssîf p`ssfhi.   `   `
   j   j
:ª @thph N= M`gfostrhr `gp`okf ` vfothm` m` hedr, hssugdomf hs suhs r`spfoshjdidmhm`s `g tfmfs fs   g  g
   F   F
prfb`ntfs qu` `on`th, `sthj`i`n`omf prdfrdmhm`s ` r`sp`dthomf-hs.   `
  r   `
   :   :   r
^@ZQDÅF N0 M`gfostrhr p`rs`v`rhoåh ofs gfg`otfs m` mdnuimhm`, prfnurhomf uitrhphssè-ifs nfg fp- fp -   v
  `   d
  `   v
   d
tdgdsgf.    m   i
   m   i
>ª @thph N1 ^`r nfos`qu`ot` nfg hs fpåð`s qu` tfgh, hssugdomf h r`spfoshjdidmhm` p`ifs s`us hntfs.   f   s
  f   s
  f   f
N5 ^`r nfosdst`ot` ` nfovdntf oh m`a`sh mhs suhs dm`dhs ` vhifr`s.   g   g
   m
   d    d
   d    m
   d
\HZ]DMH N; Mhr t`st`guokf, hedomf `g nf`râondh nfg f s`u sdst`gh m` vhifr`s.   o   k
   ç   o   k
   ç
   i    i
  g  f
  g  f
8ª @thph
@8 Nfok`n`r ` nfgpr``om`r f gfmf nfgf M`us s` m`u h nfok`n`r ì kughodmhm`, prfpfomf-ik` ug
\rfb`ntf m` A`idndmhm` \i`oh (Kdstþrdh mh ^hivhåîf).   f   n
  f   n
  s   s
NFGPODMHM@ @: Nfok`n`r `g prfauomdmhm` h g`oshe`g ` h prfpfsth m` B`sus Nrdstf (Gdstärdf mh @onhrohåîf `   `
  g  g   `
 ,  ,
  f   f
  f
Gdstärdf \hsnhi).
  n   t   f
  n   t
:ª @thph
@> Z`nfok`n`r qu` h p`rt`oåh ì Der`bh/Z`idedîf ä ug sdohi m` M`us of guomf m` kfb`.
  h   o
  h   o
  `   `
@= Hprfauomhr fs kèjdtfs m` frhåîf p`ssfhi ` hssugdr-s` nfgf g`gjrf hntdvf mh Der`bh oh n`i`jrhåîf    m    m
   ç    ç
^@ZQDÅF nfguodtèrdh.   g
  u   d   g
  u   d
   i    i
  v   v
@0 Dot`erhr oh suh vdmh fs vhifr`s mf @vhoe`ikf, vdv`omf hs prfpfsths mh Der`bh/Z`idedîf.   n   i
  n   i
@1 Nfok`n`r hs prdondphds r`idedð`s mdstdoeudomf ` vhifrdzhomf h dm`otdmhm` mh tuh nfossîf r`idedfsh.   o   f
  o   f
  f   v
  f   v
>ª @thph @5 ]`st`guokhr
]`st`guokhr qu` h pr`s`oåh m` M`us of guomf mdeodnh h vdmh kughoh ` h Ohtur`zh.   n   o
  n   o
  `
   ä   ä   `
\HZ]DMH @; Qdv`r f nfgprfgdssf nfg M`us nfgf gdssîf of guomf `g tfmhs ä mdg`osð`s (kughohs, sfndhds,
`nfoþgdnhs, nuiturhds ` pfiçtdnhs).   s   s
  `   `
   þ   þ
  s   m
  s   m
D8 \rfnurhr m` afrgh hntdvh ` nfotdouhmh ofvfs shj`r`s ` vdvâondhs, nfgf afrgh m` nfotrdjudr  ,   `
 ,   `
8ª @thph phrh f s`u nr`sndg`otf p`ssfhi.   h   m
  h   m
  p   p
NFGPODMHM@ D: Nfok`n`r ` utdidzhr afrghs hm`quhmhs m` r`nfikh ` trhthg`otf m` doafrghåîf `, m`otrf m`s-
   t   h
  h   h
  h   t
  `
shs, mdstdoeudr f `ss`ondhi mf hn`ssþrdf.
D> M`odr f s`u dtdo`rèrdf m` afrghåîf pr`fnuphomf-s` `g ghotâif hntuhidzhmf.   r   `
   @   @   r
D= Hmhpthr-s` ` sup`rhr ofvhs sdtuhåð`s, hvhidhomf-hs ì iuz m` `xp`rdâondhs hot`rdfr`s ` nfo-   h   è
  h   è
:ª @thph
k`ndg`otfs hmqudrdmfs.   h   h
   m   m
^@ZQDÅF   h   m
  h   m
D0 Hohidshr fs prfji`ghs m` afrgh nrçtdnh, sue`rdomf ` hpidnhomf `strhtäedhs m` r`sfiuåîf mfs   h   h
   N   N
g`sgfs.   n   n
D1 ^`r nhphz m` utdidzhr nfok`ndg`otfs, p`rn`påð`s ` dotudåð`s oh nrdhåîf m` ofvhs dm`dhs `   r   r
>ª @thph fjrhs, ghot`omf ug `spçrdtf hj`rtf ` dofvhmfr.   f   f
  p   p
\HZ]DMH D5 @xpr`sshr dm`dhs ` `gfåð`s m` afrgh iþednh ` nrdhtdvh, hmhpthmh hf(s) m`stdohtèrdf(s) ` utdid-
zhomf fs g`dfs hm`quhmfs.

8ª @thph ^8 Nfok`n`r ` `x`rn`r fs s`us mdr`dtfs ` m`v`r`s `oquhotf ndmhmîf.

^: \hrtdndphr hntdvh ` nfosnd`ot`g`ot` ofs vèrdfs `sphåfs sfndhds fom` s` dos`r`, dot`rvdomf m` ugh
NFGPODMHM@ afrgh doafrghmh, r`sp`dthmfrh ` nfostrutdvh.
^> Z`sp`dthr hs r`erhs m`gfnrètdnhs ` hssugdr nfgf suhs hs m`ndsð`s tfghmhs nfi`ntdvhg`ot`.
:ª @thph
^= Hssugdr qu` ä phrt` mh sfnd`mhm` fom` s` dos`r`, hedomf ough p`rsp`ntdvh m` s`rvdåf idj`rthmfr
` m` nfostruåîf m` auturf.
^@ZQDÅF ^0 Pshr m` `gphtdh oh afrgh m` nfguodnhr nfg fs futrfs, m`gfostrhomf tfi`rêondh ` r`sp`dtf p`r-
hot` futrfs pfotfs m` vdsth.
^1 Gfstrhr nhphndmhm` m` r`ihndfohg`otf ` trhjhikf `g `qudph, nfotrdjudomf hntdvhg`ot` phrh f
>ª @thph sun`ssf mf nfi`ntdvf htrhväs mf m`s`gp`okf nfg nfgp`tâondh mf s`u php`i.
\HZ]DMH ^5 Hssugdr phpäds m` idm`rhoåh, m` afrgh `qudidjrhmh, t`omf `g nfoth hs suhs o`n`ssdmhm`s ` hs
mf erupf.

::  Hssfndhåîf m` @snut`drfs
@snut`drfs m` Hoefih ([email protected].)
 M`s`ovfivdg`otf AÇ^DNF

Mdg`osîf mh p`rsfohidmhm`2 f nfrpf

FJB@N]DQF^ @MPNH]DQF^ ADOHD^

A8.  \rhtdnhr hntdvdmhm` açsdnh qu` prfgfvh f m`s`o-

vfivdg`otf ` ghout`oåîf mh hedidmhm`, `xdjdid -
mhm` ` m`str`zh m` afrgh hm`quhmh ì suh dmhm`,
nhphndmhm` ` idgdthåð`s.

A:. Nfok`n`r ` hn`dthr f m`s`ovfivdg`otf ` hghmur`nd-

g`otf mf s`u nfrpf nfg ohturhidmhm`

A>. Nfok`n`r hs nhrhnt`rçstdnhs sdfiþednhs mf nfrpf ghs -

nuidof ` a`gdodof ` h suh r`ihåîf nfg f nfgpfrth-
g`otf ` o`n`ssdmhm`s domdvdmuhds.

A=. Nuitdvhr ug `stdif m` vdmh shumèv`i ` `qudidjrhmf„ hid-

g`othåîf, hntdvdmhm` açsdnh ` r`pfusf „, hmhpthmf h
nhmh ahs` mf s`u m`s`ovfivdg`otf.

A0. Nudmhr ` vhifrdzhr f s`u nfrpf m` hnfrmf nfg fs

phmrð`s m` shòm`, r`v`ihomf hprugf.

A1. Dm`otdnhr ` `vdthr

`vdthr,, oh vdmh quftdmdhoh,
quftdmdhoh, fs nfgpfr -
thg`otfs m` rdsnf r`ihndfohmfs nfg h s`eurhoåh
açsdnh ` nfosugf m` sujstêondhs.

:1
 M`s`ovfivdg`otf HA@N]DQF

Mdg`osîf mh p`rsfohidmhm`2
fs s`otdg`otfs ` hs `gfåð`s

FJB@N]DQF^ @MPNH]DQF^ ADOHD^

H8.  Qhifrdzhr ` m`gfostrhr s`osdjdidmhm` ohs suhs

r`ihåð`s ha`ntdvhs, m` gfmf nfos`qu`ot` nfg h
fpåîf m` vdmh hssugdmh.
H:. Z`sp`dthr h `xdstâondh m` vèrdhs s`osdjdidmhm`s `s-
tätdnhs ` hrtçstdnhs, afrghomf h suh fpdodîf nfg
s`otdmf nrçtdnf.
H>. Hssug
 Hssugdr
dr h prþprdh s`xuhidmhm` hn`dthomf h nfgpi`-
g`othrdmhm` Kfg`g/Guik`r ` vdvâ-ih nfgf `x-
pr`ssîf r`spfosèv`i m` hgfr.

H=. ^`r nhphz m` dm`otdnhr, nfgpr``om`r ` `xpr`sshr

hs suhs `gfåð`s, t`omf `g nfoth f nfot`xtf ` fs
s`otdg`otfs mfs futrfs.

H0. Z`nfok`n`r ` hn`dthr hs nhrhnt`rçstdnhs mh suh p`r-

sfohidmhm`, ghot`omf ugh htdtum` m` hp`ra`dåfh-
g`otf nfosthot`.

H1. Qhifrdzhr hs prþprdhs nhphndmhm`s, sup`rhomf idgd-

thåð`s ` hmfpthomf ugh htdtum` pfsdtdvh p`rhot`
h vdmh.

:5
 I`d ` Gçstdnh ` Qdmh oh  Hpr`om`r ^dst`gh m` ^dst`gh m` Z`ihåîf
\rfg`ssh ^dgjfifedh Ohtur`zh Ahz`omf \htruikhs \rfer`ssf @munhtdvh
\`ssfhi

>:
 ^dst`gh m`
\htruikhs

^dst`gh m` Z`ihåîf
\rfer`ssf @munhtdvh

I`d `
\rfg`ssh

Hpr`om`r Qdmh oh Oh-

Ahz`omf tur`zh

Gçstdnh `
^dgjfifedh

>=
N.8.: H I`d ` \rfg`ssh of Erupf Bòodfr
Bòodfr,, Erupf ^äodfr ` Niî

D. H I@D

\hrh f @snut`drf mh [email protected]., h I`d `oeifjh fs 8< Hrtdefs, `ouondhmfs

pfr J.-\., ` fs > \rdonçpdfs mh [email protected].

Fs prdonçpdfs (mh [email protected].)

8² F @snuth freuikh-s` mh suh aä ` pfr `ih frd`oth tfmh h suh vdmh3
:² F @snuth ä ikf m` Hoefih ` jfg ndmhmîf3
>² F m`v`r mf @snuth nfg`åh `g nhsh.

H I`d
8² H kforh mf @snuth dospdrh nfohoåh3
:² F @snuth ä I`hi3
>² F @snuth ä òtdi ` prhtdnh mdhrdhg`ot` ugh jfh hnåîf3
=² F @snuth ä hgdef m` tfmfs ` drgîf m` tfmfs fs futrfs `snuths3
0² F @snuth ä m`idnhmf ` r`sp`dthmfr3
1² F @snuth prft`e` hs pihoths ` fs hodghds3
5² F @snuth ä fj`md`ot`3
;² F @snuth t`g s`gpr` jfh mdspfsdåîf m` `spçrdtf3
4² F @snuth ä sþjrdf, `nfoþgdnf ` r`sp`dthmfr mf j`g hik`df3
8<² F @snuth ä purf ofs p`oshg`otfs, ohs phihvrhs ` ohs hnåð`s.

=8
4.² F @snuth ä sþjrdf, `nfoþgdnf ` r`sp`dthmfr
r`sp`dthmf r mf j`g hik`df.
@st` hrtdef mh I`d `ovfiv` trâs dm`dhs mdstdoths qu` s` r`v`ihg jhs-
thot` dgpfrthot`s oug guomf nfosugdsth nfgf f ofssf, fom` fs j`os
ght`rdhds sîf nhmh v`z ghds vhifrdzhmfs, `g m`trdg`otf mhs nfdshs
r`hig`ot` vhidfshs.
@g prdg`drf iuehr, m`a`om` qu` tfmf f @snut`drf m`v` s`r sþjrdf.
Nfg dstf, pr`t`om`-s` nkhghr h ht`oåîf phrh f `qudiçjrdf qu` nhmh ug
m`v` t`r oh suh vdmh. ^`r sþjrdf sdeodnh vdv`r s`g `xhe`rfs, thotf h
oçv`i m` p`oshg`otf nfgf m` hnåð`s. Hssdg, f @snut`drf, pfr ug ihmf,
`safråh-s` pfr nfos`eudr f qu` qu`r ` nh nfot`ot` p`if qu` hinhoåfu,
oîf t`omf dov`bh mfs futrfs s` nfos`eudrhg ghds fu g`ikfr3 pfr futrf
ihmf, prfnurh t`r ugh vdmh `qudidjrhmh, s`g `xhe`rfs, gfstrhomf sh-
j`r hs nfdshs r`hig`ot` dgpfrthot`s mh vdmh. Hssdg oîf m`sp`rmdåh f
s`u t`gpf ` vdv` ghds.

’H frd`othåîf quhs` `xniusdvh phrh f nfosugdsgf mfs j`os

ght`rdhds r`tdrh ì vdmh kughoh f s`u s`otdmf ghds prfauomf.‗ 
Bfîf \huif DD, \hph mh Der`bh Nhtþidnh

@g s`euomf iuehr, afnh f nfotrfif mf mdok`drf, mdz`omf qu` f @s-

nut`drf m`v` s`r `nfoþgdnf. @ s`r `nfoþgdnf oîf ä s`r ’afrr`th‗, ghs
sdg ahz`r ugh jfh e`stîf mf s`u mdok`drf. Fu s`bh, f @snut`drf oîf
ehsth tumf f qu` t`g o`g hrrhobh mçvdmhs, ghs m`v` s`r nhphz m`
ahz`r
ah z`r pihofs nfosnd`ondfsfs phrh f qu` pfssud, hg`hikhomf ` ehstho-
mf hp`ohs f qu` pr`ndsh.
Ä o`n`ssèrdf qu` f @snut`drf p`rn`jh qu` f qu` trhz a`idndmhm` oîf ä
h afrtuoh, ghs sdg f jfg usf mf qu` s` t`g, ` qu` h shtdsahåîf hmväg
m` nfos`eudr hs nfdshs nfg f ofssf trhjhikf.
\fr g, `st` Hrtdef hjfrmh f r`sp`dtf p`ifs j`os mfs futrfs .
Xu`g ä sþjrdf ` `nfoþgdnf vhifrdzh f qu` ahz ` f qu` t`g `, nfos`-
qu`ot`g`ot`, prfn`m` m` deuhi afrgh phrh nfg fs futrfs. Hssdg, prf-
t`e` f qu` ik` `gpr`sthg nfgf s` afss` s`u ` r`stdtud-f quhomf bè oîf
pr`ndsh, m`vfiv` f qu` `onfotrh hf s`u i`eçtdgf mfof, oîf rfujh ` oîf
vhomhidzh prfprd`mhm` hik`dh.

0<
N.8.:.> H vdvâondh of Niî

D. Qdv`r h I`d ` h \rfg`ssh

\rfg`ssh
 H \rfg`ssh ` h I`d @snutdsth sîf `xde`ot`s. Ghs ä m`v`r mf @snu-
t`drf ’ahz`r tfmf f pfssçv`i‗ phrh hs nugprdr. Oîf hp`ohs quhomf mè
 b`dtf, quhomf ä aèndi, fu quhomf s` `stè m` I`oåf hf p`snfåf… ghs
s`gpr`!
Murhot` f s`u p`rnursf of @snutdsgf, f bfv`g ä gudths v`z`s sfidnd-
thmf phrh shj`r h I`d, phrh nugprdr h I`d, `tn. Xuhomf nk`eh ì DQ ^`nåîf
`ssh dosdstâondh oh I`d gudths v`z`s m`shphr`n`. Dstf hnfot`n` pfrqu`
 bè sîf
sîf ghds
ghds v`ikfs ` p`osh-s` qu`
qu` bè h m`v`g
m`v`g shj`r m` ’nfr ` shit`hmf‗,
pfrqu` s` hnkh qu` bè oîf ä o`n`ssèrdf homhr s`gpr` h r`i`gjrhr h I`d
hfs Nhgdok`drfs, fu pfr quhiqu`r futrf gftdvf… Nfotumf, h v`rmhm` ä
qu` thgjäg f Nhgdok`drf mdz oh suh \rfg`ssh qu` vhd fj`m`n`r ì I`d
mf @snuth. Ä nfov`od`ot`, `otîf, qu` s`bh r`i`gjrhmf m` vèrdhs afrghs
mf qu` prfg`t`u ` qu` nfosdeh p`rn`j`r nhmh hrtdef mh i`d ì iuz mh suh
dmhm`, ghturdmhm` ` vdmh, m`otrf ` afrh mf @snutdsgf.
Oîf ä m`sprfpfsdthmf qu` h I`d mf @snuth `st`bh hxhmh oh
Jhs` (fu ^`m`). Of `othotf, s` nhikhr, f pfst`r nfg fs m`z
hrtdefs mh I`d hf g m` hieug t`gpf tfroh-s` kèjdtf ` m`dxh-s`
m` r`phrhr o`i`. \frqu` oîf ahz`r ugh nfdsh ghds mdoêgdnh6
@x 8 - \rfpfsth phrh h Hvhidhåîf
Hvhidhåîf mh Nhgdokhmh
Ahz`r f `x`rnçndf m` r``ntdr fom` `st`v` pr`s`ot` nhmh hrtdef
mh I`d oh Nhgdokhmh r`hidzhmh. ^` tfmfs fs hrtdefs `stdv`r`g
pr`s`ot`s, f Niî `stè m` phrhjäos. ^` oîf, kè s`gpr` kdpþt`-
s`s m` g`ikfrhr oh Nhgdokhmh s`eudot`.
@x : „ \rfpfsth phrh h Jhs` (fu ^`m`)
Hxhr h I`d oh Jhs` (fu ^`m`) `, pfr jhdxf m` nhmh hrtdef, `snr`-
v`r f qu` f Niî ahz phrh f nugprdr. @x2 '’F @snuth ä m`idnhmf
` r`sp`dthmfr‗, pfr dssf f ofssf Niî pr`fnuph-s` `g nfok`n`r
tfmfs fs `i`g`otfs mf Heruphg`otf, trhtè-ifs nfg mdeodmhm` `
hbumè-ifs ohs suhs mdnuimhm`s.' (`sth mdoêgdnh thgjäg pfm`
s`r domdvdmuhi).
@x > „ Nhrth m` Niî
\`ehomf ug pfunf of `x`gpif hot`rdfr, fu ahz`omf m` ugh fu-
trh afrgh quhiqu`r, prfnurhr t`r pr`s`ot` h I`d mf @snuth quho-
mf s` `ihjfrh h Nhrth m` Niî.

0;
 FZHÅÎF MF NHGDOK@DZF

^`okfr B`sus,
Xu` Qfs hpr`s`othst`s hfs kfg`os
nfgf ug nhgdokf vdvf,
drrhmdhomf nihrdmhm` qu` v`g mf hitf2
Mdeohd-Qfs
Mdeohd-Q fs s`r 
f g`u Eudh ` Nfgphok`drf
ofs nhgdokfs mh vdmh,
nfgf ug mdh f Afst`s of nhgdokf m` @ghòs3
Diugdohd-g` nfg f Qfssf @spçrdtf,
h g m` shj`r m`snfjrdr 
f nhgdokf mf Qfssf g`ikfr s`rvdåf3
@ qu`, hidg`othmf-ofs nfg f Q`rmhm`drf \îf
m` tfmfs fs Nhgdok`drfs,
hp`shr mhs ahmdehs
 ` mhs nfotrhmdåð`s mh bfrohmh
`u pfssh nhgdokhr hi`er`g`ot` nfovfsnf
`g mdr`nåîf hf \hd ` hfs drgîfs.

Èg`o.

1:
N.:.= Gçstdnh ` ^dgjfifedh of Niî (DQ ^`nåîf)

D. Gçstdnh mfs Nhgdok`drfs ` Nfgphok`drfs2 «H vdmh

of Kfg`g Ofvf³.

 H nfostruåîf mh Der`bh (`g nhmh Nr`mf), sdohi mh ghturdmhm` mh aä,

prfb`nth f Kfg`g phrh f guomf. F nrdstîf, nkhghmf h s`r «shi mh
t`rrh³, «iuz mf guomf³ ` «a`rg`otf oh ghssh³, hssug` f s`u iuehr
hntdvf oh nfostruåîf mfs «ofvfs näus ` mh ofvh t`rrh³. F Z`dof m`
M`us, nubh i`d `stè sdot`tdzhmh ohs J`g-Hv`oturhoåhs, ä h vdmh `g
Nrdstf, f Kfg`g Ofvf2 `ssh ä h g`th h hinhoåhr p`if Nhgdok`drf.
O`st` s`otdmf, f Nhgdok`drf ä nkhghmf h hssugdr dot`erhig`ot` f
dm`hi mf Kfg`g Ofvf. ^hj` qu` h ofvdmhm` oîf nfosdst` oh Hm`sîf
Hm`sîf
p`rgho`ot` ìs òitdghs gfmhs, ghs sdg oh m`snfj`rth, hprfauomh-
g`otf ` hssuoåîf mfs vhifr`s e`ouçofs qu` `stîf idehmfs ì prþprdh
ohtur`zh mf Kfg`g ` qu`, pfr dssf g`sgf, f ahrîf s`r ghds a`idz.
 Hssdg, oîf jusnh ugh a`idndmhm` idehmh h nfdshs `aäg`rhs (mdok`drf,
ahgh, prhz`r, vdndf, …), ghs h v`rmhm`drh A`idndmhm`, hqu`ih qu` t`g
nfgf r`a`râondh h ofvdmhm` rhmdnhi mhs J`g-Hv`oturhoåhs.
Oug t`gpf nfgf f qu` s` vdv`, m` `xtrhfrmdoèrdfs hvhoåfs `g
tfmfs fs nhgpfs ` `g qu` f \rfer`ssf phr`n` oîf t`r idgdt`, ä nhmh
v`z ghds o`n`ssèrdf g`reuikhr of dot`rdfr m` sd g`sgf phrh `onfo-
trhr hief v`rmhm`drhg`ot` dofvhmfr2 h vfothm` m` hghr, f efstf m`
ahz`r, h o`n`ssdmhm` m` phrtdikhr, f m`s`bf m` vdv`r, f prhz`r m`
^`rvdr, h shtdsahåîf m` s`otdr, h `gfåîf m` nrdhr . O`st` s`otdmf, h
prfpfsth qu` ä a`dth hfs Nhgdok`drfs oîf ä g`rhg`ot` rfgêotdnh. Ä
ugh prfpfsth nfonr`th m`stdohmh h s`r vdvdmh tfmfs fs mdhs oh suh
`snfih, of s`u trhjhikf, nfg fs s`us hgdefs, nfg h suh ahgçidh, `tn.
M`otrf mf s`u guomf `sthrîf hssdg, h s`r, hrt`sîfs m` ug guomf
ofvf.
M` afrgh h pft`ondhr h m`snfj`rth mh v`rmhm`drh a`idndmhm`, f
Nhgdok`drf ä nfovdmhmf h t`r nfgf `x`gpif \huif m` ]hrsf, f `s-
nfikdmf phrh f hoòondf mh Jfh Ofvh hfs e`otdfs. M` ahntf, \huif m`
]hrsf ä çnfo` mh uodv`rshidmhm` mh ^hivhåîf2 h shivhåîf qu` Nrdstf
houondh, ` dohueurh, t`g nfgf m`stdohtèrdfs fs kfg`os ` guik`r`s
m` tfmfs fs t`gpfs, iuehr`s ` nuiturhs.

5>
^DGJFIFEDH mfs Nhgdok`drfs

Hs mdg`osð`s

M` afrgh h r`afråhr h Gçstdnh mh ^`nåîf, f dtdo`rèrdf mf Nhgdok`drf

vdv`-s` `g tfrof m` quhtrf mdg`osð`s qu` hmqudr`g ug vhifr sdg-
jþidnf2 Nhgdokf, Nfguodmhm`, ^`rvdåf ` \hrtdmh. Ä ug dtdo`rèrdf m`
\rfer`ssf \`ssfhi, m` tfghmh m` nfosndâondh mhs pfssdjdidmhm`s m`
`vfiuåîf, m` p`oshg`otf, qu` s` ik`s fa`r`n` oh vdmh `g Niî ` oh
vdmh m` nhmh mdh. Of ohi m`st` dtdo`rèrdf, f Nhgdok`drf `stè h arho -
qu`hr hs pfrths mh vdmh hmuith, idvr` ` r`spfosèv`i, pr`st`s h tfghr h
vdmh ohs suhs gîfs.
@st` dtdo`rèrdf t`g hssdg quhtrf v`rt`ot`s2 ä domdvdmuhi, ghs thg-
jäg nfguodtèrdf, `stè vdrhmf phrh f s`rvdåf hfs futrfs ` phrh f m`-
shf mf m`snfok`ndmf. @sshs quhtrf v`rt`ot`s `stîf pr`s`ot`s ohs
quhtrf mdg`osð`s `g qu` f Nhgdok`drf vhd nr`sn`omf2

F p`rnursf domdvdmuhi „ f Nhgdokf

u Ofs Nhgdok`drfs, f bfv`g ä m`shhmf h `snfik`r ug dtdo`rèrdf

dtdo`rèrd f
m` m`snfj`rth ` m` hnåîf qu` f i`v` h tfrohr-s` nfostrutfr m`
ug Guomf Ofvf. F Nhgdokf sdeodnh, `otîf, h hj`rturh, h ihr -
ihr -
eu`zh m` vdsths, f hp`if mf kfrdzfot`, h nhphndmhm` m` hn`dthr h
gumhoåh, m` vdv`r oh prþprdh gumhoåh. Ä, thgjäg, ug `sphåf
m` vdmh m`spfbhmh, m` r`b`dåîf mf supäruf, m` ht`oåîf hf
`ss`ondhi.
`ss`o ndhi. \fr g, ä ug iuehr m` p`rs`v`rhoåh, m` `xp`rdâondh
m` ugh i`oth ` phnd`ot` nfostruåîf m` sd g`sgf, m` hpr`omdzh-
e`g mh nhphndmhm` m` s` nfgprfg`t`r phrh hiäg mf dg`mdhtf.
Erhåhs h dstf, `st` Nhgdokf mfs Nhgdok`drfs ä, thi nfgf f mfs
\`r`erdofs, t`st`guokf m` vdmh nrdstî.

u ^`r Nhgdok`drf ä s`r ghds (sup`rhr-s` h sd g`sgf)… Ä s`r

\`r`erdof2
\`r` erdof2 of Nhgdokf m` @ghòs, Nrdstf Z`ssusndthmf r`v`-
ifu-s` hfs s`us mdsnçpuifs, nhgdokhomf nfg `i`s ihmf
i hmf h ihmf…

54
 Pg p`rnursf phrh h vdmh2 h \hrtdmh

uF Nhgdok`drf t`g m` hvhoåhr prfer`ssdvhg`ot` phrh h suh

\hrtdmh, qu` `xprdg` sdgjfidnhg`ot` qu` f hntf m` nhgdokhr
ä ghds dgpfrthot` mf qu` f hntf m` nk`ehr. Ä pfr dssf qu`, of
ohi mf s`u t`gpf m` Nhgdok`drf, quhomf shd mf Niî, f bfv`g
oîf nk`eh hf g mf s`u nhgdokf, ghs phrt` phrh ug ofvf
nhgdokf. M` ahntf, f g m` ugh @thph sdeodnh s`gpr` f doçndf
m` futrh ` h \hrtdmh ä f gfg`otf m` f Nhgdok`drf s` ihoåhr of
nhgdokf mh vdmh ` ä thgjäg ug ‛@ovdf— (sþ pfm` khv`r \hrtdmh
s` kfuv`r qu`g `ovd`).

u^`r Nhgdok`drf ä hghr… Ä s`r @ovdhmf2 of nhgdokf m` @ghòs,

Nrdstf, ’phrtdu‗... @ `i`s r`nfok`n`rhg-o—F vdvf ` r`ssusndthmf.

Fs sçgjfifs

@sths quhtrf mdg`osð`s qu` f Nhgdok`drf vdv` oh suh phsshe`g

p`if Niî, nfg vdsth h pr`phrhr-s` phrh h suh vdmh hmuith, sîf nfifrdmhs
pfr ug n`rtf oòg`rf m` sdohds nfg ugh `i`vhmh nhreh sdgjþidnh2 Qhrh
jdaurnhmh, Gfnkdih, \îf, @vhoe`ikf, ]`omh
]`omh ` Afef.

;8
  Hofthåð`s p`ssfhds2
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 

;4
 N.>.= H Qdmh oh Ohtur`zh of Niî

 H vdmh hf hr idvr` ä ugh mhs v`rt`ot`s qu` ghds dm`otdnh f @snutdsgf

` h vdvâondh oh DQ ^`nåîf oîf `snhph h `sth nhrhnt`rçstdnh. Hidès, J.-\.
J.-\.
mdss`-ofs qu` fs Nhgdok`drfs `rhg h arht`rodmhm` mf Hr Idvr` ` mf
^`rvdåf. M` ahntf, phrh f auomhmfr, f nfothntf nfg h Ohtur`zh tdokh
qu` ahz`r phrt` mh afrghåîf m` bfv`os shumèv`ds ` a`idz`s. @, oh v`r-
mhm`, tfmfs fs Nhgdok`drfs qu` `xp`rdg`othg `st` nfothntf, m`s`o-
vfiv`omf hs suhs hntdvdmhm`s oh Ohtur`zh, shj`g f quhotf ä `sp`ndhi
`sth vdvâondh2 `ih aè-ifs s`otdr p`qu`ofs p`rhot` h fjrh m` M`us, ghs
edehot`s pfr ahz`r`g phrt` m`sth ghrhvdikh `g qu` ohmh afd m`dxhmf
hf hnhsf.

H Ohtur`zh nfgf ug ihjfrhtþrdf2 h nfosndâondh hgjd`othi

Of nfot`xtf hntuhi mh Kughodmhm`, hs pr`fnuphåð`s hgjd`othds
sîf ugh nfosthot` mf mdh-h-mdh. M` ahntf, h nfosndâondh hgjd`othi mfs
 bfv`os t`g hug`othmf hf ifoef mfs hofs ` kfb` t`gfs, s`g mòvdmh,
p`ssfhs gudtf ghds ht`oths hf qu` s` phssh `g s`u r`mfr ` qu` `stîf
nfosnd`ot`s m` qu` vdv`gfs oug piho`th arèedi ` m`idnhmf nubfs r`nur-
sfs ohturhds sîf odtfs.
O`st` êgjdtf, oîf ä hp`ohs auomhg`othi qu` tfmfs, s`g `xn`påîf,
`st`bhg hi`rth phrh `sth r`hidmhm`2 ä deuhig`ot` dgpfrthot` qu` s` mds-
pfokhg h ahz`r h suh phrt` phrh m`dxhr f guomf ug pfunf g`ikfr mf
qu` f `onfotrhrhg. Hssdg, oîf s` `sp`rh qu` fs Nhgdok`drfs t`okhg
hp`ohs ugh htdtum` m` r`sp`dtf phrh nfg h Fjrh mh Nrdhåîf. Fjs`r-
vhomf h I`d „ ofg`hmhg`ot` f hrtdef ’F @snuth prft`e` hs pihoths `
fs hodghds‗ „, `sp`rh-s` qu` ghoda`st`g h htdtum` prfhntdvh m` t`othr
p`rn`j`r fs `nfssdst`ghs, m` prfnurhr shj`r f qu` ahz`r, m` hbumhr h
`munhr hs e`rhåð`s ghds ofvhs ` m` m`gfostrhr nfgpfrthg`otfs hm`-
quhmfs, m` gfmf h mdgdoudr h p`ehmh `nfiþednh m` nhmh ug.
Oft`-s` qu` h @qudph m` Hodghåîf m`v` t`r nfosndâondh m` qu` ä
`x`gpif, p`if qu` ä h `ih qu` nfgp`t`, `g prdg`drf iuehr, m`gfostrhr
nfgpfrthg`otfs `qudidjrhmfs (nfgf dgpi`g`othr g`mdmhs m` r`muåîf
m` `o`redh, m` vdediêondh h oçv`i mf dgphntf hgjd`othi, `tn.). M` ahntf,
oîf jhsth gfstrhr ` prfgfv`r f qu` s` m`v` ahz`r2 ä pr`ndsf vdv`r dssf
nfg fs Nhgdok`drfs.

41
 pfunf nfot`òmf ` quhidmhm`, sîf nfoaushs ` prfvfnhg ahndi-
g`ot` h m`sgftdvhåîf mfs `i`g`otfs.
Ä dgpfrthot` dotrfmuzdr dofvhåð`s, `sp`ndhig`ot` ohs hntdvd-
mhm`s qu` t`om`g h s`eudr ug phmrîf oh suh afrgh m` r`hid-
zhåîf. Oîf pfm`gfs m`dxhr qu` h rftdoh s` dosthi` ` nfostdtuh
ugh ’p`mrh oh `oer`ohe`g‗, bè qu`, s` dstf hnfot`n`r, hs hntd -
vdmhm`s pfm`g p`rm`r f s`u vhifr `munhtdvf ` f s`u dot`r`s-
s` pfr phrt` mfs ofssfs bfv`os @snut`drfs. \fr `sth rhzîf, ä
o`n`ssèrdf, m` t`gpfs h t`gpfs, dr dotrfmuzdomf vhrdhåð`s,
qu`stdfohrgf-ofs s` oîf pfm`r`gfs g`ikfrhr hs hntdvdmhm`s
fu prfb`nthr ofvhs nfgpfo`ot`s qu` hs tfro`g ghds htrhntdvhs.

Nhmh erupf t`g hs suhs hntdvdmhm`s `sp`nçnhs, qu` pfm`g

vhrdhr m` ^`nåîf phrh ^`nåîf fu `g t`rgfs m` t`gpf, `sphåf
fu erhu m` hutfofgdh ` m`s`ovfivdg`otf mfs `i`g`otfs. M`
ahntf, ug Hnhgphg`otf m` Ifjdtfs oîf pfm` t`r fs g`sgfs
t`gpfs m` ug Hnhgphg`otf m` @xpifrhmfr`s ^äodfr`s. Bè ug
rhdm` m` Nhgdok`drfs, pfr `x`gpif, p`rgdt` ug erhu m` hutfof-
gdh ghdfr pfr phrt` mhs @qudphs mf qu` ug m` @xpifrhmfr`s
Bòodfr`s. Ä dgpfrthot`, h `st` oçv`i, qu` h @qudph m` Hodghåîf
t`okh nfosndâondh mhs nhrhnt`rçstdnhs mh ^`nåîf qu` idm`rh `
mhs `sp`ndndmhm`s mf erupf, phrh qu` tfmhs hs hntdvdmhm`s
r`hidzhmhs
r`h idzhmhs s`bhg hm`quhmhs ` nfotrdjuhg, m` ahntf, phrh f
nr`sndg`otf m` nhmh `i`g`otf.

DDD. F GÄ]FMF MF \ZFB@N]F

@otr` hs hntdvdmhm`s tçpdnhs m` nhmh ^`nåîf, `onfotrhgfs ugh
erhom` hntdvdmhm` qu`, p`ih o`n`ssdmhm` m` piho`hg`otf, frehodzhåîf
` vhifr `munhtdvf o`n`ssdth m` s`r `xpifrhmh nfg ghds m`thik`. Ahih-
gfs mf \rfb`ntf, nubh g`tfmfifedh ä hpidnhmh `g tfmhs hs ^`nåð`s.

8. \`mhefedh mf \rfb`ntf
Xuhomf hieuäg, n`rtf mdh, t`rè p`reuothmf h J.-\. f qu` m`-
v`rdh ahz`r nfg fs rhphz`s, f v`ikf e`o`rhi t`rè r`spfomdmf2
’\`reuoth-ik`s!‗ (’Hsc tk` jfy‗). @sth ä, htä kfb`, ugh arhs`
dmdfgètdnh,
dmdf gètdnh, ug gft`, ugh dospdrhåîf phrh f Mdrde`ot`, of trh-
jhikf qu` ik` nfgp`t` h oçv`i mf ’Hpr`om`r Ahz`omf‗.

8<;
 N.=.= Afrghs m` Hpr`om`r Ahz`omf of Niî

’^` qu`r`s trduoahr, pr`ndshs m` nfoniudr h tuh `munhåîf,

`munhomf-t` h td g`sgf.
\rfpfokf qu` f ahåhs nfg trâs fjb`ntdvfs prdondphds2
 pr`phrh-t` phrh hs r`spfoshjdidmhm`s2
r`spfoshjdidmhm`s2
- mf t`u auturf fu prfssîf3
- m` auturf phd m` ikfs3
- m` ndmhmîf ` eudh m` futrfs kfg`os.‗ 
J.-\.,
J.-\., H Nhgdokf mf ]rduoaf

D. Hntdvdmhm`s mh DQ ^`nåîf

 H hpr`omdzhe`g p`ih hnåîf gftdvh fs bfv`os, pfds `i`s `stîf h ahz-

`r nfdshs r`hds ` òt`ds `oquhotf dot`rdfrdzhg, m` afrgh ohturhi, tfmhs
hs m`snfj`rths, tfrohomf-s` ghds nfok`n`mfr`s m` vhrdhmfs t`ghs,
ehokhomf
ehokho mf ofvhs khjdidmhm`s ` hmqudrdomf ofvhs htdtum`s (Nfok`nd-
g`otfs, Nfgp`tâondhs ` Htdtum`s (NNH)). Hf `xp`rdg`othr`g, nfo-
s`eu`g p`rn`j`r phrh qu` thr`ahs `stîf ghds hptfs ` thgjäg g`ikf-
rhr f qu` ahz`g g`ofs j`g. Ä thgjäg ugh afrgh m` m`snfjrdr`g
ofvfs dot`r`ss`s ` thi`otfs.

’F g mh `munhåîf nhgdok`drh ä huxdidhr fs bfv`os h

tfrohr`g-s` ndmhmîfs a`idz`s, shumèv`ds ` òt`ds ` mhr h nhmh
ug h pfssdjdidmhm` m` s` pr`phrhr phrh ugh nhrr`drh qu`
ik` s`bh òtdi.
\`rgdt` hf rhphz ghds v`ikf nfotdouhr sub`dtf h douâondhs
j`oänhs of p`rçfmf mdaçndi mh trhosdåîf phrh h dmhm` hmuith.‗ 
J.-\.,
J.-\., H Nhgdokf mf ]rduoaf

880
 Xuhotf hf oòg`rf m` Nhgdokhmhs
N hgdokhmhs h r`hidzhr, e`rhig`ot` ahz-s` ugh
Nhgdokhmh, qu` hnfgphokh f hof `snutdsth. Of `othotf, tâg-s` v`rd-
nhmf jfos r`suithmfs quhomf s` r`hidzhg muhs Nhgdokhmhs pfr hof
`snutdsth2 ugh m` Hjrdi
Hjrdi h Buokf ` futrh m` ^`t`gjrf h M`z`gjrf, s`o-
sdv`ig`ot`. @sth mdvdsîf pfm` t`r vhothe`os2
u Fjrdeh fs Nhgdok`drfs h nfg`åhr h trhjhikhr ifef of doçndf mf
hof i`ntdvf (tâg ghds m` : g`s`s phrh r`hidzhr h 8ª Nhgdokhmh,
p`if qu` oîf pfm`g `sthr phrhmfs), `g v`z m` prfb`nthr`g
tfmhs hs hntdvdmhm`s of auturf ` phsshr`g fs prdg`drfs g`s`s
s`g shj`r j`g f qu` ahz`r
ahz`r..
u \`rgdt` m`dxhr idvr` f gâs m` Bho`drf, hiturh `g qu` ä ar`-
qu`ot` hjhomfof mhs hntdvdmhm`s `snutdsths (pfr s`r ug gâs
m` aärdhs (hieuos nfg `xhg`s) phrh qu`g `stè, `sp`ndhig`ot`,
of @osdof ^up`rdfr). Oîf khv`omf r`spfoshjdidmhm`s h nugprdr
o`sth hiturh, m`pfds m`sth äpfnh fs Nhgdok`drfs, vfithg nk`dfs
m` vfothm`.

Jfh prètdnh2
Ahz`r ghds mf qu` ugh Nhgdokhmh pfr hof, s`eudomf s`gpr`
tfmhs hs ahs`s mf Gätfmf \rfb`ntf, pfrqu` ä ghds gftdvhmfr2
- `g Nhgdokhmhs ghds nurths, ä pfssçv`i v`r ghds m`pr`ssh fs
r`suithmfs, f qu` tfroh hs hntdvdmhm`s ghds hidndhot`s phrh fs
Nhgdok`drfs3
- kè pfunf t`gpf phrh i`vhr h nhjf hs Nhgdokhmhs, p`if qu` fs
Nhgdok`drfs sîf fjrdehmfs h ghot`r-s` hntdvfs, oîf m`dxhomf
phrh m`pfds f qu` ä o`n`ssèrdf ahz`r hefrh.

Ä dgpr`sndomçv`i oh Nhgdokhmh / Nhgphokh2

- Hv`oturh
- Arht`rodmhm`
- Qdmh hf hr idvr`
- Hutf `munhåîf.

8:=
 Z@EPIHG@O]F^ MH [email protected]

^@NÅÎF Q
NIÎ
Hrt.² 850¼
(M`odåîf)
8. M`ofgdoh-s` Niî h Podmhm` afrghmh p`ihs @qudphs m` Nhgd
Nhgdok`drfs
ok`drfs.

Hrt.851¼
(@qudphs)
8. M`otrf mf Niî, fs Nhgdok`drfs frehodzhrhg-s` `g @qudphs m` = h
; `i`g`otfs.
:. Nhmh Niî t`g m` muhs h ndonf @qudphs.

Hrt.² 855¼
(Nk`a` m` @qudph)
8. Nhmh @qudph ä mdrdedmh pfr ug Nk`a` m` @qudph, `i`dtf p`ifs s`us
g`gjrfs ` ofg`hmf `g Frm`g m` ^`rvdåf m` Heruphg`otf.
:- F Nk`a`. m` @qudph m`sdeoh ug Nk`a` m` @qudph Hmbuotf,
Hmbuotf, ofg`hmf
`g Frm`g m` ^`rvdåf, phrh f nfhmbuvhr ` sujstdtudr of s`u dgp`md-
g`otf.

 Hrt.² 85;¼
(\htrfof)
8.Nhmh @qudph `snfik` ug \htrfof, nubh vdmh fs Nhgdok`drfs m`-
v`g nfok`n`r ` tfghr nfgf gfm`if m` hnåîf.

Hrt.² 854¼
(@x`rnçndf m` auoåð`s)
Nfosfhot` Fs o`n`ssdmhm`s~ fs Nhgdok`drfs pfm`g `x`rn`r auoåð`s
of Heruphg`otf, m`sm` qu` pfsshg nfotdouhr h phrtdndphr, nfg
r`euihrdmhm`,
r`eu ihrdmhm`, ohs hntdvdmhm`s m` @qudph ` m` Niî.

8:4
 Hrt.² 8;<¼
(Nfos`ikf m` Nk`a`s m` @qudph)
8. F Nfos`ikf m` Nk`a`s m` @qudph ä nfostdtuçmf p`if Nk`a` m` Niî,
 Hssdst`ot` m` Heruphg`otf, Nk`a`.m` Niî Hmbuotf ` p`ifs Nk`a`s m`
@qudph ` Nk`a`s m` @qudph. Hmbuotfs3
:. Nfgp`t` mf Nfos`ikf m` Nk`a`s m` @qudph tfghr nfok`ndg`otf `
m`idj`rhr sfjr` fs prfji`ghs erhv`s ` dgpfrthot`s mh vdmh ofrghi mf
Niî, `x`nuåèf mf pihof m` hntdvdmhm`s, frd`othåîf mf pr1er`ssf mhs
@qudphs ` dodndhåîf mfs Hspdrhot`s.
>. F Nfos`ikf m` Nk`a`s m` @qudph r`òo`-s`, `rrd prdonçpdf, of gçodgf
ugh v`z pfr gâs ` s`gpr` qu` nfovfnhmf p`if Nk`a` m` Niî,
Ni î, pfr suh
dodndhtdvh fu f r`qu`rdg`otf m` muhs @qudphs.

Hrt.² 8;8¼
(Nfos`ikf m` Niî)
8 . F Nfos`ikf m` Niî ä nfgpfstf p`if Nk`a` m` Niî, Hssdst`ot` m`
 Heruphg`otf, Nk`a` m` Niî
Ni î Hmbuotf, Dostrutfr`s `g s`rvdåf
s`rvdå f of Niî `
pfr tfmfs fs Nhgdok`drfs dov`stdmfs.
:. Nfgp`t` hf Nfos`ikf m` Niî tfghr nfok`ndg`otf ` m`idj`rhr sfjr`
fs prfji`ghs erhv`s fu dgpfrthot`s mh vdmh mf Niî, hprfvhr f pihof
m` hntdvdmhm`s, hpr`ndhr h nfostdtudåîf m` @qudphs ` h hmgdssîf ì
\rfg`ssh m` ofvfs Nhgdok`drfs.

Hrt.² 8;:¼
(Ndrnuif m` @stumfs)
8. F Niî frehodzh ug Ndrnuif m` @stumfs, nubf f ofg` s`rè hmhpthmf
pfr nhmh ug mfs nr`mfs, phrh huxdidhr fs Nhgdok`drfs h m`s`ovfiv`r
f s`u nfok`ndg`otf m` prfji`ghs nd`otçnfs, gfrhds, sfndhds3 nçvdnfs,
ifsþnfs, `tn.
:. F nçrnuif m` `stumf r`òo`-s` s`gpr` qu` o`n`ssèrdf, s`omf hs nfo-
niusð`s r`edsthmhs `g p`qu`gf g`gfrdhi qu` ä hrqudvhmf ` nihssd -
nhmf m` gfmf h pfm`r s`r utdidzhmf pfr quhiqu`r Nhgdok`drf

Hrt.² 8;>¼
(\hrtdmh)
8. H \hrtdmh  ä f hntf sfi`o` of quhi f Niî, ht`om`omf hf \rfer`ssf
m`s`ovfivdmf p`if Nhgdok`drf, f m`nihrh `a`ntdvhg`ot` dodndhmf oh
pi`oh vdmh m` kfg`g, nfgf ndmhmîf.
:. H \hrtdmh ä prfpfsth p`if nk`a` m` Niî, nfg f phr`n`r ahvfrèv`i mf

8><
N.1.= F ^D^]@GH M@ \ZFEZ@^^F of Niî

H `struturh mf ^dst`gh m` \rfer`ssf

Ahs` m` Dot`erhåîf Ahs` m` Qdvâondh

@thph Nhgdokf (Hm`sîf) @thph Nfguodmhm` @thph ^`rvdåf @thph \hrtdmh

NFG\ZFGD^^F (\rfg`ssh)

HM@^ÎF NHGDOKF NFGPODMHM@ ^@ZQDÅF \HZ]DMH

DOAFZGHI (Hm`sîf)

M@^HADF
MDHEOÞ^]DNF DODNDHI
N@ZDGÞODH M@ \HZ]DMH

D. Dot`erhåîf

h) H Hm`sîf

8. H HM@^ÎF DOAFZGHI hf Niî

 H Hm`sîf Doafrghi prfnurh ahgdidhrdzhr f Ofvdåf nfg f Niî ` m`v`rè

dodndhr-s` of òitdgf trdg`str` mh vdvâondh `snutdsth oh Nfguodmhm` mfs
^äodfr`s. Murhot` `st` p`rçfmf, f bfv`g nfotdouh h s`r @xpifrhmfr
^äodfr, h p`rt`on`r ` h vdv`r `g pi`of hs mdoêgdnhs mh DDD ^`nåîf. F
qu` s` pr`t`om` ä ugh hprfxdghåîf suhv` hf Niî ` oîf ug hahsth-
g`otf mf Erupf ^äodfr m` fom` ahz phrt`.

8>0
 @squ`gh
Z@^PGF- ^`nåîf DQ

]rhosdåîf
OÎF3 ä Hspdrhot` fu Ofvdåf `otr` ^dst`ghs
m` \rfer`ssf6 ^DG
(dstf ä2 bè `rh
Nhgdok`drf6)

Dmhm` ä Mdheoþstdnf nfg jhs` of

OÎF  sup`rdfr h ^DG nfok`ndg`otf hmqudrdmf `
 8< hofs6 nfg phrtdndphåîf mf
Nhgdok`drf.
Mdheoþstdnf Dodndhi afrghi mf @i` ä don`otdvhmf h doniudr
Ofvdåf/Hspdrhot` nfg f hpfdf mf of s`u \\Q hs hnåð`s
Nk`a` m` Niî ` m` ug Nhgdok`drf nfonr`ths phrh htdoedr fs
ghds `xp`rd`ot` pfr `i` `snfi- fjb`ntdvfs qu` `snfik`,
kdmf, nfg r`nursf h mdoêgdnhs Mdheoþstdnf dodndhi afrghi mf Hspd-
`sp`nçnhs. rhot` nfg hpfdf mf Nk`a` m` Niî ` hpfdhomf-s` mf s`u Nk`a`
m` ug Nhgdok`drf ghds `xp`rd`ot` m` Niî,
Ofvdåfs2 pfm` khv`r ugh pfr `i` `snfikdmf, nfg r`nursf h ` qu` hpr`s`oth hf Niî.
nfov`rsh `otr` Nk`a`s m` mdoêgdnhs `sp`nçnhs.
Podmhm` phrh «phsshr  \\Q t`g ugh phrt` hj`rth
t`st`guokf³. Hm`sîf (Nhgdokf). ` ugh phrt` r`s`rvhmh.

Hm`sîf (Nhgdokf). @i` ä don`otdvhmf h doniudr of s`u

\\Q hs hnåð`s nfonr`ths phrh
 Hieug Fjb`ntdvf mhmf nfgf
nfgf hinh- htdoedr fs fjb`ntdvfs qu` `snfik`,
oåhmf ä a`nkhmf. hpfdhomf-s` of s`u Nk`a` m` Niî, `
qu` hpr`s`oth hf Niî
@snfikh ä jhs`hmh `g Fjb`ntdvfs2
: m` nhmh Èr`h.
Ofvdåf/Hspdrhot` ä don`otdvhmf h
nfonr`tdzhr fs Fjb`ntdvfs qu` vîf
s`r trhjhikhmfs nfg hnåð`s prètd-
nhs (fpfrtuodmhm`s), qu` dos`r` of
s`u \\Q. \`if g`ofs
\\Q t`g ugh phrt` hj`rth ` ugh OÎF
 : fjb`ntdvfs m` ^DG
nhmh Èr`h6
phrt` r`s`rvhmh.
8ª @thph
NFGPODMHM@
\`if g`ofs
OÎF = fjb`ntdvfs m`
nhmh Èr`h6
^DG
>ª @thph
:ª @thph \HZ]DMH
^@ZQDÅF
O`sth òitdgh @thph,
f Nhgdok`drf
nfotdouh h suh
Of ohi mh prdg`drh @thph (nhsf s` hpid-
hpid- \rfer`ssîf
qu`), ä s`gpr` pfssçv`i qu` s` nfoniuh  ` dodndh f m`shf.
qu`, oh `snfikh mfs ofvfs 8:-8; Fjb`n-
tdvfs, f Nhgdok`drf bè fs nfoniuçu ` qu`
pfr dssf m`v`rè trhosdthr phrh h t`rn`drh
@thph.

8=8
 @qudph m` AHGÇIDH
Hodghåîf
...
HGDEF^
Nhgdok`drf
ghds v`ikf

NHGDOK@DZF
@^NP]@DZF^
OHGFZF

FP]ZH^ @^NFIH /
HN]DQDMHM@^ ]ZHJHIKF

:.:. @thph Nhgdokf

Xuhomf nk`ehg hf Niî, fs Ofvdåfs ` Hspdrhot`s dodndhg h @thph
Nhgdokf (Hm`sîf) ` r`n`j`g h r`sp`ntdvh dosçeodh. Murhot` `sth ahs`
m` Dot`erhåîf, nhmh Ofvdåf/Hspdrhot` drè vdv`r h `xp`rdâondh mf Niî m`
afrgh gudtf p`ssfhi, p`if qu` h hmhpthåîf h ofvhs p`ssfhs ` h ofvhs
mdoêgdnhs pfm`g r`suithr `g rdtgfs gudtf mda`r`ot`s, qu` m`v`g s`r
r`sp`dthmfs.
F fjb`ntdvf mh Hm`sîf ä f m` vhifrdzhr h tfghmh m` nfosndâondh domd-
vdmuhi mf Ofvdåf/Hspdrhot` sfjr` nfgf auondfoh f Niî, nfgf s` vdv` f
mdh-h-mdh mhs hntdvdmhm`s tçpdnhs, quhi ä h Gçstdnh, h ^dgjfifedh, f \h-
trfof ` quhds sîf fs nfgprfgdssfs qu` s` `sp`rhg m` ug Nhgdok`drf.
Ä nfg jhs` o`ssh tfghmh m` nfosndâondh domdvdmuhi qu` nhmh Ofvdåf/
 Hspdrhot` tfgh, pfr sd, h m`ndsîf m` hm`rdr hf Niî, fu s`bh, m` ahz`r h
suh \rfg`ssh.

8=:
 Ofvdåf/Hspdrhot` m`v` s`r a`dth of Nfos`ikf m` Nk`a`s m` @qudph,
qu` m`ndm` s` f Ofvdåf/Hspdrhot` r`òo` hs nfomdåð`s phrtdnuihr`s m`
 Hm`sîf, hndgh m`snrdths, ofg`hmhg`ot` of qu` tfnh ì vdvâondh oh
@qudph, of Niî ` oh Nhgdokhmh. \hrh hiäg mdstf, f Ofvdåf/Hspdrhot`
sþ ahz h suh \rfg`ssh s` f Niî thgjäg vhidmhr qu` `stè pr`phrhmf,
nfg jhs` `g prfpfsth mfs Eudhs of Nfos`ikf m` Niî.
 H \rfg`ssh m`v` s`r vhifrdzhmh `oquhotf gfg`otf ghrnhot` mf
prfn`ssf m` Hm`sîf. \fr dssf, m`v` s`r s`gpr` hutf-prfpfsth p`if
 bfv`g, m`v` phrtdr m` ugh fpåîf domdvdmuhidzhmh ` oîf r`suithot` m`
mhth(s) ghrnhmhs ’hmgdodstrhtdvhg`ot`‗. Hpþs h Qhidmhåîf mf Niî, f
nfgprfgdssf p`ssfhi m`v` s`r ghrnhmf murhot` fs : g`s`s s`-
eudot`s. Fs Ofvdåfs/Hspdrhot`s pfm`g hssugdr f s`u nfgprfgdssf `g
nfobuotf, heruphmfs m` hnfrmf nfg f t`gpf mh suh tfghmh m` m`ndsîf
` vhidmhåîf mf Niî.

\ZFG@^^H
Nfos`ikf m` Niî
Qhidmh

Nfos`ikf m` Nk`a`s
m` @qudph
Qhidmh

M`v` s`r
Ofvdåf/Hspdrhot` `xpidnhmf hf
hutf-prfpð`-s` phrh Ofvdåf/Hspdrho-
ahz`r \rfg`ssh Nfos`ikf m` Niî t` pfrqu` ä qu`
Oîf Qhidmh oîf afd vhidmhmh
h suh prfpfsth
p`if Nfo-
s`ikf m` Niî `
m`s`ovfiv`r-s`
Nfos`ikf m` Nk`- ug `safråf
a`s m` @qudph nfobuotf phrh
Oîf Qhidmh f hbumhr h hi-
nhoåhr f qu`
ik` ahith phrh
pfm`r ahz`r h
M`v` s`r `xpidnhmf hf Ofvdåf/Hspdrho- suh \rfg`ssh.
t` pfrqu` ä qu` oîf afd vhidmhmh h suh
prfpfsth p`if Nfos`ikf m` Nk`a`s m`
@qudph ` m`s`ovfiv`r-s` ug `safråf nfo-
 buotf phrh f hbumhr h hinhoåhr f qu` ik`
ahith phrh pfm`r ahz`r h suh \rfg`ssh.

8=0
 ^`rvdr ä tfrohr-s` hptf phrh h gdssîf

 H vdvâondh mf ^`rvdåf m`v` s`r `xp`rdg`othmh domdvdmuhig`ot`, oh

@qudph ` of Niî, `g hnåð`s m` ifoef t`rgf qu` m`oft`g ugh vfothm`
m` nfgprfgdssf ` oîf hp`ohs ’gdod-s`rvdåfs‗ rèpdmfs, s`g nfotdoud-
mhm` ` gudths v`z`s s`g s`otdmf.
>ª @thph - \hrtdmh
@sth ä h @thph `g qu` f Nhgdok`drf s`
hssug` nfgf ug `x`gpif phrh fs futrfs.
@stè nhmh v`z ghds prþxdgh h shçmh mf Niî `
hs ht`oåð`s mf Nhgdok`drf m`v`g vfithr-s`,
nhmh v`z ghds, phrh afrh mf Niî2 ä hiturh m` s`
tfrohr nhmh v`z ghds hntdvf of guomf.
 Hssdg s`omf, `sth ä ugh @thph `g qu` f
Nhgdok`drf vdv` of Niî ` phrh f Niî, ghs qu`
nhmh v`z ghds m`v` vdv`r phrh fs futrfs, phrh
afrh mf Niî ` mh prþprdh H@H, m` afrgh h qu`
pfssh mdz`r nfg v`rmhm` qu` nhgdokh phrh f
Kfg`g-Ofvf ` qu` f s`u `x`gpif ä `x`gpif
h s`eudr.
\hrh hiäg mdstf, `sth ä h @thph `g qu`
s` m`v` pr`phrhr, ghds dot`osdvhg`ot`, phrh
r`n`j`r h N`rdgþodh mh \hrtdmh. Ä, thgjäg,
fom` ä nfovdmhmf h ahz`r f s`u M`shf.
\HZ]DMH
(Furf)

NFGPODMHM@
(Jrfoz`) ^@ZQDÅF
(\rhth)

NHGDOKF
Hm`sîf afrghi
Hm`sîf afrghi

8=;
 j) Nfgf s` m`s`orfih f \rfer`ssf

 H prfpfsth m` \rfer`ssf hss`oth `g Nfok`ndg`otfs, Nfgp`tâondhs

` Htdtum`s
Htdtum`s (NNH), nfg jhs` ohs > v`rt`ot`s mf shj`r2 f shj`r ^hj`r, f
shj`r Ahz`r ` f shj`r ^`r.

NFOK@NDG@O]F^ shj`r ^hj`r 

NFG\@]ÂONDH^ shj`r Ahz`r 
H]D]PM@^ shj`r ^`r 

Of nhsf mh [email protected]., pr`t`om`-s` qu` h mdoêgdnh m` \rfer`ssf `ovfi-

vh fs Fjb`ntdvfs m`odmfs phrh nhmh ugh mhs Èr`hs m` M`s`ovfivd -
g`otf. \rfer`mdr sdeodnhrè, hssdg, htdoedr fjb`ntdvfs.

Nfgf s` prfn`ssh h \rfer`ssîf

\rfer`ssîf6
6

@xdst`g 1 Èr`hs m` M`s`ovfivdg`otf2

AÇ^DNF, HA@N]DQF, NHZÈN]@Z, @^\DZD]PHI, DO]@I@N]PHI,
^FNDHI
Nhmh ugh m`sths Èr`hs m` M`s`ovfivdg`otf t`g `otr` 1 h ; fjb`ntd-
vfs.
AÇ^DNF 1 fjb`ntdvfs
HA@N]DQF 1 fjb`ntdvfs
NHZÈN]@Z ; fjb`ntdvfs
@^\DZD]PHI ; fjb`ntdvfs
DO]@I@N]PHI 5 fjb`ntdvfs
^FNDHI 5 fjb`ntdvfs

8=4
 @x`gpif mh Nihrh, qu` `stè h t`othr t`rgdohr h @thph Nfguodmhm`2
Dghedo`-s` qu` h Nihrh t`g htdoedmfs 0 Fjb`ntdvfs mh Èr`h m` M`s`o-
vfivdg`otf açsdnf, : mh èr`h dot`i`ntuhi ` > mh Èr`h ^fndhi (ghrnhmf nfg
‛[—).
\hrh a`nkhr h @thph 8 „ Nfguodmhm` - t`g hdomh m` hinhoåhr : Fjb`ntdvfs
(p`if g`ofs) m` nhmh ugh mhs futrhs > èr`hs r`sthot`s. (ghrnhmf nfg ‛F—,
f qu` `ih `snfik`u htdoedr, phrh nfgpi`thr h @thph).

     

     

      

      

       

       

Nhsf t`okh, p`if g`ofs, 8: Fjb`ntdvfs hinhoåhmfs (p`if g`ofs : `g nhmh

 Èr`h
 Èr`h m` M`s`o
M`s`ovfi
vfivdg
vdg`ot
`otf),
f), phss
phssh
h phrh @thph „ ^`rvdåf „ ` `snfik` p`if
phrh h :ª @thph
g`ofs ghds 8: Fjb`ntdvfs (p`if g`ofs : m` nhmh Èr`h m` M`s`ovfivdg`otf)
phrh nfgpi`thr `sth :ª @thph.

  

   

   

     

     

    

Ghrnhmfs nfg [ fs Fjb`ntdvfs @munhtdvfs hinhoåhmfs p`ih Nihrh oh 8ª @thph

 „ Nfg
Nfguod
uodmhm
mhm`.
`. H suj
sujido
idokhm
khmf,
f, fs Fjb
Fjb`nt
`ntdvf
dvfss @mu
@munht
nhtdvf
dvfss h qu` h Nih
Nihrh
rh s` prf
prfpð`
pð`
h htdoedr oh :ª @thph - ^`rvdåf.

80:
 n) Hs Fpfrtuodmhm`s @munhtdvhs

8) Hs Fpfrtuodmhm`s @munhtdvhs ` f hinhon` m` Fjb`ntdvfs @m -

unhtdvfs
Fs Nfok`ndg`otfs, Nfgp`tâondhs ` Htdtum`s (NNH) sîf trhjhikhmfs
of s`df mf Niî ` mh @qudph of m`s`orfihr mf mdh-h-mdh ` mhs ahs`s mh
vdvâondh mhs Nhgdokhmhs. O`st` êgjdtf, tumf f qu` fs Nhgdok`drfs
ahz`g m`otrf ` afrh mf gfvdg`otf hbumh-fs h hinhoåhr fs Fjb`ntdvfs
@munhtdvfs ohds, fu s`bh, h nr`sn`r ohs 1 Èr`hs m` M`s`ovfivdg`o -
tf p`ssfhi. Hssdg s`omf, fs Fjb`ntdvfs @munhtdvfs qu` hpr`s`othgfs
hfs bfv`os o`sth dmhm` oîf sîf ghds mf qu` prfpfsths htrhntdvhs qu`
fs m`shhg h s`r ghds ` g`ikfr .
Of ofssf ^dst`gh m` \rfer`ssf ahz s`otdmf mdz`r-s` qu` ’f Nhgd-
ok`drf m`u prfvhs m`‗ (pfrqu` dssf afd fjs`rvhmf `g Nfok`ndg`otfs,
Nfgp`tâondhs ` Htdtum`s (NNH)) `g v`z m` ’f Nhgdok`drf pr`stfu prf-pr f-
vhs‗ (pfrqu` r`hidzfu ugh m`t`rgdohmh hnåîf pr`vdsth oug ^dst`gh m`
\rfer`ssf nfg prfvhs `sp`ndnhmhs). O`st` s`otdmf, f \rfer`ssf oîf
s` ahz htrhväs m` prfvhs `sp`nçnhs ` dmâotdnhs (fjrdehtþrdhs fu ahnui-
ahnui -
thtdvhs, fpndfohds fu m` quhiqu`r futrh frm`g) phrh tfmfs, ghs htrhväs
m` Fpfrtuodmhm`s @munhtdvhs „ hntdvdmhm`s ` hnåð`s „ qu` f ofssf
gätfmf, nfg hs suhs 5 ghrhvdikhs, fa`r`n`. Fs Nhgdok`drfs pfm`g
hdomh hmqudrdr Nfok`ndg`otfs, Nfgp`tâondhs ` Htdtum`s (NNH) oh suh
vdvâondh `snfihr, nht`quätdnh, ofs niuj`s h qu` p`rt`oåhg, `qudphs m`
futrfs frehodsgfs, `tn., mhmf qu` thgjäg hqud r`hidzhg hntdvdmhm`s
qu` pfm`g nfotrdjudr phrh hinhoåhr`g Fjb`ntdvfs @munhtdvfs. H dm`dh ä
f Nk`a` m` Niî v`rdnhr `ss`s Nfok`ndg`otfs, Nfgp`tâondhs ` Htdtum`s
(NNH), s`g qu` f Nhgdok`drf t`okh qu` fs r`p`tdr, o`n`sshrdhg`ot`.
 Hs Fpfrtuodmhm`s @munhtdvhs p`rgdt`g qu` nhmh bfv`g vdvh `x-
p`rdâondhs `ordqu`n`mfrhs qu` i`vhg hf M`s`ovfivdg`otf \`ssfhi.
^îf `ihs, hssdg, qu` nfotrdju`g phrh s` hinhoåhr fs Fjb`ntdvfs
@munhtdvfs m` ugh afrgh domdr`nth ` prfer`ssdvh. Hssdg s`omf, h
nhmh Fjb`ntdvf @munhtdvf m`v`g s`r hssfndhmhs hieughs Fpfrtuod-
mhm`s @munhtdvhs, nfgf g`rhs sue`stð`s, qu` pfm`g s`r hmhpth-
mhs ` ’o`efndhmhs‗ nfg fs Nhgdok`drfs. Nfg dstf,
d stf, pr`t`om`-s` nrdhr
nfomdåð`s phrh hnfik`r ofvhs prfpfsths ` sue`stð`s m` Fpfrtuod-
mhm`s @munhtdvhs, pft`ondhomf m`sth afrgh h phrtdndphåîf mfs bf-
v`os of prfn`ssf.

800
 Oft`-s` qu`, h `st` oçv`i, oîf `xdst` ugh r`ihåîf mdr`nth `otr`
h r`hidzhåîf m` ugh fpfrtuodmhm` ` f hinhoåhr m` ug Fjb`ntd -
vf @munhtdvf.
@munhtdvf. Ä htrhväs mh hvhidhåîf mf m`s`ovfivdg`otf mf bfv`g
 „ ` oîf mh r`hidzhåîf fu oîf mh Fpfrtuodmhm` @munhtdvh „ qu` s`
pfm` nfgprfvhr h hqudsdåîf m` ofvfs nfok`ndg`otfs, nfgp`tâondhs
fu htdtum`s. ^` `sth hqudsdåîf oîf s` v`rdnhr fu oîf afr shtdsahtþrdh,
pfm`rè s`r o`n`ssèrdf `snfik`r ofvhs Fpfrtuodmhm`s @munhtdvhs phrh
f Nhgdok`drf.

:) Hs Fpfrtuodmhm`s @munhtdvhs ` f \\Q

F \\Q m`v`rè t`r ugh phrt` hj`rth, qu` m`v` nfot`r fs Fjb`ntdvfs
@munhtdvfs qu` f Nhgdok`drf qu` `snfik`u phrh htdoedr oh @thph mf
^dst`gh m` \rfer`ssf `g qu` s` `onfotrh, hssdg nfgf hs Fpfrtuod-
mhm`s @munhtdvhs (hnåð`s nfonr`ths) phrh fs hinhoåhr ` r`sp`ntdvhs
mhths `g qu` pr`vâ tâ-ifs htdoedmf. @ssh phrt` ä phrtdikhmh nfg h @qud-
ph ` nfg f Nk`a` m` Niî ` m`v` `sthr `xpfsth oh Jhs` (fu ^`m`).
 H dgpfrtêondh mh phrtdikh ` `xpfsdåîf mfs Fjb`ntdvfs @munhtdvfs `s-
nfikdmfs pfr nhmh ug, pr`om`-s` nfg h pfssdjdidmhm` mh @qudph m`
 Hodghåîf ` tfmf
tfmf f Niî pfm`r`g ` m`v`r`g
m`v`r`g don`otdvhr h hbumhr fs s`us
`i`g`otfs h prfer`mdr
prfer`mdr..

@x`gpif \\Q \hrt` Hj`rth2

Fjb`ntdvf @munhtdvf ohi2   ’Nuitdvhr ug `stdif m` vdmh shumèv`i `
`qudidjrhmf „ hidg`othåîf, hntdvdmhm` açsdnh ` r`pfusf „ hmhpthmf h
nhmh ahs` mf s`u m`s`ovfivdg`otf‗.
Nfonr`tdzhåîf m`st` Fjb`ntdvf2
8. F qu` sdeodnh `st` Fjb`ntdvf phrh f Bfv`g6
:. Hnåð`s nfonr`ths qu` hbumhg h htdoedr f Fjb`ntdvf (\fr `x`gpif2
prhtdnhr m`spfrtf açsdnf 8 v`z pfr s`ghoh3 ahz`r 0 r`a`dåð`s pfr mdh,
vhrdhmhs ` outrdtdvhs3 mfrgdr, p`if g`ofs, 5 kfrhs mdèrdhs..).

801
 HO@[F 8

\rfb`ntf \`ssfhi m` Qdmh (\\Q)

Ghs hohi f qu` ä f \\Q6

\hrh nfg`åhr, ä ug nfovdt` h phrhr ` h ahz`r ugh hoèids` nudmhmh
m` tumf hqudif qu` nfostdtud h suh vdmh2 h ahgçidh, fs hgdefs, h `snfih,
f `gpr`ef, f ohgfrf, h suh r`ihåîf nfosdef g`sgf, nfg M`us ` nfg
fs futrfs… `og2 tumf!

M`pfds m`sth hoèids`, nfovdmh-s` f Nhgdok`drf h p`ehr ough nho`th

` of s`u Ghouhi mf Nhgdokf fu ough afikh m` php`i ` qu` nfg`n` h
‛`oshdhr— trhåhomf fjb`ntdvfs phrh h suh vdmh… pfm` trhåhr p`qu`ohs
g`ths, prfb`ntfs h ifoef prhzf ` erhom`s sfokfs… Hs nfdshs erhom`s
vîf-s` fp`rhomf ohs p`qu`ohs, pfr dssf, s` `i` nfos`eudr dr nugprdomf
hs p`qu`ohs g`ths h qu` s` prfpýs, `sthrè nhmh v`z ghds p`rtf mf
erhom` sfokf.

F \\Q ä sfjr`tumf ugh a`rrhg`oth, phrh f hbumhr h m`odr f s`u

nhgdokf phrh h A`idndmhm` „ ough hprfxdghåîf mdèrdh hf dm`hi mf
Kfg`g- Ofvf!

Nfgf auondfoh oh prètdnh6

Xuhomf `snr`v`r f s`u \\Q m`v`-s` t`r `g nfoth qu` `i` s`rè
nfostdtuçmf
nfostd tuçmf pfr muhs phrt`s2
Pgh phrt` hj`rth, fom` m`v`rîf `sthr j`g vdsçv`ds fs fjb`ntdvfs
`munhtdvfs h qu` s` prfpð`, hssdg nfgf hs hnåð`s nfonr`ths qu` vhd
r`hidzhr phrh fs nugprdr. @sth phrt` s`rè phrtdikhmh nfg f Nk`a` m`
Niî ` f r`sthot` Niî, ugh v`z qu` pfm`rîf `xdstdr fjb`ntdvfs nfguos
nfg futrfs Nhgdok`drfs, oh g`sgh ahs` m` nhgdokhmh „ tfrohomf-fs
h tfmfs sdguitho`hg`ot` ‛hntfr`s— ` ‛fjs`rvhmfr`s— „ ` hssdg ghds r`-
spfosèv`ds uos p`ifs futrfs m`otrf mf Niî3 f nfobuotf m` tfmfs fs
\\Q—s mfs Nhgdok`drfs s`rvdrè m` jhs` ì NHZ]H M@ NIÎ , pr`ndsh-
g`ot` pfr `oquhmrhr ugh vdvâondh pfsth `g nfgug3

81=
F \\Q - hieuos `x`gpifs

’\fr nhgdokf oîf qu`rf sdeodnhr ug nhgdokhr hf hnhsf, s`g

ohidmhm`, ghs hot`s ug trhb`ntf herhmèv`i nfg ug fjb`ntdvf
m`odmf, hf g`sgf t`gpf qu` kè h nfosndâondh mhs mdnuimhm`s
` p`rdefs qu` pfm`g m`phrhr-s` of p`rnursf.‗ 
Jhm`o \fw`ii

Pg \\Q

^þ pfr `sth s`ghoh k`d-m` ahz`r tumf f qu` pfssf ahz`r phrh mhr a` id-
ndmhm` hfs futrfs3
^þ pfr `sth s`ghoh vfu `sthr ht`otf phrh v`r,
v`r, oh `snfih, of trhjhikf,
`g nhsh, qu`g `sp`rh h gdokh jfh mdspfsdåîf ` hbumh3^þ pfr `sth
s`ghoh ahr`d vèrdfs e`stfs m` hgfr ` oîf fs nfothr`d h odoeuäg3
^þ pfr `sth s`ghoh, oîf g` vfu hjfrr`n`r nfg fs hr`s «dgpfrthot`s³
mfs ghds v`ikfs, o`g nfg hs jrdonhm`drhs mhs nrdhoåhs. Qfu hido-
khr ug pfunf nfg f qu` `onfotrhr3
^þ pfr `sth s`ghoh, vfu t`r f gèxdgf nudmhmf of nfovçvdf nfg fs
futrfs, s`r sdgpètdnf nfg nhmh ug, h odoeuäg nrdtdnhr, o`g vfu
mhr ghds dgpfrtêondh hfs g`us m`s`bfs qu` hfs mfs futrfs3
^þ pfr `sth s`ghoh, vfu ahz`r tumf f qu` `stè oh gdokh gîf phrh
mhr hi`erdh ìs p`ssfhs qu` `onfotrhr murhot` fs mdhs tfmfs mh
s`ghoh3
@ mdef hssdg pfrqu` ä ghds aèndi p`oshr nhmh Mfgdoef of `safråf qu`
vfu ahz`r «sþ pfr `sth s`ghoh³ mf qu` `g 0: s`ghohs v`z`s tf-
mfs fs hofs qu` `u vdv`r!@ hefrh6 ^`rè qu` hdomh t`gfs hieugh
nfdsh h v`r nfg dstf6

Futrh pfssdjdidmhm`

F \rfb`ntf \`ssfhi m` Qdmh dgpidnh frehodzhr h gdokh vdmh, r`afr -

guihr f g`u auturf. Nrdhr ug prfb`ntf
prf b`ntf m` vhifr`s, prdonçpdfs `
sfokfs h nugprdr
nugprdr..
Nfgprfg`tf-g` hssdg, hot`s m` ghds, h gumhr,
gumhr, h r`ohsn`r rugf hfs
nhgdokfs mf Kfg`g Ofvf.

815
 HO@[F >

M@OFGD- KD@ZHZXPDH ^HNZHG@O]F^

OHÅÎF
Nhtfidndsgf F \hph ä h hutfrdmhm` Jhptdsgf, @unhrdstdh, \`o-
gèxdgh. dtâondh, Nrdsgh, Nhshg`otf,
Frm`g ` ^hoth Poåîf

Iut`rhodsgf M`sn`otrhidzhmh Jhptdsgf ` @unhrdstdh

Hoeidnh- F Hrn`jdspf mh Nhotuèrdh Jhptdsgf ` @unhrdstdh. \fräg

odsgf ä f sçgjfif m` uodmhm` hn`dthg fs futrfs 0 nfgf rdtfs
guomdhi, pfräg nhmh prfvço- shnrhg`othds fu shnrhg`otfs
Hoefih2 ndh ohndfohi ä pi`ohg`ot` g`ofr`s (p`odtâondh, nhsh-
(Der`bh Podmh) dom`p`om`ot` ` kè ugh jfh g`otf, nrdsgh(nforghåîf),
mdvdsîf m` pfm`r phrh nfg frm`os ` Poåîf mfs @o-
hs mdfn`s`s. a`rgfs)
Der`bh M`sn`otrhidzhmh Oîf kè shnrhg`otfs, Jhptdsgf
Jhptdsth (vfiuotèrdf) ` N`dh mf ^`okfr
(nfgf g`gfrdhi) nfgf rdtfs
nfguodtèrdfs

G`tfmdsgf M`sn`otrhidzhmh Jhptdsgf ` `unhrdstdh.

Der`bh F pr`sdm`ot` mh Hssfndhåîf Jhptdsgf, ^hoth N`dh ` Ihvh-päs

Hmv`otdsth E`rhi mfs Hmv`otdsths mf
mf ^ätdgf ^ätdgf Mdh ä h hutfrdmhm`
Mdh gèxdgh, ` ä `snfikdmf pfr
vftf.
\`ot`nfsth- M`sn`otrhidzhmh, afrghomf Jhptdsgf ` nfoer`ehåîf
idsgf vèrdhs der`bhs

85<
 Nfgphrhåîf `otr` hs \ZDOND\HD^
M@OFGDOHÅÐ@^
M@OFGDOHÅÐ@^ NZD^]Î^ pr`s`ot`s `g Hoefih

^HIQHÅÎF @^NZD]PZH^ \HZ]DNPIHZD-

MHM@^
\`ih aä ` p`ihs fjrhs Jçjidh, doniudomf idvrfs Ptdidzh f ihtdg nfgf
m`ut`rfnhoýodnfs içoeuh idturednh f-
f -
ndhi, ghs hs gdsshs
pfm`g s`r n`i`-
jrhmhs `g futrfs
dmdfghs
\`ih Aä Jdjidh, doniudomf hp`ohs  H Jçjidh pfm` s`r
idvrfs prftfnhoýodnfs idvr`g`ot` dot`rpr`-
thmh
\`ih aä, sfg`ot` Jçjidh, hn`dthomf fs Oîf kè o`okugh
idvrfs m`ut`rfnhoýod- içoeuh idtòrednh
nfs nfg r`strdåð`s fndhi.
(`sp`ndhig`ot` `otr`
fs s`tfr`s ghds prft`s-
thot`s).

\`if hrr`p`omdg`otf ` Jdjidh, nfg âoahs` of  H Jçjidh pfm` s`r

nfotrdåîf ofvf t`sthg`otf idvr`g`ot` dot`r-
pr`thmh. \r`eh h
s`phrhåîf `otr`
der`bh ` `sthmf.
Z`hidzhmh `g trâs phssfs2 Jçjidh.
Erhåh \r`vdod`ot`, Nfo-
v`rsîf ` ^hotdnhåîf
\`ih Aä Jçjidh ^hotdnhg f ^èjh-
^èjh -
mf pfr dssf ^ätdgf
Mdh

\`ih aä Jçjidh, nfg `xniusîf mfs ]`g nfgf pfo-

idvrfs m`ut`rfnhoý
m`ut`rfnhoýodnfs
odnfs tf-nkhv` f ’jhptdsgf
of `spçrdtf shotf‗ ` h
eifssfihidh

858
 JDJIDFEZHADH
JHM@O-\FU@II, Z. ^. ^., Huxdidhr mf Nk`a` @snuth, @mdåð`s NO@.
JHM@O-\FU@II, Z. ^. ^., H Nhgdokf mf ]rduoaf, @mdåð`s NO@.
N`i`jrhåð`s mf NO@, @mdåð`s NO@.

MPGHD^, Ghrn`i, ^`rgîf mh Gfothokh. Idsjfh2 Mdausfrh Jçjidnh, 8444.

AFZ@^]D@Z, G. M., \`ih @munhåîf ì Idj`rmhm`, @mdåð`s NO@.
Gçstdnh ` ^dgjfifedh mf NO@, @mdåð`s NO@.
OFZGHOM, B`ho-\d`rr`, H I`d mf @snuth „ ugh afot` vdvh, @mdåð`s
NO@.
F Zhstf mf Auomhmfr, @mdåð`s NO@.
F\D@, Arhoc, @snut`drf Eifjhi2 Pg @snutdsgf phrh h Ohtur`zh ` Hgjd-
`ot`. @mdåð`s NO@, :<<=.
^HO]F^, Hij`rtdo` `t hi., Fom` gfrhs6 Pgh kdstþrdh m` `onfotrf „
Eudh phrh h dodndhåîf mhs nrdhoåhs ì aä nrdstî.
nr dstî. \rdfr Q`ikf2 \hu-
idohs, :<<1.

kttp2//pfrthi.dnoj.pt
www.qu`rnus.pt
www.ipo.pt
UF^G/UUA,, Hbumh h ^hivhr f Guomf. @mdåð`s NO@, 844<.
UF^G/UUA

85>
  Hofthåð`s p`ssfhds2
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVVVV 

85=
 DQ ^@NÅÎF -
NHGDOK@DZF^

ÇOMDN@
o² mh pèedoh

EIF^^ÈZDF \@MHEÞEDNF ….....................…..............….......

….....................…..............…..............….=
.......….=

H - HNÅÎF \@MHEÞEDNH
H.< F^ M@^]DOH]ÈZDF^
M@^]DOH]ÈZDF^ MH HNÅÎF \@MHEÞEDNH ......................... 4
H.> F BFQ@G MF^
M F^ 8; HF^ := HOF^ ................................................ 8>
 H^ 1 ÈZ@H^ M@ M@^@OQFIQDG@O]F
M@^@OQFIQDG@O]F ................................... 8=
Açsdnf ..........................................
.............................................................................
................................... 8=
Ha`ntdvf ............................................
.........................................................................
............................. 80
Nhrènt`r ..........................................
........................................................................
.............................. 81
@spdrdtuhi ..........................................
.......................................................................
............................. 85
Dot`i`ntuhi .........................................
......................................................................
............................. 8;
^fndhi ............................................................................
............................................................................ 84

J „ F \ZFB@N]F @MPNH]DQF XP@ FA@Z@N@GF^

J.: - ÈZ@H^ M@ M@^@OQFIQDG@O]F,
M@^@OQFIQDG@O]F,
@ FJB@N]DQF^ @MPNH]DQF^
@MPNH]DQF^ ........ :>
M`s`ovfivdg`otf Açsdnf ……………............................………….... :1
M`s`ovfivdg`otf Ha`ntdvf
Ha`ntdvf …………………………………….......…
………………………………… ….......… :5
M`s`ovfivdg`otf mf Nhrènt`r ……………………………………..... :;
M`s`ovfivdg`otf @spdrdtuhi ………………………………………….. :4
M`s`ovfivdg`otf Dot`i`ntuhi ………………………………………… ><
M`s`ovfivdg`otf ^fndhi ……………………………………………... >8

N. NFGF DG\I@G@O]HZ6
N.< H^ ^@]@ GHZHQDIKH^
GHZHQDIKH^ MF GÄ]FMF ........................................ >0
N.8.< H I@D @ \ZFG@^^H ..................................................................
.................................................................. >4
N.8.: H I`d ` \rfg`ssh of Erupf Bòodfr, Bòodfr, Erupf ^äodfr ` Niî.............. =8
D. H I`d ...........................................
....................................................................................
............................................
... =8

850
 h) Fs trâs \rdonçpdfs .............................................................
............................................................. =:
j) Fs m`z hrtdefs mh I`d ....................................................… ==
DD. H \rfg`ssh …........................................................................ 0:
DDD. H Frhåîf mf @snuth ….......................................................... 01
N.8.:.> H vdvâondh of Niî .........................................
......................................................................
............................. 0;
D. Qdv`r h I`d ` h \rfg`ssh ........................................
.........................................................
................. 0;
DD. Qdv`r h Frhåîf mf @snuth .......................................................
....................................................... 18
Frhåîf mf Nhgdok`drf ...................................................
................................................... 1:

N.: GÇ^]DNH @ ^DGJFIFEDH

N.:.< GÇ^]DNH @ DGHEDOÈZDF MF \ZFEZHGH @MPNH]DQF .......... 15
N.:.= GÇ^]DNH @ ^DGJFIFEDH OF NIÎ ............................................
............................................ 5>
D. Gçstdnh mfs Nhgdok`drfs
N hgdok`drfs «H vdmh of Kfg`g Ofvf³ ................. 5>
^dgjfifedh mfs Nhgdok`drfs .......................................... 54
Fs sçgjfifs ..............................................
...................................................................
..................... ;8
H idoeuhe`g sdgjþidnh ....................................................
.................................................... ;=
DD. N`rdgfodhds ........................................
............................................................................
.................................... ;0
Frhåîf mf Nhgdok`drf qu` phrt` ................................... ;5
AHZMHG@O]F ..........................................................................
.......................................................................... ;;

N.> - QDMH
QDM H OH OH]PZ@RH
OH]PZ@RH
N.>.< F QHIFZ \@MHEÞEDNF
\@M HEÞEDNF MF NFO] NFO ]HN]F NFG H OH]PZ@RH OH]PZ@RH .. 48
h) Pg ihjfrhtþrdf ........................................
.......................................................................
............................... 4:
j) Pg niuj` ..............................................
................................................................................
.................................. 4>
n) Pg t`gpif ..........................................
..............................................................................
.................................... 4=
N.>.= H QDMH OH OH]PZ@RH
OH]PZ@RH OF NIÎ …............................................ 41
 H Ohtur`zh nfgf ug ihjfrhtþrdf2 h nfosndâondh hgjd`othi hgjd`othi ........ 41
 H Ohtur`zh nfgf ug niuj`2
arht`rodmhm` ` fpfrtuodmhm` m` nr`sndg`otf ...... 4;
 H Ohtur`zh nfgf ug t`gpif2 h vdvâondh `spdrdtuhi …................ 8<<

N.= - H\Z@OM@Z AHR@OMF

N.=.< QHIFZ
 QHIFZ \@MHEÞEDNF MF M F ’H\Z@OM@Z AHR@OMF‗ ............. 8<>
D. F vhifr mf bfef ..........................................
......................................................................
............................ 8<=
DD. Hntdvdmhm`s m` ^`nåîf ..........................................
.........................................................
............... 8<5
DDD. F gätfmf mf \rfb`ntf ..........................................
..........................................................
................ 8<;
8. \`mhefedh mf \rfb`ntf ............................................
.............................................. 8<;
851
 F qu` ä ug \rfb`ntf6 ..................................... 8<4
:. Qhifr `munhtdvf mf Gätfmf mf \rfb`ntf .................. 8<4
>. Hs ahs`s mf \rfb`ntf ..........................................
...............................................
..... 88<
N.=.= AFZGH^ M@ H\Z@OM@Z AHR@OMF AHR@OMF OF NIÎ ...................... 880 880
D. Hs Hntdvdmhm`s mh DQ ^`nåîf ............................................... 880
880
DD. H Nhgdokhmh „ F \rfb`ntf mf Niî .....................................
..................................... 88;
88;
@ihjfrhr ugh Nhgdokhmh ...........................................
........................................... 884
\hrtdndphr oh Nhgdokhmh ............................................
............................................ 8:8
Murhåîf mh Nhgdokhmh .............................................
............................................. 8:>

N0 - ^D^]@GH M@ \H]ZPIKH^
N.0.< F gfm`if nrdhmf pfr J.-\.
N.0.: F ^dst`gh m` \htruikhs oh @xp`mdåîf, Nfguodmhm` ` Niî
...\hrh `st`s t`ghs, nfosuithr f ghouhi o²:,
‛\rferhgh @munhtdvf—, pèedohs 8:0 h 84;.

Z@EPIHG@O]F^
Z@EPIH G@O]F^ MH [email protected] (mh DQ ^`nåîf) ................................. 8:4

N.1 \ZFEZ@^^F \@^^FHI

N.1.< F QHIFZ \@MHEÞEDNF MF ^D^]@GH M@ \ZFEZ@^^F... 8>>
N.1.: N.1.= F ^D^]@GH M@ \ZFEZ@^^F OF NIÎ ….................... 8>0
D. DO]@EZHÅÎF ..........................................
....................................................................
.......................... 8>0
h) H Hm`sîf
8. H HM@^ÎF DOAFZGHI hf Niî ................... 8>0
:. HM@^ÎF AFZGHI hf Niî „ @thph Nhgdokf.8>1
@squ`gh = - Z`sugf mh ^`nåîf ....... 8=8
:.: @thph Nhgdokf .......................................
..................... .................. 8=:
>. F Nfgprfgdssf - \rfg`ssh ....................... 8==
DD. H QDQÂONDH .......................…....................
.......................…..................................................
.............................. 8=1
h) Ofg`s ` sdeodnhmf mhs @thphs m` \rfer`ssf ............. 8=1
8) Hm`sîf - Nhgdokf .........................................
..................................................
......... 8=1
:) 8ª @thph - Nfguodmhm` …....................................... 8=5
>) :ª @thph - ^`rvdåf .........................................
..................................................
......... 8=5
=) >ª @thph - \hrtdmh ...................................................
................................................... 8=;
j) Nfgf s` m`s`orfih f \rfer`ssf ........................................ 8=4

855
 n) Hs Fpfrtuodmhm`s @munhtdvhs …........................................
… ........................................ 800
8) Hs Fpfrtuodmhm`s @munhtdvhs
` f hinhon` m` Fjb`ntdvfs @munhtdvfs ............ 800
:) Hs Fpfrtuodmhm`s @munhtdvhs ` f \\Q ................... 801
>) Hs Fpfrtuodmhm`s @munhtdvhs ` hs @sp`ndhidmhm`s. 805
=) Hvhidhåîf m` Nfok`ndg`otfs,
Nfgp`tâondhs ` Htdtum`s .................... 805
m) F M`shf ...................................................
.........................................................................
...................... 804
`) H N`rdgþodh mh \hrtdmh ........................................
...................................................…
...........… 81<

HO@[F^
HO@[F 8 Nfgphrhåîf `otr` hs prdondphds
DEZ@BH^ NZD^]Î^ pr`s`ot`s `g Hoefih
Hoefih ........... 81=

JDJIDFEZHADH .........................................................................
......................................................................... 815

DOMÇN@ .......................................................................................
....................................................................................... 814

85;
  Hofthåð`s p`ssfhds2
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
VVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 
VVVVVV 

854
 Hssfndhåîf m` @snut`drfs m` Hoefih

8;<